PREFACE

This highlight section of the Annals of Botany contains a collectionof articles that focus on the structure and function of rootsof flowering plants. Most of the papers presented are basedon talks given at a symposium on root structure and functionat the XVII International Botanical Congress, Vienna, Austria,July 2005. Many of the articles, briefly capsulated below, examinethe interactions between plants and the rhizosphere—thebelow-ground environment that immediately surrounds the root.The rhizosphere is far more complex physically, chemically andbiologically than the above-ground environment of the shootbecause (1) rapid, long-distance movement of energy or matteris limited through     

Understanding emotions in primates: in honor of Darwin's 200th birthday

In the bicentenary year of Darwin's birth, the American Society of Primatologists honored his memory by convening a symposium entitled "Understanding emotions in primates: In honor of Darwin's 200th birthday." The four articles in this special section, excepting this introduction, derive from that symposium. The section confirms that the topic of emotion is once again, as in Darwin's lifetime, the subject of wide-ranging, theoretically exciting research, and that studies with nonhuman primates are at the leading edge of a rapidly changing field.     

Editorial for ‘Issue focus on 2nd Costa Rica biophysics symposium — March 11th–12th, 2021’

This Editorial describes both the motivation for, and the five articles appearing in, the Issue Focus dedicated to the 2nd Costa Rica Biophysics Symposium which was held in March 2021. Some recent history about both the symposium and developments in science occurring within Costa Rica is described. 

The Costa Rica Biophysics Symposium was conceived as a forum for faculty, scholars and students interested on cutting-edge topics in biophysics and related fields. Following the success of the first event organized in 2019 (Solís et al (2020), the second edition of the symposium took place on March 2021 with the support of the Academia Nacional de Ciencias de Costa Rica (ANC, National Academy of Sciences of Costa Rica), the International Union of Pure and Applied Biophysics (IUPAB), the German Society of Biophysics (DGfB), and the Universidad Nacional of Costa Rica (UNA). The symposium aimed to reinforce and enhance the novel network of investigators established in the 2019 event. Participation of Costa Rican presenters, either located in the country or abroad, and foreign scientists from the USA, Germany, France, and Switzerland (Solís et al. (2021a) translated into an expansion and internationalization of the previous network. Moreover, the symposium attracted a broad international audience, which increases the opportunities of further international collaboration.The meeting was organized into 14 presentations and one keynote lecture. It was attended by researchers of the three main universities of Costa Rica: Universidad Nacional (UNA), Universidad de Costa Rica (UCR) and Tecnológico de Costa Rica (TEC). Presenters from international universities were also present, including UT Southwestern Medical Center, USA; Klinikum Nürnberg Medical School, Germany; École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Switzerland; Institut de Neurosciences de Montpellier, France; University of California Berkeley, USA; and The University of Chicago, USA. The topics presented in the symposium were diverse and covered cutting-edge biophysical research areas. The presentations ranged from channel electrophysiology, machine learning focused on cellular microscopy, prediction of protein–protein interactions, channelopathies and novel biophysical techniques, among others (Solís et al., 2021a). Furthermore, each lecture was followed by questions from the audience, allowing discussion, engagement and interaction between researchers in spite of the limitations of a virtual symposium. The closing event for the symposium was a lecture by the world-renowned biophysicist Francisco Bezanilla from the University of Chicago, who engaged the audience into a master presentation of his vast research on protein voltage-sensor domains (VSD) with a focus on his recent work on the non-canonical mechanisms for VSD-mediated regulation of pore domains in voltage-gated potassium channels (Carvalho-de-Souza and Bezanilla 2019). After the consequent discussion, the symposium finished with a networking activity, where audience and presenters were able to socialize and share experiences.     

Exploring frontiers in the DNA landscape: an introduction to the symposium "Genome Analysis and the Molecular Systematics of Retroelements"

The emerging field of phylogenomics is influencing both the amount and type of characters being brought to bear on long-standing problems in systematic biology. Moreover, the proliferation of sequence information from genome projects in concert with the development of new informatics tools is widening access to comparative data on retroelements to a broad cross section of investigators. Motivated by this, the Society of Systematic Biologists sponsored a symposium entitled "Genome Analysis and the Molecular Systematics of Retroelements," and the resulting papers illustrate this theme of new discoveries and cover three basic areas of research: (i) the taxonomic distribution and phylogenetic structure of families of retroelements; (II) the use of SINE and LINE insertions for phylogenetic inference; and (III) the informatics and classification of repetitive elements. Contributions of each article are briefly discussed in this context and particularly fruitful directions for future research illuminated by results of this symposium are reviewed.     

