Characterization ofGandalf,a new inverted-repeat transposable element ofDrosophila koepferae

The cloning and characterization ofGandalf, a new DNA-transposing mobile element obtained from theDrosophila koepferae (repleta group) genome is described. A fragment ofGandalf was found in a middle repetitive clone that shows variable chromosomal localization. Restriction, Southern blot, PCR and sequencing analyses have shown that mostGandalf copies are about 1 kb long, are flanked by 12 by inverted terminal repeats and contain subterminal repetitive regions on both sides of the element. As with other elements of the DNA-transposing type (known as the ‘Ac family’), theGandalf element generates 8 by direct duplications at the insertion point. Coding region analysis has shown that the longer open reading frame found inGandalf copies could encode part of a protein. However, whether or not the 1 kb copies of the element are actually the active transposons remains to be elucidated.Gandalf shows a very low copy number inD. buzzatii, a sibling species ofD. koepferae. An attempt to induce interspecific hybrid dysgenesis in hybrids of these two species has been unsuccessful.     

Replication properties ofARS1 plasmids inSaccharomyces cerevisiae: dependence on the carbon source

The replication behaviour of a number ofARS1-based plasmids was investigated on propagation inSaccharomyces cerevisiae grown with either glucose or galactose as carbon source. Growth on galactose results in reduced plasmid stability, as well as in reduced replication efficiency, when the entire 1.5-kbTRP1-ARS1 fragment is present on a plasmid. The galactose sensitivity is mediated by a 0.13-kb fragment harbouring part of theGAL3 promoter. This fragment exerts its effect when situated either 5 or 3 to the ARS core consensus at distances up to 0.9 kb. The endogenous 2 µm plasmid remained unaffected by the choice of carbon source.     

A T7 promoter-specific, inducible protein expression system forBacillus subtilis

The adaptation and application of theEscherichia coli T7 RNA polymerase system for regulated and promoter-specific gene expression inBacillus subtilis is reported. The expression cassette used inBacillus subtilis was tightly regulated and T7 RNA polymerase (T7 RNAP) appeared 30 min after induction. The efficiency of T7 promoter-specific gene expression inB. subtilis was studied using one secretory and two cytosolic proteins of heterologous origin. The accumulation ofE. coli -galactosidase, as well as a 1,4--glucosidase fromThermoanaerobacter brockii inB. subtilis after T7 RNAP induction was strongly enhanced by rifampicin inhibition of host RNAP activity. The-amylase ofThermoactinomyces vulgaris, a secretory protein, was found to accumulate in the culture supernatant up to levels of about 70 mg/l 10–20 h after T7 RNAP induction, but was also deposited in cellular fractions. The addition of rifampicin inhibited-amylase secretion, but unexpectedly, after a short period, also prevented its further (intra)cellular accumulation     

Seed flavonoids of thePodalyrieae andLiparieae (Fabaceae)

A study of the phenolic compounds of the closely related papilionoid tribes,Podalyrieae andLiparieae, proved that the flavonoid patterns of hydrolysed seed extracts are remarkably conservative. Butin (7, 3, 4-trihydroxyflavanone), 3-hydroxydaidzein (7, 3, 4-trihydroxyisoflavone), vicenin-2 (6, 8-di--D-glucopyranosyl-5, 7, 4-trihydroxyflavone) and orobol (5, 7, 3, 4-tetrahydroxyisoflavone) were isolated and identified as the major flavonoids. The seeds ofAmphithalea, Coelidium, Liparia, Xiphotheca, Calpurnia, Stirtonanthus andPodalyria accumulated three isoflavone O-glycosides that yielded 3-hydroxydaidzein on hydrolysis. In contrast,Virgilia contained a unique combination of vicenin-2 and orobol. Vicenin-2 was also present inCalpurnia as a major compound, butStirtonanthus insignis was the only other species studied that contained orobol (in trace amounts only). Butein, a chalcone, was reported byHarborne from the seed ofCyclopia subternata. This compound's flavanone analog, butin, was the principal component inCyclopia. A cladistic analysis, using flavonoid, alkaloid and morphological data, showed that the seed flavonoids of thePodalyrieae andLiparieae behave rather poorly as cladistic characters. They are, however, of considerable taxonomic value at the tribal level favouring the opinion that the two tribes should be combined. The apparent absence of flavonoids in the seed ofHypocalyptus supports the suggestion that it should be excluded from theLiparieae. Flavonoids also show that theArgyrolobium-group is very different from the tribeCrotalarieae and support the recent transfer of this group to the tribeGenisteae.     

