The Effect of Various Aliphatic Aldehydes and Related Compounds on the Growth of Dipodascus aggregatus

The growth of Dipodascus aggregatus in cultures inoculated with cells from the acceleration phase of growth was stimulated by the saturated and unbranched aliphatic C(3) C(4) , and C(6) to C(11) aldehydes (80 μM]. Nonanal was most active in stimulating growth. The C(12) aldehyde inhibited growth. The C(5) , aldehyde generally inhibited growth. - Nonan did not affect growth. 2-Nonanone and 5-nonanone promoted growth insignificantly. - In cultures inoculated with cells from the exponential phase growth was unaffected or even inhibited by all the aldehydes tested. The C(4) , C(5) , C(10) , and C(11) aldehydes inhibited growth to a larger extent than nonanal.     

Inhibitory effects of spices on growth and toxin production of toxigenic fungi

The inhibitory effects of 29 commercial powdered spices on the growth and toxin production of three species of toxigenic Aspergillus were observed by introducing these materials into culture media for mycotoxin production. Of the 29 samples tested, cloves, star anise seeds, and allspice completely inhibited the fungal growth, whereas most of the others inhibited only the toxin production. Eugenol extracted from cloves and thymol from thyme caused complete inhibition of the growth of both Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus versicolor at 0.4 mg/ml or less. At a concentration of 2 mg/ml, anethol extracted from star anise seeds inhibited the growth of all the strains.     

Inhibitory effects of spices on growth and toxin production of toxigenic fungi.

The inhibitory effects of 29 commercial powdered spices on the growth and toxin production of three species of toxigenic Aspergillus were observed by introducing these materials into culture media for mycotoxin production. Of the 29 samples tested, cloves, star anise seeds, and allspice completely inhibited the fungal growth, whereas most of the others inhibited only the toxin production. Eugenol extracted from cloves and thymol from thyme caused complete inhibition of the growth of both Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus versicolor at 0.4 mg/ml or less. At a concentration of 2 mg/ml, anethol extracted from star anise seeds inhibited the growth of all the strains.     

Role of plasma membrane redox activities in elongation growth in plants

Comparing isolated plasma membrane vesicles and excised hypocotyl segments from etiolated seedlings of soybean [ Glycine max (L.) Merr. cv. Williams], certain antiproliferative agents that inhibited growth inhibited plasma membrane redox activities. Additionally, auxins that stimulated growth stimulated plasma membrane redox activities. Hormone stimulation was restricted to NADH oxidase (determined from disappearance of NADH) and was given both by isolated plasma membranes and by a soluhilizedenzyme preparation. Comparing IAA, the native auxin regulator, and 2,4-D, a synthetic regulator, stimulation was observed, hut the dose-response curves were different. Yet, the dose-response relationships of both stimulation of auxin growth and stimulation of NADH oxidase were parallel. Inhibition of auxin-induced growth by antiproliferative drugs was more complex. Some, like actinomycin D, preferentially inhibited NADH oxidase (EC 1.6.99.2) but inhibited NADH-ferricya-nide oxido-reductase (EC 1.6.99.3) as well. Others, like adriamycin, inhibited primarily the NADH-ferricyanide oxido-reductase. Therefore, growth control by auxin appeared to involve NADH oxidase as a rate-limiting terminal oxidase to link electron flow from NADH to oxygen. This observation may provide a fundamental difference from animal cells. With the latter, impermeant electron acceptors such as diferric transferrin or ferricyanide fulfill such a role. In plants, these impermeant electron acceptors were without effect on growth or were growth inhibitory.     

Macrophage-mediated inhibition of melanoma cell growth in nude mice

The effects of macrophages or sera from tumor-transplanted or control syngeneic and allogeneic mice on the latency and growth rate of P51 murine melanoma cells were determined after transplantation into congenitally athymic (nude) mice (tumor neutralization test). Syngeneic macrophages from tumor-bearing mice (TBM) inhibited melanoma growth in the nude mouse more than control macrophages, additionally macrophages from sensitized allogeneic mice inhibited melanoma growth to a greater degree than did allogeneic control macrophages. Sera from TBM inhibited melanoma growth as compared to control cells alone. Macrophages obtained after 14 days were also cytolytic towards the melanoma target in vitro. Despite the growth of large local masses, no evidence of distant metastases was found. The nude mouse thus provides an appropriate model for this tumor to portray in vivo immunotherapy.     