Erratum

The Table of Contents in the January 1997 issue, AJPA 102:1, did not differentiate between articles published as part of an edited symposium, and other research papers published in that issue. Five of the first six articles (pp. 1-77) in volume 102:1 were originally presented at the 63rd AAPA annual meeting (1994) as part of a symposium entitled “Social and Political-Economic Perspectives in Biological Anthropology.” The organizers of the symposium, and its counterpart published in AJPA 102:1, were T.L. Leatherman and A.H. Goodman.     

Portrayal of the Human Resource Crisis and Accountability in Healthcare: A Qualitative Analysis of Ugandan Newspapers

Background

Uganda is one of the 57 countries with a critical shortage of health workers. The aim of this study was to determine how the human resources and health service crisis was covered in Ugandan newspapers and, in particular, how the newspapers attributed accountability for problems in the health services.

Methods

We collected all articles related to health workers and health services for the calendar year 2012 in the two largest national newspapers in Uganda (collection on daily basis) and in one local newspaper (collection on weekly basis). These articles were analysed qualitatively regarding the main themes covered and attribution of accountability.

Results

The two more urban national newspapers published 229 articles on human resources and health services in Uganda (on average over two articles per week), whereas the local more rural newspaper published only a single article on this issue in the 12 month period. The majority of articles described problems in the health service without discussing accountability. The question of accountability is raised in only 46% of articles (106 articles). The responsibility of the government was discussed in 50 articles (21%), and negligence, corruption and misbehaviour by individual health workers was reported in 56 articles (25%). In the articles about corruption (n=35), 60% (21 articles) mention corruption by health workers and 40% (14 articles) mention corruption by government officials. Six articles defended the situation of health workers in Uganda.

Conclusions

The coverage of accountability in the Ugandan newspapers surveyed is insufficient to generate informed debate on what political actions need to be taken to improve the crisis in health care and services. There exists not only an “inverse care law” but also an “inverse information law”: those sections of society with the greatest health needs and problems in accessing quality health care receive the least information about health services.     

Bioethics and Biopolitics: Presents and Futures of Reproduction

This Bioethics and Biopolitics: Presents and Futures of Reproduction symposium draws together a series of articles that were each submitted independently by their authors to the JBI and which explore the biopower axis in the externalization of reproduction in four contexts: artificial gestation (ectogenesis), PGD for sex selection, women’s (reproductive) rights, and testicular cryopreservation (TCCP). While one contribution explores a “future” of reproduction, the other three explore a “present,” or better, explore different “presents.” What may counts as “present,” and what may count as “future,” has dramatically different connotations depending on the geographical declination of the tense.     

Factors involved in the modulation of cell proliferation in vivo and in vitro: The role of fibroblast and epidermal growth factors in the proliferative response of mammalian cells

Summary The control of proliferation of mesoderm-derived cells by EGF and FGF has been examined taking, as an example, the vascular endothelium. The mechanisms by which cell proliferation can be brought to a stop in vivo and in vitro have been reviewed. Presented in the formal symposium on Mechanisms of Cellular Control at the 28th Annual Meeting of the Tissue Culture Association, New Orleans, Louisiana, June 6–9, 1977. This work was supported by Grants HL20-197 and HD 11082 from the National Institutes of Health, and VC-194 from the American Cancer Society. B. R. Zetter was supported by Fellowship 5-F32-CA05149-02 from the U.S. Public Health Service.     

Investigations on Educational and Child Psychology in Armenia

The leading Soviet psychology journal, Problems of Psychology, which is a major source of articles for this journal, regularly contains summary articles on research. Sometimes these reviews summarize a particular topic of research (e.g., programmed instruction); sometimes, as in the case of this article on Armenian psychology, the review covers research from a particular locale.     

