多胺类代谢与园艺作物生长发育关系研究进展

本文综述了国内外近年来对多胺类物质与园艺作物生长发育关系的研究报道。就多胺类的合成途径、对植物生长发育的调控作用以及在园艺作物上的应用进行了概述。     

植物多胺代谢途径研究进展

多胺是一类小分子生物活性物质,广泛存在于生物体内,与植物的生长发育、衰老及抗逆性都有着密切的联系。目前,在植物中的多胺合成途径已经基本揭示,其生理作用在分子水平上逐步得到阐明。对多胺合成突变体和各种转基因植物的研究也使得人们更深入地了解了多胺以及其合成代谢相关酶在植物生长发育等生理过程中的重要作用。以下概述了植物多胺代谢途径,重点综述了代谢途径中各基因的功能及遗传操作的最新进展,并对将来的研究方向尤其是相关基因在植物抗逆境 (包括生物和非生物逆境) 基因工程方面的应用作了讨论。     

多胺对离体培养条件下丛枝菌根真菌生长发育的影响*

研究离体培养条件下多胺 (PUT,SPD,SPM) 及多胺生物合成抑制剂 (MGBG) 对丛枝菌根真菌 (Glomus mosseae, Gigaspora margarita) 孢子萌发特性及菌丝生长发育的影响。试验结果表明,3种多胺类物质在50 ~200g/ml浓度范围内,对丛枝菌根真菌生长发育具显著促进作用,而500礸/ml浓度处理对丛枝菌根真菌生长发育表现强烈的抑制效应。MGBG (50 ~500g/ml) 对丛枝菌根真菌生长发育有较强的抑制作用,且可被外源多胺部分解除,但随浓度升高外源多胺的恢复作用降低,500礸/ml时无效。多胺对丛枝菌根真菌生长发育的促进作用因多胺类型及真菌菌种的变化而有不同的最适浓度范围。作者认为丛枝菌根真菌体内内源多胺的含量也许是其生长发育的限制因子。     

油菜素甾醇类化合物调控园艺作物生长的研究进展

油菜素甾醇类化合物是一类对植物的生长发育具有重要影响的新型植物激素。本文综述了油菜素甾醇类化合物在园艺作物地上部、根系、花和果实的生长中,以及器官离体培养和快速繁殖中的主要生理功能及分子机制。     

园艺作物核心种质构建的研究进展

构建核心种质是植物遗传资源的研究热点和重点之一,对种质资源的鉴定、保存、利用与交流具有重要意义。本文简要介绍了植物遗传资源核心种质的概念及其构建方法,综述了园艺作物核心种质构建的研究新进展,并对今后该领域的研究趋势进行了展望。提出了种质分组及取样策略是园艺作物核心种质构建方法研究的重点;应及时构建一批大宗园艺作物以及我国原产和特产园艺作物的核心种质;高度重视基于重测序技术快速、精准、高通量地挖掘园艺作物核心种质优异基因的研究以及要加强科研管理与协作,切实提高我国园艺作物核心种质研究成果的共享性等观点,为园艺作物种质资源的深入研究与高效利用提供理论依据和技术参考。     

多胺对神经退行性疾病的改善作用

多胺(polyamines)普遍存在于各种生物体中,参与多种生物学功能,包括细胞生长和增殖、蛋白质和核酸的合成、免疫细胞的分化、炎症反应的调节以及肠道功能的维持等。多胺主要包括腐胺(putrescine)、亚精胺(spermidine)、精胺(spermine)以及胍丁胺(agmatine)。随着衰老进程的发展,细胞内的多胺水平会逐渐随之降低。在衰老相关的神经退行性疾病的发生和发展过程中,多胺具有积极的作用。因此,本文就多胺对神经退行性疾病的改善作用作一综述,期望可以对未来神经退行性疾病的治疗和缓解提供参考。     

小菜蛾对多胺的嗅觉反应

在实验室条件下利用Y型嗅觉仪测试了小菜蛾Plutella xylostella成虫对多胺的嗅觉反应。结果表明：与蒸馏水对照比较,小菜蛾在交配前和交配后对精胺、亚精胺和腐胺这3种被测的多胺均有明显的趋性反应,但对3种多胺两两之间的选择则无显著差异;在对3种多胺和甘蓝Brassica oleracea叶汁之间的选择中,除未交配雄蛾对腐胺有明显的趋性（与甘蓝叶汁比较）和交配后雌蛾对甘蓝叶汁有明显的趋性（与精胺比较）外,其他均没有显著差异。表明多胺对小菜蛾具有引诱作用。     