Inhibition of Thiamine Pyrophosphate Utilization by Thiamine or Its Monophosphate in Escherichia coli

The growth of a thiamine pyrophosphate auxotroph of Escherichi coli was inhibited by either thiamine or thiamine monophosphate, and the growth of a thiamine monophosphate auxotroph was inhibited by thiamine. The thiamine pyrophosphate-dependent oxidation of pyruvate was inhibited by thiamine with whole cells of the thiamine pyrophosphate auxotroph but not with cell extracts prepared from the same organism. In addition, the thiamine pyrophosphate uptake of the thiamine pyrophosphate auxotroph was inhibited by either thiamine or thiamine monophosphate. Although the thiamine pyrophosphate uptake of a revertant, selected for prototrophy from the thiamine monophosphate auxotroph, was inhibited by thiamine to an extent comparable to that observed with the thiamine monophosphate auxotroph, its growth was no longer inhibited by thiamine. A possible mechanism for the inhibition by thiamine and thiamine monophosphate in the utilization of thiamine pyrophosphate is discussed.     

短枝木麻黄小枝单宁对其幼苗生长及单宁含量的效应

以短枝木麻黄(Casuarina equisetifolia)小枝中提取的单宁处理其幼苗,探讨其化感作用及其对幼苗单宁含量的影响.结果表明,单宁对木麻黄幼苗的生长有显著抑制作用,且随着处理浓度的升高,抑制作用逐渐增强,处理15 d后,单宁的化感作用对芽长的抑制程度显著高于根长.单宁处理后,幼苗体内单宁含量也发生显著变化,随着处理浓度的升高而逐渐降低,尤其是总酚和可溶性缩合单宁的含量,单宁溶液的浓度与被处理幼苗体内单宁含量间有显著的线性负相关.因此,短枝木麻黄体内的单宁会对同种的幼苗产生化感作用,这种化感作用不仅影响幼苗的生长和发育,也会通过影响幼苗体内次生代谢物质的形成而影响幼苗对食草动物和其他不利因素的抵抗能力.     

Development of selective media for the isolation and enumeration of Alternaria species from soil and plant debris

A new semi-selective medium, acidified weak potato-dextrose agar (AWPDA) with Mertect (active ingredient: thiabendazole), was developed for the isolation and enumeration of Alternaria species from samples of soil and plant debris. The medium was selected based on growth inhibition tests against Alternaria and several other commonly encountered saprobic fungi utilizing three antifungal agents, Botran (active ingredient: dichloran), Bayleton (active ingredient: triadimefon), and Mertect, and two basal media, acidified potato-dextrose agar (APDA) and AWPDA. Botran inhibited growth of Rhizopus stolonifer moderately, but had little effect on Cladosporium cladosporoides, Fusarium oxysporum, Penicillium chrysogenum, or Trichoderma harzianum. Bayleton inhibited growth of R. stolonifer and C. cladosporoides severely, and inhibited growth of F. oxysporum, P. chrysogenum, and T. harzianum moderately. Mertect inhibited growth of C. cladosporoides, F. oxysporum, P. chrysogenum, and T. harzianum completely, but had little or moderate effect on R. stolonifer. All three antifungal agents inhibited growth of Alternaria species slightly or moderately. The combination of Bayleton and Mertect inhibited growth of all fungi severely. A comparison of recovery rates of Alternaria from soil and plant debris samples on AWPDA with Mertect and weak potato-dextrose agar (WPDA) revealed that Alternaria spp. accounted for 63.6%-81.0% of recovered fungal isolates on AWPDA with Mertect as compared to 0.6%-2.7% of recovered isolates on WPDA. The AWPDA medium with Mertect exhibited superior selective growth of Alternaria species from samples of soil and plant debris, and will be useful in studies where the recovery and enumeration of Alternaria species is necessary.     