Structural analysis of Tpn1, a transposable element isolated from Japanese morning glory bearing variegated flowers

The 6.4 kb transposable element Tpn1 belonging to the En/Spm family was found within one of the DFR (dihydroflavonol-4-reductase) genes for anthocyanin biosynthesis in a line of Japanese morning glory (Pharbitis nil) bearing variegated flowers. Sequencing of the Tpn1 element revealed that it is 6412 by long and carries 28-bp perfect terminal inverted repeats. Its subterminal repetitive regions, believed to be the cis-acting sequences for transposition, show striking structural features. Twenty-two copies of the 10-bp sequence motif GACAACGGTT can be found as direct or inverted repeats within 650 by of the 5 end of the element, and 33 copies of the sequence motif lie within 800 by of the 3 terminus. All these 22 copies of the sequence motif near the 5 terminus and 30 copies in the 3 terminal region are arranged as inverted repeats and 3–8 by AT-rich sequences are detected between these inverted repeats. In addition, four copies of 122-bp tandem repeats and six copies of 104-bp tandem repeats are present in the 5 and 3 subterminal repetitive regions, respectively. No large open reading frame characteristic of autonomous elements of the En/Spm family can be detected within the element. The results are discussed with respect to heritable changes in flower variegation in this line of Japanese morning glory.     

A physical and genetic map of theCorynebacterium glutamicum ATCC 13032 chromosome

A combined physical and genetic map of theCorynebacterium glutamicum ATCC 13032 chromosome was constructed using pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) and hybridizations with cloned gene probes. Total genomic DNA was digested with the meganucleasesSwaI (5-ATTTAAAT-3),PacI (5-TTAATTAA-3), andPmeI (5-GTTTAAAC-3) yielding 26, 27, and 23 fragments, respectively. The chromosomal restriction fragments were then separated by PFGE. By summing up the lengths of the fragments generated with each of the three enzymes, a genome size of 3082 +/- 20 kb was determined. To identify adjacentSwaI fragments, a genomic cosmid library ofC. glutamicum was screened for chromosomal inserts containingSwaI sites. Southern blots of the PFGE gels were hybridized with these linking clones to connect theSwaI fragments in their natural order. By this method, about 90% of the genome could be ordered into three contigs. Two of the remaining gaps were closed by cross-hybridization of blottedSwaI digests using as probesPacI andPmeI fragments isolated from PFGE gels. The last gap in the chromosomal map was closed by hybridization experiments using partialSwaI digestions, thereby proving the circularity of the chromosome. By hybridization of gene probes toSwaI fragments separated by PFGE about 30 genes, including rRNA operons, IS element and transposon insertions were localized on the physical map.     

Excision and transposition of two Ds transposons from the bronze mutable 4 derivative 6856 allele of Zea mays L

Summary The regulatory mutation bronze mutable 4 Derivative 6856 (bz-m4 D6856) contains a complex 6.7 kb Dissociation (Ds) element tagged with a duplication of low copy bz 3 flanking sequences (Klein et al. 1988). This creates a unique opportunity to study the transposition of a single member of the repetitive family of Ds elements. Eighteen full purple revertants (Bz alleles) of bz-m4 were characterized enzymatically and by genomic mapping. For 17 of the Bz alleles, reversion to a wild-type phenotype was caused by excision of the 6.7 kb Ds transposon. Nine of these Bz alleles retained the transposon somewhere in their genome. In this study we show that like Ac (Schwartz 1989; Dooner and Belachew 1989), the 6.7 kb Ds element can transpose within a short physical distance, both proximal and distal to its original position. Additional bz sequences have been mapped immediately distal to the mutant locus in bz-m4 D6856; genetic evidence suggests these are flanked by two additional Ds elements. The remaining Bz revertant, Bz :107, arose from excision of a more complex 13 kb Ds element.     