园艺作物花青素合成调控研究进展

花青素是一类保护植物免受生物和非生物胁迫的重要次生代谢产物,因其赋予植物丰富的色彩和对人体的保健功能而受到广泛关注。花青素合成调控机理的相关研究是目前园艺作物分子生物学研究的前沿课题,对于园艺作物花青素含量的提高、种质品质的提升等具有重要的意义。结合国内外园艺作物中花青素生物合成调控方面的最新研究进展,介绍了环境因素、酶与激素、DNA甲基化与泛素化和调控基因等对花青素生物合成的作用,以及花青素抵御外界胁迫的功能机制,综述了近年来园艺作物中花青素生物合成调控的研究成果,以期利用基因工程为提升园艺作物的色彩丰富度提供理论参考。     

云南永德县民族聚居区园艺作物种质资源调查

对云南永德县彝族、傣族、佤族等聚居地区进行了与民族生产、生活密切相关的园艺作物种质资源调查.共调查与收集到园艺作物种质资源78种,鉴定了科、属、种情况,并对部分资源的生物学特性、分布及民族用法进行了简要叙述,为进一步研究、开发利用、保护这些民族园艺作物种质资源提供了参考依据.     

WRKY对糖调控园艺作物冷适应的研究进展

植物的糖既能参与细胞的碳和能量代谢,又能作为信号分子促进植株生长发育并参与调控植物对逆境胁迫的响应。目前诸多研究表明抗寒锻炼中可溶性糖的积累有助于保护植物抵御冻害,黄瓜等园艺作物的抗冷性在外源施糖后提高,但具体机制尚未明确。糖能够促进植株通过表观形态、生理生化及分子水平等方面对非生物逆境胁迫响应、调控植株的抗性。糖代谢过程与脱落酸(ABA)等植物激素的调控密切相关。WRKY作为ABA相关逆境应答信号通路中的核心转录因子,同是糖代谢调控机制中的重要因子,或许在响应冷胁迫的相关代谢机制中参与发挥着重要作用。综述了糖对园艺作物冷适应的响应及调控的分子机理,并分析讨论了WRKY家族对园艺植物糖调控冷适应效应响应的机理。     

Genotype differences in the metabolism of proline and polyamines under moderate drought in tomato plants

Water stress is one of the most important factors limiting the growth and productivity of crops. The implication of compatible osmolytes such as proline and polyamines in osmotic adjustment has been widely described in numerous plants species under stress conditions. In the present study, we investigated the response of five cherry tomato cultivars (Solanum lycopersicum L.) subjected to moderate water stress in order to shed light on the involvement of proline and polyamine metabolism in the mechanisms of tolerance to moderate water stress. Our results indicate that the most water stress‐resistant cultivar (Zarina) had increased degradation of proline associated with increased polyamine synthesis, with a higher concentration of spermidine and spermine under stress conditions. In contrast, Josefina, the cultivar most sensitive to water stress, showed a proline accumulation associated with increased synthesis after being subjected to stress. In turn, in this cultivar, no rise in polyamine synthesis was detected. Therefore, all the data appear to indicate that polyamine metabolism is more involved in the tolerance response to moderate water stress.     

Polyamines and abiotic stress tolerance in plants

Environmental stresses including climate change, especially global warming, are severely affecting plant growth and productivity worldwide. It has been estimated that two-thirds of the yield potential of major crops are routinely lost due to the unfavorable environmental factors. On the other hand, the world population is estimated to reach about 10 billion by 2050, which will witness serious food shortages. Therefore, crops with enhanced vigour and high tolerance to various environmental factors should be developed to feed the increasing world population. Maintaining crop yields under adverse environmental stresses is probably the major challenge facing modern agriculture where polyamines can play important role. Polyamines (PAs)(putrescine, spermidine and spermine) are group of phytohormone-like aliphatic amine natural compounds with aliphatic nitrogen structure and present in almost all living organisms including plants. Evidences showed that polyamines are involved in many physiological processes, such as cell growth and development and respond to stress tolerance to various environmental factors. In many cases the relationship of plant stress tolerance was noted with the production of conjugated and bound polyamines as well as stimulation of polyamine oxidation. Therefore, genetic manipulation of crop plants with genes encoding enzymes of polyamine biosynthetic pathways may provide better stress tolerance to crop plants. Furthermore, the exogenous application of PAs is also another option for increasing the stress tolerance potential in plants. Here, we have described the synthesis and role of various polyamines in abiotic stress tolerance in plants.Key words: abiotic stress tolerance, putrescine, spermidine, spermine, polyamines     