Betaine : A Plant-growth Substance from Sugar-beet (Beta vulgaris)

Segments cut from chromatograms of the aqueous fraction of extractsof sugar-beet seed balls, leaves, and roots, in the region producinga red-brown spot with iodine vapour similar in colour and Rfto that produced by betaine, inhibited growth of dwarf Frenchbean leaf disks in a similar manner to betaine solutions. Similarregions from chromatograms made with small amounts of aqueousfractions promoted growth of wheat coleoptile sections and cresshypocotyls, where-as those from chromatograms of large amountsof extracts inhibited the growth of the same tissues, and cressroots, as did betaine. Ethyl acetate fractions of the extractshad no effect on growth of bean leaf disks or cress seedlingsbut they inhibited germination of cress seeds and their subsequentgrowth, whereas the water-soluble betaine did not affect cressgermination.     

UV-B辐射增强对海洋大型藻与微型藻种群生长关系的影响

选用孔石莼和青岛大扁藻为海洋大型藻和微型藻的代表,通过室内添加模拟试验研究了UV-B辐射增强对孔石莼(重量固定)与青岛大扁藻(密度不同)种群生长关系的影响。结果表明:(1)在单养情况下,4个UV-B辐射剂量都对孔石莼的生长产生抑制作用;对青岛大扁藻生长的影响却不同,低剂量(U-1)的UV-B辐射对青岛大扁藻的生长有促进作用,而高剂量的UV-B辐射则有显著的抑制作用;且因初始接种密度不同而各异。(2)在共养情况下,微藻对孔石莼的生长表现出一定的抑制作用,随着微藻初始接种密度的增加,其抑制作用亦增加;反之,在共培养的初始阶段(6 d内)孔石莼对微藻的生长也有抑制作用,但后期阶段(9 d后)表现出促进作用。(3)在共培养的同时附加UV-B辐射处理,随着初始接种密度的增加,青岛大扁藻对孔石莼生长的抑制作用更加明显;同时,与共养相比较,孔石莼对微藻生长的抑制作用亦趋于明显。     

THE IN VITRO SECRETION OF GROWTH REGULATORS BY ISOLATED CALLUS TISSUES

Tissues from a wide variety of plants were surface sterilized, isolated, and grown on different media. These isolated tissues were bioassayed for growth regulatory activity. The secretions from four of the 20 callus tissues inhibited the growth of Bacillus subtilis. An aseptic method for measuring the growth of Lemna was developed and used to detect inhibitory materials in medium which had supported the growth of five isolated callus tissues. In the seed (Lycopersicon esculentum) germination test five callus tissues had an inhibitory influence while two callus tissues showed a stimulatory effect. The study also included expressed juices and extracts of callus tissues which secreted regulatory materials. The expressed juice of five callus tissues contained materials which inhibited the growth of Lemna. Two expressed juices inhibited the growth of Bacillus subtilis. The water extract of two callus tissues inhibited the growth of Lemna. Fifty percent of the plants which have been reported to produce growth regulatory materials in nature also produced callus tissue which was capable of regulating growth of assay organisms.     

Assessing the pathogenic effect ofFusarium, Geosmithia andOphiostoma fungi from broad-leaved trees

Phytopathogenic effect of Geosmithia pallida, G. langdonii, Ophiostoma grandicarpum, O. querci, two isolates of O. piceae, and two isolates of Fusarium solani was compared using plant growth test (stem and root length of garden cress plants seeded on mycelium-covered potato carrot agar); Ophiostoma spp. and F. solani were isolated from oak, Geosmithia spp. from galleries of Scolytus intricatus on beech. All fungi inhibited more the root elongation than that of stems. F. solani led to plant collapse after briefly stimulating the growth of stem and in one case also root. G. langdonii inhibited stem and root growth to 20% and led to plant collapse. G. pallida inhibited root growth to 25% whereas stem growth was almost unimpaired. Ophiostoma spp. reduced stem growth to approximately 60-80% and root growth to 25-60%. O. piceae and O. querci caused plant collapse after 15-20 d.     

