山东省招远金矿区春季赤松林光谱反射率的变化及其与某些因子的相关性

讨论了在春季山东省招远市台上金矿区赤松（Ｐｉｎｕｓｄｅｎｓｉｆｌｏｒａ Ｓｉｅｂ．ｅｔ Ｚｕｃｃ．）林光谱反射率特征的变化及其与叶内Ａｕ、Ａｇ、Ｃｕ、Ｐｂ 元素含量,叶绿素含量,针叶受损程度及其它生态因子的关系。春季金矿区和背景区赤松林的光谱反射率差异显著,金矿区的“蓝移”现象明显,光谱反射率特征与赤松针叶内的Ａｕ、Ａｇ、Ｃｕ、Ｐｂ 元素含量相关显著,与叶绿素含量、针叶受损程度有一定相关,而与赤松林某些主要生态因子相关不好     

贵州晴隆老万场红土型金矿三种藓类植物及其土壤基质的重金属元素测定及相关性分析

利用原子吸收光谱仪对晴隆老万场红土型金矿三种苔藓植物体及其土壤中Au、Ca、Mg、Cu、Pb、Tl、Zn、Hg八种金属元素进行测定,并对植物体与元素之间的相关性及植物对金属的富集能力进行分析。结果表明:在该金矿区生长的苔藓体内金属元素普遍比较高,其体内金属元素含量的顺序与土壤中的金属元素的顺序基本一致。不同物种植物体对金属元素的吸收、富集却有较大的差异。Mg-Hg在0.01水平上达到极显著正相关,Au-Zn、Tl-Cu在0.05水平上达到显著正相关。皱叶毛口藓和芽孢银藓对Au具有较强的富集能力,因此,它们在该地区对红土型金矿具有一定的指示作用。     

添加污泥对尾矿砂理化性质及香樟生理特性的影响

以香樟作为指示植物,选取黄岩、临海和路桥地区污水处理厂污泥,将污泥与尾矿砂按(污泥质量比例为0%对照、25%、50%和75%)配比进行栽培试验。测定添加污泥对尾矿砂理化性质以及香樟生理特性的影响。结果表明:随着污泥比例的增加,混合基质中的有机质、全氮、全磷明显增加,pH值明显降低,离子交换量明显减少,Cu和Cd总量明显增加,而Pb总量明显减少,Zn总量没有明显变化,Cu、Cd和Zn的DTPA提取量明显增加,而Pb的DTPA提取量明显减少。黄岩和临海污泥在25%和50%比例时,香樟叶和茎的生物量和叶绿素含量明显增加,而根的生物量没有明显变化,在75%比例时,生物量和叶绿素含量均明显减少;而添加路桥污泥使香樟叶、茎和根的生物量和叶绿素含量明显减少。丙二醛含量则与生物量和叶绿素含量呈现相反的变化特征。黄岩和临海污泥在25%和50%比例时,根和叶的Cu、Cd、Pb和Zn含量明显减少,在75%比例时,Cu、Cd和Zn含量则明显增加;而添加路桥污泥使叶和根的Cu、Cd和Zn含量明显增加,Pb含量明显减少。研究表明添加污泥提高了尾矿砂的养分含量,同时改变了其重金属组成,对污泥重金属含量和有机质组成的监控可以准确地预测污泥改良后尾矿砂对植物毒性的变化。     

山东省台上金矿区荆条反射光谱的“红移”和“蓝移”现象

生长在山东省招远市台上金矿区的灌木荆条其生长状况差于背景区,叶片的反射光谱特性发生变化,光谱特征参量ＬＯＲ从背景区到金矿区向长波光方向位移,发生“红移”现象,而ＬＰＲ则向短波光方向位移,发生“蓝移”现象;ＬＯＲ和ＬＰＲ的变化与叶片的叶绿素含量密切相关。荆条反射光谱的“红移”和“蓝移”现象,可辅助进行植物光谱的遥感探矿。     

