电压敏感染料DiBAC4(3)用于检测胚胎细胞膜电位变化的研究

目的:探讨电压敏感染料DiBAC4(3)用于检测胚胎细胞膜电位变化的可行性。方法:分别取单细胞期胚胎、二细胞期胚胎、囊胚期胚胎,用M16孵育0.5 h后加入终浓度5μmol/L的DiBAC4(3)溶液,每隔10min在荧光显微镜下或激光共聚焦显微镜下观察胚胎细胞荧光强度变化,0.5 h后实验组加入终浓度100mmol/L的KCL溶液,对照组加入与KCL溶液等量的M16,每隔5 min观察胚胎细胞荧光强度变化。结果:每个时期的胚胎细胞都可以被DiBAC4(3)染色,没加KCL前半小时荧光强度随时间缓慢增强,加KCL后即刻荧光强度显著增强,且在15 min内荧光强度随时间增强。结论:电压敏感染料DiBAC4(3)可以用于胚胎细胞膜电位变化的检测。     

小鼠休眠胚胎与正常胚胎冻融后体内外发育潜力的比较

目的检验小鼠休眠胚胎冻融后的质量及体内外发育潜力,为胚胎休眠技术的生产应用提供必要的参考。方法采用常规冷冻方法将正常孵化期胚胎和休眠胚胎进行冷冻,之后分别进行体外复苏培养实验和胚胎移植实验。随后利用双重荧光染色的方法分别对冻融前后的小鼠休眠胚胎与正常孵化期胚胎进行细胞计数,观察两种胚胎冻融前后的质量变化。结果休眠胚胎的冷冻解冻回收率、发育率均极显著高于孵化期胚胎(72.1%vs 50.2%,P<0.01;94.2%vs 73.9%,P<0.01)。休眠胚胎的移植妊娠率显著高于孵化期胚胎(40.8%vs 30.1%,P<0.05)。休眠胚胎的内细胞团细胞数显著高于孵化期胚胎(27.83 vs 19.53,P<0.05),滋养层细胞数差异不显著。冻融培养后休眠胚胎的内细胞团数,滋养层细胞数均显著高于孵化期胚胎(25.18 vs 14.68,P<0.05;114.09 vs 73.88,P<0.05)。结论小鼠休眠胚胎冻融后胚胎质量及体内外发育潜力均优于小鼠正常孵化期胚胎。     

小鼠巨噬细胞吞噬马尔尼菲青霉酵母相细胞的实验观察

目的探讨小鼠腹腔巨噬细胞对马尔尼菲青霉酵母相细胞的影响,为研究抗马尔尼菲青霉的免疫机制提供一定的实验依据。方法将马尔尼菲青霉酵母相细胞与小鼠腹腔巨噬细胞在体内和体外两种方式下进行共培养,分别于60min、120min、240min和360min后进行菌落形成单位(CFU)计数,统计分析体内组与体外组CFU数结果的差异性。利用钙荧光白染色巨噬细胞胞内的马尔尼菲青霉酵母相细胞,荧光显微镜下观察细胞形态特征的变化。结果经体内和体外两种方式共培养,两组之间的CFU计数差异无统计学意义,但两组内不同时间点的CFU计数差异存在统计学意义。荧光显微镜下可见巨噬细胞内的酵母细胞被钙荧光白染上淡蓝色荧光。结论小鼠腹腔巨噬细胞在体内、外对马尔尼菲青霉酵母相细胞不起明显的杀灭或溶解作用,其最大的吞噬时间为共培养240min。钙荧光白染色可快速有效的区分巨噬细胞与真菌,是一种良好的检测真菌方法。     