彩色豆马勃子实体的化感作用及其化感物质的分离鉴定

彩色豆马勃能与松树、桉树形成外生菌根,研究其次生代谢产物对植物的影响具有重要意义。用水、乙醇和丙酮抽提彩色豆马勃的子实体,发现这些抽提物对稗草和水稻幼苗生长有极显着的抑制作用。丙酮抽提物对狼尾草和油菜幼苗生长有抑制作用。子实体的丙酮抽提物用硅胶柱色谱分离得到2个纯化合物,可鉴定为豆马勃内酯(Pisolactone)和麦角甾醇。该2个化合物在400μg·ml^-1浓度下均显着抑制稗草幼苗根生长。豆马勃内酯在100μg·ml^-1浓度下仍然极显着抑制稗草幼苗根生长.     

Inhibition of in Vitro Pollen Tube Growth by Isolated S-Glycoproteins of Nicotiana alata

Pollen from three S-genotypes of Nicotiana alata was grown in vitro in the presence of S-glycoproteins isolated from styles of the same three genotypes. Pollen germination was not affected by the presence of the S-glycoproteins, but pollen tube growth of all genotypes was inhibited. S2 pollen was preferentially inhibited by the S2-glycoprotein and S3 pollen by the S3-glycoprotein. The S6-glycoprotein preferentially inhibited growth of both S2 and S6 pollen over S3 pollen. Heat treatment dramatically increased the inhibitory activity of the S-glycoproteins as inhibitors both of pollen germination and tube growth; after heat treatment, S-allele specificity of pollen tube inhibition was not detected.     

Selective inhibition of Klebsiella aerogenes growth on pentoses by pentitols.

Selective inhibition of growth by pentitols was observed when Klebsiella aerogenes M-7 which could not utilize pentitols was grown on pentoses. D-Arabitol inhibited the growth on D-arabinose as a sole carbon source, but had no effect on the growth on L-arabinose, D-xylose, and D-ribose. Similarly, L-arabitol inhibited the growth on D-arabinose and L-arabinose, ribitol inhibited the growth on D-arabinose and L-arabinose, and xylitol inhibited the growth on D-xylose. From the following reasons, we postulated that the selective growth inhibition by pentitols was due to the competitive inhibition of pentose isomerase reaction by the cell by pentitols. (i) D-Arabinose transport activity was not inhibited by pentitols. (ii) Induction of D-arabinose and L-arabinose isomerases was not inhibited by D- and L-arabitol, respectively. (iii) The specificity of growth inhibition by pentitols was the same as that of competitive inhibition of pentose isomerases by pentitols.     

Differential regulation of pituitary hormone secretion and gene expression by thyrotropin-releasing hormone. A role for mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling cascade in rat pituitary GH3 cells

We examined the possible involvement of mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase activation in the secretory process and gene expression of prolactin and growth hormone. Thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) rapidly stimulated the secretion of both prolactin and growth hormone from GH3 cells. Secretion induced by TRH was not inhibited by 50 microM PD098059, but was completely inhibited by 1 microM wortmannin and 10 microM KN93, suggesting that MAP kinase does not mediate the secretory process. Stimulation of GH3 cells with TRH significantly increased the mRNA level of prolactin, whereas expression of growth hormone mRNA was largely attenuated. The increase in prolactin mRNA stimulated by TRH was inhibited by addition of PD098059, and the decrease in growth hormone mRNA was also inhibited by PD098059. Transfection of the cells with a pFC-MEKK vector (a constitutively active MAP kinase kinase kinase), significantly increased the synthesis of prolactin and decreased the synthesis of growth hormone. These data taken together indicate that MAP kinase mediates TRH-induced regulation of prolactin and growth hormone gene expression. Reporter gene assays showed that prolactin promoter activity was increased by TRH and was completely inhibited by addition of PD098059, but that the promoter activity of growth hormone was unchanged by TRH. These results suggest that TRH stimulates both prolactin and growth hormone secretion, but that the gene expressions of prolactin and growth hormone are differentially regulated by TRH and are mediated by different mechanisms.     