Sequence and characterisation of a ribosomal RNA operon fromAgrobacterium vitis

One of the four ribosomal RNA operons (rrnA) from theAgrobacterium vitis vitopine strain S4 was sequenced.rrnA is most closely related to therrn operons ofBradyrhizobium japonicum andRhodobacter sphaeroides and carries an fMet-tRNA gene downstream of its 5S gene, as in the case ofR. sphaeroides. The 16S rRNA sequence of S4 differs from theA. vitis K309 type strain sequence by only one nucleotide, in spite of the fact that S4 and K309 have very different Ti plasmids. The predicted secondary structure of the S4 23S rRNA shows several features that are specific for the alpha proteobacteria, and an unusual branched structure in the universal B8 stem. The 3 ends of the three otherrrn copies of S4 were also cloned and sequenced. Sequence comparison delimits the 3 ends of the four repeats and defines two groups:rrnA/rrnB andrrnC/rrnD.     

The bacterial phleomycin resistance geneble as a dominant selectable marker inChlamydomonas

A chimeric gene composed of the coding sequence of theble gene fromStreptoalloteichus hindustanus fused to the 5 and 3 untranslated regions of theChlamydomonas reinhardtii nuclear geneRBCS2 has been constructed. Introduction of this chimeric gene into the nuclear genome ofC. reinhardtii by co-transformation with theARG7 marker yields Arg⁺ transformants of which approximately 80% possess theble gene. Of these co-transformants, approximately 3% display a phleomycin-resistant (Pm^R) phenotype. Western blot analysis using antibodies against theble gene product confirms the presence of the protein in the Pm^R transformants and genetic analysis demonstrates the co-segregation of theble gene with the phenotype in progeny arising from the mating of a Pm^R transformant to wild-type strains. Direct selection of Pm^R transformants was achieved by allowing an 18-h period for recovery and growth of transformed cells prior to selection. This work represents the first demonstration of stable expression and inheritance of a foreign gene in the nuclear genome ofC. reinhardtii and provides a useful dominant marker for nuclear transformation.     

Branchinecta belki n. sp. (Branchiopoda: Anostraca), a new fairy shrimp from Mexico,hybridizing withB. packardi Pearse under laboratory conditions

A new fairy shrimp,Branchinecta belki n.sp., endemic to the south of Coahuila state is described and figured. A total of nine species of phyllopods, including the new species, occur in ponds in the type area.The laboratory hybridization ofB. belki andB. packardi through no-choice mating tests in reciprocal crosses is discussed. A mixture of characteristics of parental species is present in male F1 and F2 hybrids. This may provide a biological tool, or search image (sensu Wiman, 1979a), for detecting male hybrids, should such exist, between theBranchinecta species of this study in nature. In addition to the reported interspecific hybridizations inStreptocephalus (Wiman, 1979a & 1979b) and inArtemia (Bowenet al., 1985) under laboratory conditions, the new evidence inBranchinecta suggests that absence of efficient premating mechanisms may be common in Anostraca.     

Characterization of the genes and attachment sites for site-specific integration of plasmid pSE101 in Saccharopolyspora erythraea and Streptomyces lividans