小鼠血清中杀O139霍乱弧菌抗体检测方法的初步建立

目的研究探索O139霍乱弧菌杀弧菌抗体的检测方法。方法用微孔板培养和琼脂平板克隆计数相结合的杀弧菌抗体检测方法,对实验菌株及稀释度、补体浓度等关键参数进行筛选;对50份小鼠免疫血清进行杀弧菌抗体滴度检测,并与O139群霍乱弧菌LPS Ig G抗体滴度进行相关分析;对该方法的特异性、线性和精密性进行了验证。结果筛选出最佳菌株为20100603菌株,最佳稀释度倍数为2 000倍,补体最佳稀释倍数为16倍。O139群霍乱弧菌小鼠免疫血清检测到较高的杀弧菌抗体滴度而PBS小鼠免疫血清未检测到杀弧菌抗体滴度。小鼠免疫血清杀弧菌抗体滴度与O139群霍乱弧菌LPS Ig G抗体滴度之间存在正相关关系。验证结果显示,在抑制剂浓度达到1.0~2.0 A600时,抑制率100%;线性回归方程为y=-1.093x+5.058,其相关系数为-0.999,P0.05;方法批内CV值为15.72%,批间CV值为23.47%。结论初步建立了O139霍乱弧菌杀弧菌抗体的检测方法,该方法具有较高的特异性、线性和精密度。     

种间胚胎植入对母体免疫系统T细胞比例的影响

目的:研究种间胚胎植入期母体外周血、外周免疫器官(淋巴结、脾脏)、中枢免疫器官(胸腺、骨髓)中总T细胞的百分比变化,并探讨这种变化对种间胚胎植入的影响.方法:利用荧光标记的单克隆抗体染色结合流式细胞术,检测种间、同种胚胎移植以及同期假孕母体外周血、淋巴结、脾脏、胸腺、骨髓中T淋巴细胞的百分率.结果:种间胚胎植入时其外周血T细胞计数极显著低于同种和同期假孕小鼠(P＜0.01),而淋巴结、胸腺、骨髓中的T细胞计数则极显著高于同期假孕小鼠(P＜0.01).脾脏中同种胚胎植入母体则极显著高于种间和同期假孕小鼠(P＜0.01),两后者之间无显著性差异(P＞0.05).结论:种间妊娠时早在植入期开始,母体全身免疫系统就开始发生不利于种间妊娠的反应.     

A、C、Y、W135群脑膜炎奈瑟菌抗体血清体外杀菌试验方法优化

目的进一步优化脑膜炎奈瑟菌的血清抗体特异性体外杀菌试验,建立更加标准的A、C、W135、Y群脑膜炎奈瑟菌血清杀菌试验(serum bactericidal assay,SBA)方法,并验证其可行性及稳定性。方法 (1)用经典溶血方法测定补体活性,并根据非特异性杀菌率(non-specific killing rates,NSK)筛选出最佳试验补体;(2)对影响最终菌落数的关键因素,如靶菌起始浓度、培养基、染色剂浓度等进行优化;(3)根据质控血清的测定结果,确定补体最佳稀释比例和孵育时间;(4)对优化后的方法进行准确性、线性和精密度验证。结果补体选用Pel-freez-11536,溶血活性约为400 U/m L,除C血清群靶菌孵育时间需在45 min以内,其余血清群靶菌NSK均≤25%;对数期A、C、W135、Y血清群脑膜炎奈瑟菌做靶菌的最佳起始浓度为A600 nm的菌液分别稀释10~5、10~5×2、10~5×4、10~5×4倍;4种血清群脑膜炎奈瑟菌在BHI+0.5%血平板培养基上生长正常,且培养基颜色较浅,染色效果较明显;4种血清群靶菌的染色剂TTC最佳添加量均为0.001%;补体最佳用量为1∶3稀释,活性单位约133 U/m L;最佳孵育时间除C血清群为45 min外,其余血清群均以60 min为宜;优化后的方法测定质控血清的稀释倍数与对应的SBA滴度呈显著负相关,斜率在-1.1~-0.9之间,Pearson相关系数在-1.0~-0.9之间,P0.001,多次试验的CV均15%。结论对传统的SBA方法进行了优化,建立了更具有可比性、重复性较好的简单、可行、稳定的SBA方法。     