贵州省新路卡林型金矿区苔藓植物多样性及重金属污染监测

研究发现新路卡林型金矿区苔藓植物有10科17属28种,其中,丛藓科有9种,占总数的32.14%,真藓科有8种,占总数的28.57%。真藓科和丛藓科为优势科。分析该卡林型金矿区4个生境的β多样性,发现废石区—废渣区与相对污染区—清洁区的β多样性指数差异最大,苔藓群落结构差异性最大,相似性成分最低。测定该矿区苔藓植物及相应基质的重金属元素Pb、Zn、Cu、Cd、Hg、As含量,发现这些重金属元素含量呈现了一定的规律性,即：废渣区>废石区>相对污染区>清洁区,这可能与金矿的开采和冶炼有密切联系。因此,通过对苔藓植物的深入研究,可用以监测卡林型金矿区重金属污染情况。     

基于器官-凋落叶-土壤生态化学计量特征的樟子松和赤松人工林养分利用策略

以科尔沁沙地樟子松与赤松人工林为对象,分析不同器官、凋落叶和土壤的C、N、P化学计量,比较研究两个树种的养分保存与利用机制。结果表明：樟子松叶C含量及C∶N、C∶P和N∶P、枝N含量以及根N和P含量显著高于赤松,而叶P含量、枝C∶N、根C含量及C∶N和C∶P显著低于赤松。樟子松N和P含量随枝叶年龄增加而下降,而赤松P含量表现为当年和二年生枝叶显著高于一年生枝叶。樟子松凋落叶C、N、P含量均显著高于赤松,C∶P和N∶P显著低于赤松。赤松叶片P重吸收效率显著高于樟子松,并且两个树种的P重吸收效率显著高于N重吸收效率。樟子松林土壤P含量显著低于赤松林,而C∶N和C∶P显著高于赤松林。樟子松养分主要供给新生组织器官,而老年枝叶的养分保存能力下降,凋落叶更易于分解,不利于土壤养分保存,土壤P含量较低。赤松养分保存能力更强,通过维持较高养分重吸收效率,提高体内养分利用效率,降低对土壤P的消耗。     

银杏大小年结果植株叶片的营养元素比较研究

对银杏大、小年结果植株的不同部位的水分及N、P、K等矿质营养元素含量的月变化进行监测,并比较其差异。结果表明,在银杏的年生长周期内,大年结果植株体内比小年结果植株体内含有较足够的水分及N、P、K等矿质营养元素,能稳而均匀地供应植株各器官的生长发育;大年结果植株果叶的N、P营养元素的年平均含量高于一年生和二年生营养叶,而小年结果植株的果叶的N、P营养元素的年平均含量高于一年生营养叶,低于二年生营养叶;大、小年的一年生营养叶的N,二年生营养叶的水分和果叶的P及种子硬核期前后果叶的K含量及P/N,K/N比差异显著。因此,可采取科学的水肥管理方法,在大年过后,落叶以前,及时补充种子所消耗和带走的营养物质,维持植株体内的养分平衡,恢复树势,克服大小年结果现象。     

黔西南红土型金矿硬叶小金发藓对几种金属元素的吸收、富集特征

利用原子吸收法测定黔西南红土型金矿硬叶小金发藓(Pogonmon neesii(C.Muell)Dozy)植株及其土壤中的Au、Pb、Cu、、Zn、Ca、Mg、Hg和As等8种金属元素含量,并分析它们之间的相关性及植物对金属的富集能力.结果表明:硬叶小金发藓体内的金属元素含量普遍较高,对不同金属元素的吸收、富集具有较大的差异,Ca-Mg呈极显著正相关,Cu-Zn、Hg-As呈显著正相关.该植物对Hg和As均具有强烈的富集作用.     

马蹄金叶片中铜、铅含量及其对生理指标的影响

研究了草坪草马蹄金对不同污染土壤的Cu、Pb含量．结果表明,马蹄金体内Cu含量(44．8mg．kg^-1)高于Pb含量(25．59mg·kg^-1)．两种元素在体内的分布特征是根、茎>叶(P<0．05),并随着土壤内重金属含量增加而增加,但富集系数呈下降趋势;马蹄金对Cu的富集系数(0．784)高于Pb的富集系数(0．465)．自然状态下不同程度Cu、Pb复合污染对马蹄金叶片细胞膜及细胞保护系统的影响结果表明,随着Cu、Pb浓度增加,叶片内叶绿素a、叶绿素a／b分别由1．610mg·g^-1 FW和4．100．下降到1．017mg·g^-1 FW和2．299;SOD活性先升高至106．494U·g^-1 FW,随后下降至86．258U·g^-1 FW;POD活性则逐渐增加;而细胞膜透性变化不明显。     