Diagnostic problems in poliomyelitis and how they are met

A brief review of salient facts pertaining to poliomyelitis is presented as an introduction to the other articles which follow, each a part of a symposium concerning this clinical entity in its various phases.     

What is the subject of science "bioinformatics"?

The paper is concerned with some problems of terminology, in particular the term "bioinformatics". In the last few years, the term "bioinformatics" has been intensively used among molecular biologists to indicate a subject that is only a constituent of genomics and is considered to involve a computer-assisted analysis of all data on nucleotide sequences of DNA. However, a wide circle of scientists, including biologists, physicists, mathematicians, and specialists in the field of cybernetics, informatics, and other disciplines have accepted and accept, as a rule, the "bioinformatics" as a synonym of science cybernetics and as a successor of this science. In this case, the subject of science "bioinformatics" should embrace not only genomics but practically all sections of the biological science. It should involve a study of information processes (storage, transfer, and processing of information, etc.) participating in the regulation and control at all levels of living systems, from macromolecules to the brain of higher animals and human.     

Histochemical studies of pollen: storage pockets in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER)

Summary The pollen grain of cotton (Gossypium hirsutum) was examined histochemically at the light and electron microscope level. The cytoplasm of the pollen contains an unusual storage unit which consists of a pocket of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) containing lipid droplets and dictyosome vesicles. The ER pockets are large enough to be seen with the light microscope if thin enough sections are used (0.3–1.5). The results of the histochemical analyses show that the dictysome vesicles are rich in carbohydrate and contain protein and lipid as well. The ER contains large amounts of protein which may be arginine rich. Some carbohydrates may also be present in the ER. The ER is covered with ribosomes so that the pockets are unusually rich storage units containing abundant protein, carbohydrate, lipid and RNA. The light microscope localization of carbohydrates was confirmed by the periodic acid-silver method. Other storage units in the cytoplasm were also studied. A new method for the embedding of plant tissue for thin sectioning for light microscopy is presented.This work was supported by a Public Health Service fellowship 5-F2-GM-22, 031-02 from the National Institute of General Medical Sciences, by NSF grant GB 3460, by NIH grant 5-RO1-CA 0356-10 and by the Miller Institute for Basic Science.     

Where Did Information Go? Reflections on the Logical Status of Information in a Cybernetic and Semiotic Perspective

This article explores the usefulness of interdisciplinarity as method of enquiry by proposing an investigation of the concept of information in the light of semiotics. This is because, as Kull, Deacon, Emmeche, Hoffmeyer and Stjernfelt state, information is an implicitly semiotic term (Biological Theory 4(2):167–173, 2009: 169), but the logical relation between semiosis and information has not been sufficiently clarified yet. Across the history of cybernetics, the concept of information undergoes an uneven development; that is, information is an ‘objective’ entity in first order cybernetics, and becomes a ‘subjective’ entity in second order cybernetics. This contradiction relegates the status of information to that of a ‘true’ or ‘false’ formal logic problem. The present study proposes that a solution to this contradiction can be found in Deely’s reconfiguration of Peirce’s ‘object’ (as found in his triadic model of semiosis) into ‘thing’ and ‘object’ (Deely 1981). This ontology allows one to argue that information is neither ‘true’ nor ‘false’, and to suggest that, when considered in light of its workability, information can be both true and false, and as such it constitutes an organism’s purely objective reality (Deely 2009b). It is stated that in the process of building such a reality, information is ‘motivated’ by environmental, physiological, emotional (including past feelings and expectations) constraints which are, in turn, framed by observership. Information is therefore found in the irreducible cybersemiotic process that links at once all these conditions and that is simultaneously constrained by them. The integration of cybernetics’ and semiotics’ understanding of information shows that history is the analytical principle that grants scientific rigour to interdisciplinary investigations. As such, in any attempt to clarify its epistemological stance (e.g. the semiotic aspect of information), it is argued that biosemiotics does not need only to acknowledge semiotics (as it does), but also cybernetics in its interdisciplinary heritage.     