FM4-64和Hoechst染料在活细菌胞膜和拟核标记定位中的条件优化与应用

摘要:【目的】为了观察细菌细胞膜和拟核的形态结构,准确对亚细胞进行定位。【方法】本文利用FM4-64和Hoechst两种染料,分别采用不同浓度和不同时间对大肠杆菌活细胞进行染色和荧光共聚焦显微成像,并对7种细菌的活细胞(金黄色葡萄球菌、铜绿假单胞菌、肺炎克雷伯菌、鼠疫耶尔森菌、军团菌、霍乱弧菌和炭疽芽孢杆菌)进行染色观察。【结果】相同观察条件下,不同染料浓度和不同的染色时间影响了细胞膜、拟核的荧光强度;确定了FM4-64染色通用条件(浓度20 μg/mL 染色1 min)和Hoechst的最佳条件(浓度20 μg/mL染色20min)。上述条件下,Hoechst对8种细菌染色效果均较理想,然而FM4-64对细菌染色效果不同,革兰氏阴性菌(大肠杆菌、肺炎克雷伯菌、鼠疫耶尔森菌、霍乱弧菌、铜绿假单胞菌和军团菌)表现较好的细胞膜轮廓,革兰氏阳性菌(炭疽芽孢杆菌和金黄色葡萄球菌)效果较差。【结论】FM4-64和Hoechst两种染料共染8种细菌,对细胞膜和拟核的染色观察,可为原核细胞结构染色提供借鉴,并为大分子的亚细胞定位研究奠定基础。     

绿色荧光小鼠胚胎干细胞的分离与培养

目的:建立绿色荧光小鼠胚胎干细胞系.方法:以ICR及GFP转基因小鼠为实验动物,冲取交配后3.5天小鼠GFW-/+囊胚,去透明带后进行完全培养,以13.5天鼠胚胎成纤维细胞(MEF)为饲养层,并对细胞克隆用亚克隆的方法分离扩大培养.结果:获得了边缘清晰,表面平滑,结构致密,隆起生长的鸟巢状克隆,碱性磷酸酶染色呈强阳性,干细胞特异性的多能因子OCT4及Nanog表达呈阳性,且能稳定表达绿色荧光的雄性干细胞系.结论:本文为小鼠ES细胞系的建立提供了一种稳定而可靠的方法.     

用DAPI染色法观察红鲫胚胎发育

以红鲫为研究材料,采用DAPI荧光染料对脱膜的红鲫胚胎进行染色,在荧光体视显微镜下观察红鲫胚胎早期卵裂到囊胚发育的过程.结果表明,该染色方法操作便捷,能更清晰的观察到胚胎发育的外形.值得一提的是:该方法较光学显微镜观察能清晰的观察到核DNA在细胞中的定位,如囊胚期能观察到早期卵裂细胞正进行频繁的有丝分裂等.该方法的获得...     

使用BODIPY荧光染料快速测定微藻油脂含量方法

使用BODIPY505/515荧光染料,通过荧光分光光度法测定藻细胞中的油脂含量。结果表明：BODIPY505/515的最佳染色条件为二甲基亚砜（DMSO）体积分数2%,BODIPY505/515最终质量浓度0.25μg/mL,染色时间30min,染色温度35℃。在最佳染色条件下,微藻油脂含量与荧光强度呈线性相关（R2=0.976 4）。通过测定BODIPY505/515染色的不同种属微藻的荧光强度,应用该关系计算其油脂含量,与质量法测定的结果相比没有显著差异。该方法较为普适,比传统方法相比具有简便快捷,试样用量少的特点,与尼罗红荧光染料相比具有较窄的发射波谱范围,不会与微藻的自身荧光相互干扰,更适于过程监控及高含油藻株的筛选。     

Recent advances in the study of Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus replication and pathogenesis

It has now been over twenty years since a novel herpesviral genome was identified in Kaposi's sarcoma biopsies. Since then, the cumulative research effort by molecular biologists, virologists, clinicians, and epidemiologists alike has led to the extensive characterization of this tumor virus, Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus(KSHV; also known as human herpesvirus 8(HHV-8)), and its associated diseases. Here we review the current knowledge of KSHV biology and pathogenesis, with a particular emphasis on new and exciting advances in the field of epigenetics. We also discuss the development and practicality of various cell culture and animal model systems to study KSHV replication and pathogenesis.     