The 11.3 kb plasmid pSE101 integrates into the chromosome of Saccharopolyspora erythraea at a specific attB site and into the chromosome of Streptomyces lividans at many sites. Multisite integration in S. lividans was also observed when a 1.9 kb segment of pSE101 containing attP and adjacent plasmid sequence was used to transform a pSE101^– S. lividans host. Nucleotide sequencing of this segment revealed the presence of a complete open reading frame (ORF) designated int, encoding a putative polypeptide of 448 amino acids that shows similarities to site-specific recombinases of the integrase family. Sequencing of the 1.3 kb segment upstream of int revealed the presence of three additional ORFs: the one most distal to int encodes a putative 76 amino acid basic polypeptide analogous to the Xis proteins of a number of bacteriophages. Nucleotide sequencing of attP, and the attB, attL and attR sites from Sac. erythraea revealed a 46 by sequence common to all sites with no duplications of chromosomal sequences in the integrated state. A putative structural gene for a tRNA^Thr was found to overlap the 46 by common sequence at attB. Sequencing of four pSE101 integration sites (attB) and corresponding attL and attR sites in S. lividans showed that the 46 by sequence was present at each attR site, whereas only the first three bases, CTT, were retained at each attL and attB site. A feature common to the four attB sites and to attB is a highly conserved 21 by segment with inverted repeats flanking the CTT sequence. This indicates that crossover at each attB site in S. lividans employed attP and a site within a 5 by sequence in attB and suggests that the secondary structure of the 21 by sequence is important for site-specific integration at attB or attB.     

Identification ofTnr3, aSuppressor-Mutator/Enhancer-like transposable element from rice

We isolated members of the retroposon family p-SINE1 in rice and found that one member contained an insertion. A 3-bp sequence at the insertion site within p-SINE1 appeared duplicated. The insertion sequence, 1536 bp in length, carried imperfect inverted repeats of about 13 bp at its termini which begin with 5-CACTA--- -3; these repeats are similar to those found in members of theEn/Spm transposable element family. These results indicate that the insertion sequence is a transposable element belonging to theEn/Spm family and is thus namedTnr3 (transposable element inrice no.3). In fact,Tnr3 carried long subterminal regions containing direct and inverted repeats of short DNA sequences of 15 bp, another characteristic of theEN/Spm family. The subterminal repeat sequences inTnr3 are, however, of two kinds, although they share homology with each other.Tnr3 and its relatives were present in multiple copies in rice. Considering the length ofTnr3, it cannot represent an autonomous type element, but is a non-autonomous element probably derived by deletion from an autonomous transposon.     

Relationship of vector insert size to homologous integration during transformation of Neurospora crassa with the cloned am (GDH) gene

Summary We used lambda and plasmid vectors containing the am ⁺ gene in an insert of from 2.7 to 9.1 kb, to transform am point mutant and deletion strains. A total of 199 transformants were examined with the potential to yield am ^– transformants by homologous recombination. When we used vectors that had 9.1 kb of homology with the chromosomal DNA, 30% of the transformants obtained were the result of homologous recombination regardless of whether the vector was a lambda molecule, a circular plasmid, or a plasmid that had been linearized prior to transformation. When vectors with up to 5.1 kb of homology were used, very few transformants (1 of 89 tested) resulted from homologous recombination. Of a sample of 29 ectopic integration events obtained by transformation with the 9.1 kb fragment cloned in a vector, 18 included a major part (usually almost all) of both arms of lambda with the entire Neurospora 9.1 kb insert between them. Four included only long arm sequence together with an adjacent segment of the insert containing the am gene. The remaining seven were the result of multiple integrations. There was no evidence of circularization of the vector prior to integration. All transformants that had multiple copies of the am gene appeared to be subject to the RIP process, which causes multiple mutations in duplicated sequences during the sexual cycle.     

A hotspot of spontaneous and UV-induced illegitimate recombination during formation ofλbio transducing phage

To study the mechanism of spontaneous and UV-induced illegitimate recombination, we examined the formation of thebio specialized transducing phage inEscherichia coli. Because mostbio transducing phages have double defects in thered andgam genes and have the capacity to form a plaque on anE. coli P2 lysogen (Spi^– phenotype), we selectedbio transducing phage by their Spi^– phenotype, rather than using thebio marker. We determined sequences of recombination junctions ofbio transducing phages isolated with or without UV irradiation and deduced sequences of parental recombination sites. The recombination sites were widely distributed onE. coli bio and DNAs, except for a hotspot which accounts for 57% of UV-inducedbio transducing phages and 77% of spontaneously inducedbio transducing phages. The hotspot sites onE. coli and DNAs shared a short homology of 9 bp. In addition, we detected direct repeat sequences of 8 by within and near both thebio and hotspots. ArecA mutation did not affect the frequency of the recombination at the hotspot, indicating that this recombination is not a variant ofrecA-dependent homologous recombination. We discuss a model in which the short homology as well as the direct repeats play essential roles in illegitimate recombination at the hotspot.     