茅苍术药材不同年限部位品质差异研究

茅苍术药材不同部位的物质积累特征及品质差异尚不清楚,本研究针对这一问题研究该药材不同部位的性状、含水量、可溶性糖、淀粉、挥发油含量及成分差异,为阐明该药材不同部位的品质差异及有效成分在药材中的分布和积累规律提供帮助。本研究以2年生茅苍术药材为研究材料,根据其生长部位分离出一年生和二年生药材,利用扫描电子显微镜和常规形态鉴定方法研究药材性状差异,并利用水蒸气蒸馏法测定挥发油含量、蒽酮比色法测定可溶性糖和淀粉含量、GC-MS法分析挥发油成分。结果显示,在性状上,一年生药材断面颜色偏白,二年生药材稍偏黄,且一年生药材较二年生药材松软。与二年生药材相比,一年生药材可溶性糖含量低30.26%,含水量、淀粉、挥发油含量则无显著差异,但二者挥发油成分有所不同。GC-MS共检测出22个成分,15个为二者共有成分。一年生药材中β-桉叶醇和香附烯含量较二年生药材高,而莪术烯、石竹烯等8个成分含量较二年生药材低。茅苍术药材不同部位的性状、初生和次生代谢产物积累均有所差异。     

Chemical composition of pine needles under the influence of aerial technogenic pollution from the Syktyvkar Timber Industry Complex

The impact of the Mondi Syktyvkar Timber Industry Complex on the chemical composition of pine needles was investigated. A comparative analysis of the mineral composition of pine needles showed that the age dynamics of the content of the vast majority of investigated elements in the case of both the studied background region and the zone affected by anthropogenic emissions demonstrated similar trends. The total content of chemical elements in bilberry pine forests showed no difference depending on the needle age or the distance from the source of pollution. An examination carried out in 2007 revealed that the total element concentration in one-year-old pine needles was higher than that in older ones. Over the period of studies, a decrease in pine needle mineralization was observed under the influence of pollution in comparison with the background territory. Additionally, aerotechnogenic emissions of nitrogen and sulfur oxides as well as carbon containing compounds resulted in no accumulation of the above-mentioned substances in pine needles except for the impacted stand of 1.3 km.     

赤松林受虫害后生物学及光谱学特征的变化

 本文重点研究春季山东招远赤松林受赤松毛虫危害后,其针叶形态特征、叶绿素含量及光谱反射率特征的变化,结果表明：春季赤松受赤松毛虫啃食危害后,树势衰弱,生长不良,针叶颜色变化,褪绿甚至死亡,可分为五个等级;随受害程度的加重,叶绿素含量逐渐降低;赤松受损后,红界光谱曲线拐点“蓝移”,可用特征参量Rs、Ro、λp、λpr、λo、R550-680的值表征。     

Chlorophyll Synthesis in Dark-Grown Pine Primary Needles

The pigment content of dark-grown primary needles of Pinus jeffreyi L. and Pinus sylvestris L. was determined by high-performance liquid chromatography. The state of protochlorophyllide a and of chlorophylls during dark growth were analyzed by in situ 77 K fluorescence spectroscopy. Both measurements unambiguously demonstrated that pine primary needles are able to synthesize chlorophyll in the dark. Norflurazon strongly inhibited both carotenoid and chlorophyll synthesis. Needles of plants treated with this inhibitor had low chlorophyll content, contained only traces of xanthophylls, and accumulated carotenoid precursors. The first form of chlorophyll detected in young pine needles grown in darkness had an emission maximum at 678 nm. Chlorophyll-protein complexes with in situ spectroscopic properties similar to those of fully green needles (685, 695, and 735 nm) later accumulated in untreated plants, whereas in norflurazon-treated plants the photosystem I emission at 735 nm was completely lacking. To better characterize the light-dependent chlorophyll biosynthetic pathway in pine needles, the 77 K fluorescence properties of in situ protochlorophyllide a spectral forms were studied. Photoactive and nonphotoactive protochlorophyllide a forms with emission properties similar to those reported for dark-grown angiosperms were found, but excitation spectra were substantially red shifted. Because of their lower chlorophyll content, norflurazon-treated plants were used to study the protochlorophyllide a photoreduction process triggered by one light flash. The first stable chlorophyllide photoproduct was a chlorophyllide a form emitting at 688 nm as in angiosperms. Further chlorophyllide a shifts usually observed in angiosperms were not detected. The rapid regeneration of photoactive protochlorophyllide a from nonphotoactive protochlorophyllide after one flash was demonstrated.     