Polyamine analogs with xylene rings induce antizyme frameshifting, reduce ODC activity, and deplete cellular polyamines

Numerous studies have correlated elevated polyamine levels with abnormal or rapid cell growth. One therapeutic strategy to treat diseases with increased cellular proliferation rates, most obviously cancer, has been to identify compounds which lower cellular polyamine levels. An ideal target for this strategy is the protein antizyme-a negative regulator of polyamine biosynthesis and import, and a positive regulator of polyamine export. In this study, we have optimized two tissue-culture assays in 96-well format, to allow the rapid screening of a 750-member polyamine analog library for compounds which induce antizyme frameshifting and fail to substitute for the natural polyamines in growth. Five analogs (MQTPA1-5) containing xylene (1,4-dimethyl benzene) were found to be equal to or better than spermidine at stimulating antizyme frameshifting and were inefficient at rescuing cell growth following polyamine depletion. These compounds were further characterized for effects on natural polyamine levels and enzymes involved in polyamine metabolism. Finally, direct measurements of antizyme induction in cells treated with two of the lead compounds revealed an 8- to 15-fold increase in antizyme protein over untreated cells. The impact of the xylene moiety and the distance between the positively charged amino groups on antizyme frameshifting and cell growth are discussed.     

多胺代谢与癌肿的研究

研究多胺与癌肿的关系。这些癌肿包括Raji癌肿细胞 ,急性淋巴细胞白血病 ,妇产科癌肿 (卵巢癌等 ) ,卵巢癌HO— 891 0细胞 ,肺癌以及胃癌等。研究结果 :(1 )Raji癌细胞株及卵巢癌细胞株 (HO— 891 0 )在培养过程中 ,第 2 4～4 8h多胺水平出现高峰 ,它与这两种癌细胞的核酸合成 ,细胞增殖呈现正相关 ;(2 )急性淋巴细胞白血病患者淋巴细胞及红细胞中多胺水平均升高 ,这有助于对这些病的早期诊断及判断预后 ;(3 )妇科癌症 (尤其卵巢癌 ) ,肺癌 ,胃癌等患者尿液中多胺水平明显高于正常 ,所以尿液中多胺对这些癌肿也是一种有效的诊断标记物     

Synthesis and growth regulatory activity of a prototype member of a new family of aminothiol radioprotectors

The synthesis, growth inhibition and radioprotective activity of the PrC-210 aminothiol, 3-(methylamino)-2-((methylamino)methyl)propane-1-thiol, and its polyamine and thiolated polyamine progenitors are reported. All of the molecules significantly inhibited growth of cultured normal human fibroblasts. The combination of an ROS-scavenging thiol group and a positively charged alkyl-amine backbone provided the most radioprotective aminothiol molecule.     

Polyamines and prostatic cancer

The importance of polyamines in prostatic growth and differentiation has prompted studies to evaluate the clinical relevance of the ornithine decarboxylase/polyamine system in prostatic cancer. These studies show that differences in biological behaviour of prostatic (cancer) cells are associated with changes in polyamine levels and/or the activity of their metabolic enzymes. Faulty antizyme regulation of polyamine homoeostasis may play an important role in the growth and progression of prostatic carcinoma. Treatment of human prostate carcinoma cells with inhibitors of polyamine metabolic enzymes or polyamine analogues induces cell growth arrest or (apoptotic) cell death. Our recent in vitro studies using conformationally restricted polyamine analogues show that these compounds inhibit cell growth, probably by inducing antizyme-mediated degradation of ornithine decarboxylase. Sensitivity of human prostate cancer cells for these compounds was increased in the absence of androgens. These results suggest that these analogues might have chemotherapeutic potential in case prostatic cancer has become androgen-independent. Pilot data in an in vivo model show that these analogues have effects on tumour cell proliferation, vascularity, blood perfusion and tissue hypoxia. Overall, these studies show that polyamines may serve as important biomarkers of prostatic malignancy and provide a promising target for chemotherapy of prostatic cancer.     