The structure, reproduction and taxonomy of Vidalia and Osmundaria (Rhodophyta, Rhodomelaceae)

Comprises species occurring mostly in subtidal habitats in tropical, subtropical and warm-temperate areas of the world. An analysis of the type species, V. spiralis (Sonder) Lamouroux ex J. Agardh, a species from Australia, establishes basic characters for distinguishing species in the genus. These characters are (1) branching patterns of thalli, (2) flat blades that may be spiralled on their axis, (3) width of the blade, (4) primary or secondary derivation of sterile and fertile branchlets and (5) position of sterile and fertile branchlets on the thalli. Application of the latter two characters provides an important basic method for separation of species into three major groups. Osmundaria , a genus known only in southern Australia, was studied in relation to Vidalia , and its separation from the Vidalia assemblage is not accepted. Species of Vidalia therefore are transferred to the older genus name, Osmundaria. Two new species, Osmundaria papenfussii and Osmundaria oliveae are described from Natal. Confusion in the usage of the epithet, Vidalia fimbriala Brown ex Turner has been clarified, and Vidalia gregaria Falkenberg, described as an epiphyte on Osmundaria pro/ifera Lamouroux, is revealed to be young branches of the host, Osmundaria prolifera.     

New or rare chromosome counts in Artemisia L. (Asteraceae, Anthemideae) and related genera from Kazakhstan

Fifteen chromosome counts of six Artemisia taxa and one species of each of the genera Brachanthemum, Hippolytia, Kaschgaria, Lepidolopsis and Turaniphytum are reported from Kazakhstan. Three of them are new reports, two are not consistent with previous counts and the remainder are confirmations of very scarce (one to four) earlier records. All the populations studied have the same basic chromosome number, x = 9, with ploidy levels ranging from 2x to 6x. Some correlations between ploidy level, morphological characters and distribution are noted.     

肝癌中HBV和HCV基因和抗原的分布及意义

采用原位分子杂交方法检测HCV RNA及HBV X基因;采用免疫组织化学方法研究HCV核心抗原,非结构区C33c抗原及HBxAg在肝细胞肝癌中的定位及分布.结果表明(1)HCV RNA、HBV X基因在肝细胞肝癌组织检出率分别为40%(55/136)和82%(112/136).HCV RNA定位于癌细胞的胞浆内,阳性细胞呈散在、灶状及弥漫分布三种形式;HBV X基因在肝癌细胞中的分布呈胞浆型、核型及核浆型,阳性细胞也呈上述三种分布形式;(2)HCV C33c抗原、核心抗原在肝细胞肝癌中的阳性率为81%(133/164)及86%(141/164).C33c抗原定位于癌细胞及肝细胞的胞浆内;核心抗原既定位于癌细胞核中,又可定位于胞浆中.C33c抗原阳性细胞以灶状分布为主;而核心抗原阳性细     

Selection with two alleles and complete dominance

For a plant selection model with frequency-independent viabilities, fertilities and selfing rates, it is shown that apart from global fixation, for certain parameter combinations a protected polymorphism and facultative fixation (either allele may become fixed according to initial frequencies) may both occur. Facultative fixation requires different selling rates for the dominant and recessive type. Protection of the polymorphism requires resource allocation for male and female function. In this connection the problem of purely genetically caused population extinction is discussed.
For general frequency dependence and regular segregation, the chances for establishment of a completely recessive gene are compared to those of a completely dominant gene. It is proven that the process of establishment of the recessive gene, despite a fitness advantage, may be considerably endangered by drift effects if random mating prevails. The recessive gene may reach the same effectivity in establishment as a dominant gene, only if the recessive homozygote mates exclusively with its own type during the period of establishment.