Changes of Spectral Reflectance of Pinus densiflora Forest and Relations to Some Factors in Spring at Au Ore Region in Zhaoyuan County,Shandong Province

Changes of the characteristics of spectral reflectance of Pinus densiflora forest and their relations to Au, Ag, Cu, Pb contents in pines, chlorophyll contents, degree of haggardis to pines and other ecological factors in spring such as topographic factor and soil composition as well, at Taishang Au ore region in Zhaoyuan County, Shandong Province were analysed. There were differences of spectral reflectance between Au ore and background region in spring. The “blue-shift”in Au mine area was very obvious. The relations among characteristics of spectral reflectance and Au, Ag, Cu, Pb contents in pines were very significant. The characteristics of spectral reflectance were interrelated, to some extent, to chlorophyll contents and degree of injury, but less closely related to some main ecological factors of Pinus densi flora forest.     

中国东部主要松林营养元素循环的比较研究

 中国的松林主要分布在亚热带和温带地区,在亚热带和温带地区东部主要是马尾松林、华山松林、油松林、红松林和樟子松林。松林由于树种、起源和年龄的差别,其生物量的变化幅度较大,在65～200t·hm-2之间(东北地区的原始红松林最高生物量可达360t·hm-2),松林的生物量表现出区域分异的特点。即从南到北随着纬度的增加,林分的生物量有逐渐降低的趋势。松树针叶中5种主要营养元素含量表现为[N]>[K]≥[Ca]>[Mg]≥[P],而且营养元素表现出因种而异,N的含量为华山松≥马尾松>油松≥红松>樟子松,而P和K在油松和红松针叶中含量较高;Ca的含量表现出较大的波动,与其母岩关系密切。松林主要营养元素(N、P、K、Ca、Mg)的积累量中N一般占25％～40％,松林营养元素循环速率受生境,树种、年龄的影响,但总的来说,亚热带地区松林营养元素的循环速率高于温带地区松林。     

Physiological characteristics of Japanese red pine, Pinus densiflora Sieb. et Zucc., in declined forests at Mt. Gokurakuji in Hiroshima Prefecture, Japan

The decline of Japanese red pine trees (Pinus densiflora Sieb. et Zucc.) at Mt. Gokurakuji (693 m a.s.l.), 30 km west of Hiroshima city, west Japan, was studied. The effects of air pollution and acid deposition on the physiological characteristics of the trees, especially those of the needles, were investigated. Ozone concentration was not correlated with the physiological status of the needles and SO₂ concentration was not high in the declined area. NO₂ concentration correlated negatively with needle longevity while it correlated positively with ethylene emission from 1-year-old needles. Average needle longevity was about 2.8 years in non-declined areas; however the longevity was 1.3 years in the most polluted area. The minimal fluorescence at night (F ₀)of 1-year-old needles decreased with increasing NO₂ concentration. The maximum stomatal conductance (gl), net photosynthesis (P _n)and intercellular CO₂ concentration (C _i) in the declined areas were lower than in the non- declined areas (about 50%, 30% and 20% lower, respectively). The lower C _isuggested that the major part of the decrease in P _ncan be explained by stomatal restriction. The soil pH, N content and C/N ratio showed no significant difference between the declined and non-declined areas. The physiological disorders of needles were due to the damage by air pollutants, and important roles of NO₂ are suggested. Lowering of P _n and the shortening of needle longevity appear to be the main causes of the decline in pines in the forest decline area. Received: 16 December 1998 / Accepted: 7 January 2000     