Salmonella typhimurium LT2 metF operator mutations

Summary Using an Escherichia coli lac deletion strain lysogenized with lambda phage carrying a metF-lacZ gene fusion (Flac), in which -galactosidase levels are dependent on metF gene expression, cis-acting mutations were isolated that affect regulation of the Salmonella typhimurium metF gene. The mutations were located in a region previously defined as the metF operator by its similarity to the E. coli metF operator sequence. Regulation of the metF gene was examined by measuring -galactosidase levels in E. coli strains lysogenized with the wild-type Flac phage and mutant Flac phage. The results suggest that the mutations disrupt the methionine control system mediated by the metJ gene product, but not the vitamin B₁₂ control system mediated by the metH gene product. The results also demonstrate that negative control of the metF gene by the metH gene product and vitamin B₁₂ is dependent on a functional metJ gene product.Abbreviations Ap ampicillin - dNTP deoxyribonucleoside triphosphates - GM glucose minimal - Km kanamycin - L-agar Luria agar - LM lactose minimal - SAM s-adenosyl-L-methionine - TPEG phenylethyl -D-thiogalactoside - X-gal 5-bromo-4-chloro-3-indolyl -D-galactopyranoside - [] designates plasmid-carrier state - :: novel joint     

Response of effective quantum yield of photosystem 2 to in situ temperature in three alpine plants

The response of effective quantum yield of photosystem 2 (F/F_m) to temperature was investigated under field conditions (1 950 m a.s.l.) in three alpine plant species with contrasting leaf temperature climates. The in situ temperature response did not follow an optimum curve but under saturating irradiances [PPFD >800 µìmol(photon) m^–2s^–1] highest F/F_m occurred at leaf temperatures below 10°C. This was comparable to the temperature response of antarctic vascular plants. Leaf temperatures between 0 and 15°C were the most frequently (41 to 56%) experienced by the investigated species. At these temperatures, F/F_m was highest in all species (data from all irradiation classes included) but the species differed in the temperature at which F/F_m dropped below 50% (Soldanella pusilla >20°C, Loiseleuria procumbens >25°C, and Saxifraga paniculata >40°C). The in situ response of F/F_m showed significantly higher F/F_m values at saturating PPFD for the species growing in full sunlight (S. paniculata and L. procumbens) than for S. pusilla growing under more moderate PPFD. The effect of increasing PPFD on F/F_m, for a given leaf temperature, was most pronounced in S. pusilla. Despite the broad diurnal leaf temperature amplitude of alpine environments, only in S. paniculata did saturating PPFD occur over a broad range of leaf temperatures (43 K). In the other two species it was half of that (around 20 K). This indicates that the setting of environmental scenarios (leaf temperature×PPFD) in laboratory experiments often likely exceeds the actual environmental demand in the field.This revised version was published online in March 2005 with corrections to the page numbers.     

ThePenicillium chrysogenum andAspergillus nidulans wetA developmental regulatory genes are functionally equivalent

Aspergillus nidulans andPenicillium chrysogenum are related fungi that reproduce asexually by forming multicellular conidiophores and uninucleate conidia. InA. nidulans, spore maturation is controlled by thewetA (AwetA) regulatory gene. We cloned a homologous gene (PwetA) fromP. chrysogenum to determine if spore maturation is regulated by a similar mechanism in this species. ThePwetA andAwetA genes are similar in structure and functional organization. The inferred polypeptides share 77% overall amino acid sequence similarity, with several regions having > 85% similarity. The genes also had significant, local sequence similarities in their 5 flanking regions, including conserved binding sites for the product of the regulatory geneabaA.PwetA fully complemented anA. nidulans wetA deletion mutation, demonstrating thatPwetA and its 5 regulatory sequences function normally inA. nidulans. These results indicate that the mechanisms controlling sporulation inA. nidulans andP. chrysogenum are evolutionarily conserved.     