Developmental changes in the structure of perinatal ruminal epithelium: Basal infoldings,glycogen, and glycocalyx

Summary The rumen of fetal, 12 hour, and 3 day lambs is lined by a non-keratinized epithelium about 400 thick which contains a high concentration of glycogen. By 7 days after birth the epithelium is considerably thinner, contains only traces of glycogen, and resembles the keratinizing epithelium of the adult. No glycogen is found in the keratinizing epithelium of 33–35 day lambs. A PAS reactive glycocalyx is seen first on keratinizing cells in epithelium of the 7 day lamb and is noted in ruminal epithelium of all older animals. The basal surface of the epithelium in the fetus and newborn is smooth. Scattered infoldings are seen on the same surface in 7 and 33–35 day lambs; the basal surface of adult ruminal epithelium is covered by microvillous processes. Differentiation of a glycocalyx and a large basal surface area are indicative of the developing transport function of the epithelium.The observations which form the basis of this publication were made in the Division of Animal Physiology, C.S.I.R.O., Prospect, N.S.W., Australia. Partial support was derived from a grant to Columbia University (GM-15289) from the National Institute of General Medical Sciences, United States Public Health Service.     

Physiological Recordings of High and Low Output NMJs on the Crayfish Leg Extensor Muscle

We explain in detail how to expose and conduct electrophysiological recordings of synaptic responses for high (phasic) and low (tonic) output motor neurons innervating the extensor muscle in the walking leg of a crayfish. Distinct differences are present in the physiology and morphology of the phasic and tonic nerve terminals. The tonic axon contains many more mitochondria, enabling it to take a vital stain more intensely than the phasic axon. The tonic terminals have varicosities, and the phasic terminal is filiform. The tonic terminals are low in synaptic efficacy but show dramatic facilitated responses. In contrast, the phasic terminals are high in quantal efficacy but show synaptic depression with high frequency stimulation. The quantal output is measured with a focal macropatch electrode placed directly over the visualized nerve terminals. Both phasic and tonic terminals innervate the same muscle fibers, which suggests that inherent differences in the neurons, rather than differential retrograde feedback from the muscle, account for the morphological and physiological differentiation.Download video file.^{(61M, mov)}     

Women in cell biology: a seat at the table and a place at the podium

The Women in Cell Biology (WICB) committee of the American Society for Cell Biology (ASCB) was started in the 1970s in response to the documented underrepresentation of women in academia in general and cell biology in particular. By coincidence or causal relationship, I am happy to say that since WICB became a standing ASCB committee, women have been well represented in ASCB''s leadership and as symposium speakers at the annual meeting. However, the need to provide opportunities and information useful to women in developing their careers in cell biology is still vital, given the continuing bias women face in the larger scientific arena. With its emphasis on mentoring, many of WICB''s activities benefit the development of both men and women cell biologists. The WICB “Career Column” in the monthly ASCB Newsletter is a source of accessible wisdom. At the annual ASCB meeting, WICB organizes the career discussion and mentoring roundtables, childcare awards, Mentoring Theater, career-related panel and workshop, and career recognition awards. Finally, the WICB Speaker Referral Service provides a list of outstanding women whom organizers of scientific meetings, scientific review panels, and university symposia/lecture series can reach out to when facing the proverbial dilemma, “I just don''t know any women who are experts.”Although women are approaching parity in earning PhD and MD degrees, studies of their underrepresentation in academia, as principal investigators in funded science and in leadership positions, have led to the conclusion that gender schemas (Valian, 1999 ) work against women and diminish their success. This picture is supported by the National Academy of Sciences’ (NAS) report Beyond Bias and Barriers, which concludes that “Neither our academic institutions nor our nation can afford such underuse of precious human capital in science and engineering” (NAS, 2007 ) A New Yorker cartoon captures the scene at too many scientific gatherings (Figure 1).Open in a separate windowFIGURE 1:“The subject of tonight''s discussion is: Why are there no women on this panel?” Cartoon by David Sipress from The New Yorker Collection, www.cartoonbank.com. Used under Rights Managed License. Copyright holder Conde Nast.The Women in Cell Biology (WICB) committee was started in the early 1970s with notices of ad hoc meetings posted in women''s washrooms during the American Society for Cell Biology (ASCB) annual meeting and a mimeographed newsletter (Williams, 1996a , 1996b ). One goal for WICB''s “founding mothers” was to achieve more equitable representation as participants within ASCB, including more accurate representation of women within the ASCB leadership and as speakers. Consonant with this goal, WICB was delighted to become a standing committee of the ASCB in 1992. In the 30 years prior to this watershed date, only 13% of ASCB presidents were women. Since 1992, 50% of ASCB presidents have been women. I cannot determine whether this is causal, reflective of a third variable, or pure coincidence. But it is remarkable.The number of women leaders and speakers within ASCB suggests that WICB''s initial goal of more accurate representation of women has been largely achieved. However, the goals of helping women cell biologists successfully juggle career and family, find mentors, and achieve gender equity in job placement continue to be challenges. We have developed multiple WICB-sponsored activities throughout the year, and especially at the annual ASCB meeting, to give cell biologists tools with which to meet these challenges.     