Effect of halofenate and clofibrate on growth and lipid synthesis in Saccharomyces cerevisiae

Halofenate-free acid (HFA) inhibited the growth of Saccharomyces cerevisiae by 50% at a concentration of 0.34 mm. This inhibitory effect was prevented by addition of either oleate or acetate, but not by pyruvate. When cell growth was supported by oleate, HFA inhibited the incorporation of radioactive carbon from glucose-U-(14)C or pyruvate-2-(14)C into fatty acids and sterols. The incorporation of radioactive carbon into fatty acids and sterols from acetate-2-(14)C was unaffected by the compound. When cell growth was supported by either oleate or acetate, HFA inhibited the conversion of pyruvate-1-(14)C to (14)CO(2). These results suggest that HFA inhibits the conversion of pyruvate to acetate in yeast. Partially purified yeast pyruvate dehydrogenase was inhibited 50% by 5.5 mm HFA; however, the concentration required for 50% inhibition was considerably reduced when the enzyme was preincubated with the compound at room temperature. In a similar manner, the hypolipidemic agent clofibrate-free acid inhibited the growth of yeast by 50% at 3.0 mm. This inhibition was also prevented by acetate and not by pyruvate. In addition, clofibrate-free acid inhibited partially purified pyruvate dehydrogenase by 50% at a concentration of 37.0 mm.     

两种基因型大豆根分泌物对大豆根腐病菌的化感作用

采用生物模拟试验、化学分析等方法,研究了两种大豆基因型(9536、吉林30)的根分泌物中的糖、氨基酸、有机酸组分对大豆根腐病菌的化感作用.结果表明,两种大豆基因型(9536、吉林30)根分泌物糖组分表现出低浓度显著促进、高浓度显著抑制半裸镰孢菌、尖镰孢菌生长的规律,对粉红粘帚菌的生长影响不明显;氨基酸组分对上述三种病原菌所表现出的促进、抑制规律不同,9536基因型根分泌物氨基酸组分的中、高浓度处理对半裸镰孢菌、粉红粘帚菌、尖镰孢菌的生长表现出显著的抑制作用,而吉林30多表现出显著的促进作用;有机酸组分对半裸镰孢菌、粉红粘帚菌、尖镰孢菌生长都有显著的抑制作用.两种基因型大豆根分泌物(糖、氨基酸、有机酸组分)与根腐病害发生密切相关,大豆基因型不同,根分泌物对根腐病菌的化感促进或抑制作用有差异.     

Effect of suramin on growth of androgen-responsive mouse tumor (Shionogi carcinoma 115) and its autonomous subline (Chiba subline 2)

Suramin has been shown to inhibit the binding of various growth factors to their receptors. Shionogi Carcinoma 115 cells (SC 115 cells) and Chiba Subline 2 cells (CS 2 cells) are clones of an androgen-responsive mouse tumor cell and its autonomous subline, respectively. Since the growth of SC 115 and CS 2 cells are assumed to be regulated by their own fibroblast growth factor (FGF)-like growth factors, the present study was undertaken to examine the effect of suramin on these cells. Suramin inhibited the growth of SC 115 and CS 2 cells in a dose dependent manner. The inhibition of suramin was reversible up to 50 micrograms/ml. Suramin reversibly changed the shape of these cells from fibroblast-like to polygonal and epithelial-like ones, and inhibited 3H-thymidine incorporation into these cells which was evoked by acidic and basic FGFs, and conditioned medium obtained from CS 2 cells. The binding of 125I-basic FGF to SC 115 and CS 2 cells was inhibited by suramin. However, suramin had no effect on growth factor production and the hst-1 gene expression on CS 2 cells. In conclusion, suramin inhibited the autocrine and paracrine growth of SC 115 and CS 2 cells by blocking the binding of autocrine growth factors to their receptors.