A new mobile genetic element inLactobacillus delbrueckii subsp.bulgaricus

A new IS element (ISL3) was discovered inLactobacillus delbrueckii subsp.bulgaricus during the characterization of the linkage relationships between the two genes important for milk fermentation,-galactosidase (lacZ) and the cell-wall associated protease (prtP). ISL3 is a 1494 by element, flanked by 38 by imperfect inverted repeats, and generates an 8 by target duplication upon insertion. It contains one open reading frame, encoding a potential polypeptide of 434 amino acids, which shows significant homology (34% identity) to the transposase of theLeuconostoc mesenteroides element IS1165. Molecular analysis of spontaneouslacZ mutants revealed some strains that had sustained deletions of 7 to 30 kb in size, centered on and eliminating the copy of ISL3 next tolacZ. Other deletion endpoints were identified as located immediately adjacent to ISL3. Furthermore, genetic translocations that had occurred via transposition of ISL3 were observed fortuitously in cultures screened for deletion mutants. ISL3 can be found in one to several copies in various strains ofL. delbrueckii. However, it was not present in other dairy lactic acid bacteria tested.     

A mating-type factors of Coprinus cinereus have variable numbers of specificity genes encoding two classes of homeodomain proteins

We have identified the seven genes that constitute the A43 mating-type factor of Coprinus cinereus and compare the organisation of A43 with the previously characterised A42 factor. In both, the genes that trigger clamp cell development, the so-called specificity genes, are separated into and loci by 7 kb of noncoding sequence and are flanked by homologous genes -fg and -fg. The specificity genes are known to encode two classes of dissimilar homeodomain (HD1 and HD2) proteins and have different allelic forms which show little or no cross-hybridisation. By partial sequencing we identified a divergently transcribed HD1 (a1-2) and HD2 (a2-2) gene in the A43 locus. a2-2 failed to elicit clamp cell development in three different hosts, suggesting that it is non-functional. a1-2 elicited clamp cells in an A42 host that has only an HD2 gene (a2-1) in its locus, thus demonstrating that the compatible A mating interaction is between an HD1 and an HD2 protein. The A43 locus contains three specificity genes, the divergently transcribed HD1 and HD2 genes b1-2 and b2-2 and a third HD1 gene (d1-1) that was shown by hybridisation and transformation analyses to be functionally equivalent to d1-1 in A42. An untranscribed footprint of a third A42 HD1 gene, c1-1, was detected between the A43 b2-2 and d1-1 genes by Southern hybridisation.     

Isolation and characterization of Saccharomyces cerevisiae mutants supersensitive to G1 arrest by the mating hormone a-factor

Summary Nine independent mutants which are supersensitive (ssl ^–) to G1 arrest by the mating hormone a-factor were isolated by screening mutagenized Saccharomyces cerevisiae MAT cells on solid medium for increased growth inhibition with a-factor. These mutants carried lesions in two complementation groups, ssl1 and ssl2. Mutations at the ssl1 locus were mating type specific: MAT ssl1 ^– cells were supersensitive to -factor but MAT ssl1 ^– were not supersensitive to -factor. In contrast, mutations at the ssl2. locus conferred supersensitivity to the mating hormone of the opposite mating type on both MAT, and MATa cells. The -cell specific capacity to inactivate externally added a-factor was shown to be lacking in MAT ssl1 ^– mutants whereas MAT ssl2. cells were able to inactivate a-factor. Complementation analysis showed that ssl2 and sst2, a mutation originally isolated as conferring supersensitivity to -factor to MATa cells, are lesions in the same gene. The ssl1 gene was mapped 30.5 centi-Morgans distal to ilv5 on chromosome XII.