Announcing the call for the Issue Focus on the 2nd Costa Rican Biophysics Symposium—virtual meeting,March 2021

This Commentary is a call for submissions for the upcoming Issue Focus that will highlight some of the scientific topics discussed during the 2^nd Costa Rica Biophysics Symposium.

The Second Costa Rican Biophysics Symposium¹ was organized on March 11^th and March 12^th of 2021. The first edition of this symposium was organized in 2019 at the National Academy of Sciences in Costa Rica (Solís et al. 2020). Due to the success of this event, the organizers decided to pursue a second edition of this scientific meeting. However, the global emergency of COVID-19 forced to keep social distancing as part of the sanitary measures and therefore, the second edition was held virtually. Nevertheless, the event was a great success as measured by the number of registrations near to 130, the quality of the presentations of the 15 speakers from 5 different countries (Costa Rica, Switzerland, USA, France, and Germany), and the level of participation during the Q & A sessions of each talk. As the highlight of the symposium, we had the pleasure to host Dr. Francisco Bezanilla as the keynote speaker and who highlighted some of his recent work on non-canonical mechanisms of voltage sensor domain coupling to pore domains in voltage-gated potassium channels (Carvalho-de-Souza and Bezanilla 2019).In commemoration of the 2^nd Costa Rica Biophysics Symposium, Biophysical Reviews will publish an Issue Focus in 2022 highlighting some of the scientific topics discussed during the event. Review articles from speakers and attendees who were part of the event are solicited. The format for the review articles is similar to those submitted for the special issue of the 20^th International Congress of the International Union of Pure and Applied Biophysics (IUPAB) (Itri et al. 2021). The Special Issue for the 20^th IUPAB International Congress will be prepared and edited by the current authors (Christopher Solís, Gustavo Chaves, and José Ángel Rodriguez-Corrales).     

The ultrastructure of the layers enveloping yolk-forming oocytes from Triturus viridescens

Conclusion The peripheral membranous and extracellular layers of oocytes at the onset of yolk formation were studied by electron microscopy. It was shown that three cellular layers are present at this time. The outer or surface epithelium contains typical squamous cells. The middle or theca is the connective tissue layer which contains fibroblasts, blood vessels, and collagen fibers. The inner or follicular epithelium proper consists of compactly arrayed follicle cells that have distinct cell boundaries. Two extracellular layers were observed, a coarse granular homogeneous layer and a dense zona radiata. Macrovilli (0.2 in diameter), extensions from the follicle cells, project through the extracellular layers into the peripheral cytoplasm while more numerous microvilli (0.1 in diameter) project up to the dense matrix of the zona radiata. The plasmolemma separating the peripheral cytoplasm from the follicle cells is completely irregular; it forms microvilli. The relations of the enveloping layers as seen with both light and electron microscopes are discussed.This investigation was supported by a Public Health Service research grant (5803-C3) and research career program award (K-3-5356) from the Division of General Medical Sciences.     

Ethylene action in plants

Ethylene action in plants contains nine articles on the roleof ethylene in plants, the primary focus being on responsesto ethylene. Four articles cover the role of ethylene as a plantgrowth regulator, including articles on the general effectsof ethylene on growth rates and cell enlargement, as well asmore specific effects of ethylene on stem gravitropic curvatureand the development of adventitious roots. Two articles coverthe role of ethylene in the ‘ageing’ of plant tissues,including