Sequestered end products and enzyme regulation: the case of ornithine decarboxylase.

The polyamines (putrescine, spermidine, and spermine) are synthesized by almost all organisms and are universally required for normal growth. Ornithine decarboxylase (ODC), an initial enzyme of polyamine synthesis, is one of the most highly regulated enzymes of eucaryotic organisms. Unusual mechanisms have evolved to control ODC, including rapid, polyamine-mediated turnover of the enzyme and control of the synthetic rate of the protein without change of its mRNA level. The high amplitude of regulation and the rapid variation in the level of the protein led biochemists to infer that polyamines had special cellular roles and that cells maintained polyamine concentrations within narrow limits. This view was sustained in part because of our continuing uncertainty about the actual biochemical roles of polyamines. In this article, we challenge the view that ODC regulation is related to precise adjustment of polyamine levels. In no organism does ODC display allosteric feedback inhibition, and in three types of organism, bacteria, fungi, and mammals, the size of polyamine pools may vary radically without having a profound effect on growth. We suggest that the apparent stability of polyamine pools in unstressed cells is due to their being largely bound to cellular polyanions. We further speculate that allosteric feedback inhibition, if it existed, would be inappropriately responsive to changes in the small, freely diffusible polyamine pool. Instead, mechanisms that control the amount of the ODC protein have appeared in most organisms, and even these are triggered inappropriately by variation of the binding of polyamines to ionic binding sites. In fact, feedback inhibition of ODC might be maladaptive during hypoosmotic stress or at the onset of growth, when organisms appear to require rapid increases in the size of their cellular polyamine pools.     

Inflammation,carcinogenesis and neurodegeneration studies in transgenic animal models for polyamine research

Natural polyamines (PA) are cationic molecules affecting cell growth and proliferation. An association between increased polyamine biosynthesis and inflammation-induced carcinogenesis has been recognised. On the other hand, there are indications that inflammatory stimuli can up-regulate polyamine catabolism and that altered polyamine metabolism could affect pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines. Since the polyamine content is strictly related to cell growth, a consistent number of evidences relate polyamine metabolism dysfunction with cancer. The increase of polyamine levels in malignant and proliferating cells attracted the interest of scientists during last decades, addressing polyamine depletion as a new strategy to inhibit carcinogenesis. Several studies suggest that PA also play an important role in neurodegeneration, but the mechanisms by which they participate in neuronal death are still unclear. Furthermore, the role of endogenous PA in normal brain functioning is yet to be elucidated. The consequences of an alteration of polyamine metabolism have also been approached in vivo with the use of transgenic animals overexpressing or devoid of some enzymes involved in polyamine metabolism. In the present work we review the experimental investigation carried out on inflammation, cancerogenesis and neurodegeneration using transgenic animals engineered as models for polyamine research.     

Effects of cyclosporine and alpha-difluoromethylornithine on the growth of mouse colon cancer in vitro

The growth and survival of mouse (MC-26) colon carcinoma in vitro and in vivo are significantly reduced by inhibitors of polyamine biosynthesis. alpha-Difluoromethylornithine (DFMO), is a specific and irreversible inhibitor of ornithine decarboxylase (ODC); the rate-limiting enzyme in polyamine biosynthesis. DFMO treatment inhibits the growth of MC-26 colon cancer cells and decreases MC-26 cell survival both in vitro and in vivo. In the present study, we examined the effects of cyclosporine (CsA) on growth, survival, and polyamine levels in MC-26 colon cancer in vitro. CsA had inhibitory effects on MC-26 colon cancer growth which were similar to DFMO; these effects were blocked by the addition of the polyamine, putrescine. The combination of CsA (8.3 X 10(-4) mM) and DFMO (0.5 mM or 1.0 mM) inhibited MC-26 cell survival to a greater extent than either agent alone. These results suggest that CsA given in combination with other agents which inhibit polyamine synthesis may be useful for the treatment of colon cancer.