Seasonal Effects on Photosynthetic Electron Transport and Fluorescence Properties in Isolated Chloroplasts of Pinus silvestris

Chloroplasts were isolated from primary needles of 1-year-old seedlings and from secondary needles of a 20-year-old pine tree in a natural stand. In autumn the electron transport capacities of PSII, PSI and PS (II + I) decreased and the electron transport between PSII and PSI became inhibited in October in the 20-year-old tree. This inhibition lasted until May the following year. The partial reactions of PSI and PSII still showed low but fairly constant rates during the whole winter seedlings. Seasonal changes in the electron transport properties of 1-year-old showed the same general trends as observed in the 20-year-old tree, but the changes were less pronounced. However, in snow-covered seedlings the PSI-mediated electron transport and the electron transport from H₂O to NADP increased during the late winter when the seedlings were still covered by snow. The total chlorophyll content of the needles decreased in autumn and winter. Low temperature fluorescence ratios of F692/F680 and F726/F680 indicated more severe destruction of the chlorophyll a antennae closely associated with the two photosystems than of the light harvesting chlorophyll a/b complex. In this case, too, the changes were more pronounced in the 20-year-old tree than in the 1-year-old seedlings. The chlorophyll/P700 ratios indicated a more marked reduction in the reaction centre molecules during autumn than in the antennae chlorophyll molecules. The changes in electron transport and low temperature fluorescence properties which occurred during autumn and winter were mainly reversed during spring.     

湖南省冷水江市大嵊山大气污染与马尾松衰亡

 作者对湖南省冷水江市大嵊山大气污染与马尾松衰亡进行了研究,研究结果表明大气综合污染指数在3个研究点上分别为1.00(对照)、1.76和2.23。而以林分密度、林分非衰亡率、针叶长度、针叶干重、马尾松平均高、平均胸径等因子计算出的林分外貌综合得分从173.9下降到143.5和132.5。在一年四季,马尾松针叶中叶绿素含量也是清洁区显著高于污染区,而叶绿素a／b值则是污染区的高,峰值较正常的提前。马尾松在受到大气污染作用后,针叶中营养元素含量呈下降趋势,尤其是氮。根据树干解析发现大气污染对马尾松高生长和胸径生长都具有抑制作用,但并不表现出同步效应,对高生长的抑制有一个滞后现象,时间在2～3年。另外,大气污染对马尾松的结果影响很大,污染区的马尾松单株拥有球果数仅为清洁的25％,用灰色系统理论对马尾松材积与相关影响因子进行关联度分析发现,材积与综合污染指数的倒数有很好的关联性,关联度达到了0.773。     

Chemical composition and biochemical changes in needles of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) stands at different stages of decline in Bulgaria

Water content was decreased in the needles of Scots pines (Pinus sylvestris L.) with moderate and slight levels of stress-induced decline. In pines with moderate decline a misbalance of foliar nutritional elements was observed. In 1-year-old needles of afflicted pines, the content of potassium and calcium was decreased, but the content of phosphorus, magnesium, iron, manganese and of the heavy metals cadmium and lead was increased. In 2-year-old needles of damaged pines, the content of calcium, iron and of the heavy metal cadmium was decreased, but the content of phosphorus, magnesium, manganese and zinc was increased. Potassium deficiency and zinc levels above toxicity tolerance characterized the nutrient status of declined Scots pines. In the same pines chlorophyll a/b ratio was diminished in 2-year-old needles and the protein content was increased in 1-year-old needles but was decreased in 2-year-old needles.In the second phase of the study 25- and 40-year-old pines with slight decline were examined. An increase in the protein content of 2-year-old needles of 25-year-old declined pines and of both 1- and 2-year-old needles of older 40-year-old pines was observed. A 280% increase of peroxidase activity in 1-year-old and a 178% increase in 2-year-old needles of 25-year-old damaged pines were shown. In older 40-year-old damaged pines a slight increase only in 1-year-old needles was seen. The observed age-related decrease in peroxidase activity in older 40-year-old symptomatic pines might be responsible for the lower resistance to decline in older pines. Our results show that clear but complex chemical and biochemical changes are observed in the needles of Scots pines in Bulgaria and that these changes hold promise for use as indicators of stress.