The Psychological Theory of Activity : "Remembrances of the Future"

Communication I. Need for Self-Assertion: Chief Factor in the Behavior of Young Adolescents (Submitted by A. R. Luriia, Full Member, Academy of Pedagogical Sciences, RSFSR)     

纳米医药学基本原理

纳米技术在医药学中的应用,已逐渐成为医药学的一个新的分枝。这一新的分枝称之为纳米医药学。纳米医药学中主要应用纳米粒子的三种基本功能:靶向作用、缓控释作用和跨生物屏障作用。目前对纳米技术应用研究较多的医药学领域包括用纳米材料制备人工生物结构、重大疾病的治疗及诊断。本文就有关方面进行最简要的讨论。     

The Basic Principles of Collapse Therapy

Collapse therapy has a definite objective of resting and healing tuberculous lesions. It should be used, not so much as an independent means, but as a supplement to other established practices in the treatment of tuberculosis.The indications for each measure have changed over the years and are still changing, so that proper treatment can be given only by those having a knowledge of the changing trends, as well as of the disease and principles of treatment. Each case should be handled on its merits and the choice of procedure should depend generally upon the circumstances, such as the skill of the physician carrying it out, the facilities for the care of the patient, and the equipment for working. Above all, it should be recognized that knowledge, experience, and especially wisdom will go far towards achieving good results.     

Basic Principles of Reactivity in Free Radical Chemistry

This review is concerned with an overall survey of reactivity in free radical chemistry. A concise classification is given of elementary reaction steps which can be combined in different ways to account for overall chemical transformations: radical forming reactions, radical transformations, and radical destroying reactions. From this is derived the concept of the chain reaction which leads on to an up-to-date theory for understanding reactivity in free radical processes. Finally, a few aspects of autoxidation are discussed.     

Basic Principles of Reactivity in Free Radical Chemistry

This review is concerned with an overall survey of reactivity in free radical chemistry. A concise classification is given of elementary reaction steps which can be combined in different ways to account for overall chemical transformations: radical forming reactions, radical transformations, and radical destroying reactions. From this is derived the concept of the chain reaction which leads on to an up-to-date theory for understanding reactivity in free radical processes. Finally, a few aspects of autoxidation are discussed.     

Psychological Manifestations of the Basic Properties of the Nervous System in Work

There can be no doubt that the individual psychological distinctions among human beings and, in particular, one area of these differences — the psychological manifestations of the intensity, lability, and equilibrium of nervous processes — are manifested in one form or another in work, that activity which most completely expresses the nature of man. Therefore, study of these peculiarities is a matter of pressing importance in labor psychology. "Investigation of the individual differences among men," writes B.M. Teplov, "is one of the most important tasks of psychology. The importance of this undertaking has become particularly obvious since psychology undertook to become a science of practical value (educational and child psychology, labor psychology, pathopsychology)." (19; p. 108)     

膨胀显微成像技术的原理及应用

膨胀显微成像技术（expansion microscopy,ExM）是一种新型超分辨成像技术。该技术借助可膨胀水凝胶均匀地物理放大生物样本,在常规光学成像条件下实现超分辨成像。ExM适用于细胞、组织切片等多种类型生物样本。蛋白质、核酸、脂质等生物大分子均可借助ExM进行超分辨成像。ExM可与共聚焦显微镜、光片显微镜、超高分辨显微镜联合使用,进一步提高成像分辨率。近年来,多种从基础ExM拓展而来的衍生技术进一步促进了该技术的实际应用。本文综述了ExM及其衍生技术的基本原理、ExM与不同成像技术联用的研究进展及ExM在不同类型生物样本中的应用进展,并对ExM技术的发展前景做出展望。     

Psychological Characteristics of the Work Activity of Older Schoolchildren

The Resolution of the June 1983 Plenum of the CPSU Central Committee entitled "Current problems of party ideological and mass political work".     

Psychological Theory and the Illusion of Scientific Prediction

The attempt of empiricist psychology to achieve scientific respectability through reliance on quantification is deeply flawed. Not only does it come at the expense of the phenomena, which, in the study of the mind, must reference subjectivity, but it is incommensurate with the basic scientific principles on which it claims to operate. Specifically, psychological theory typically cannot support prognostication beyond the binary opposition of “effect present/effect absent.” Accordingly, the “numbers” assigned to experimental results often amount to affixing names (e.g., more than, less than) to the members of an ordered sequence of outcomes. This, I contend, is one reason why psychologists find it difficult to discriminate between competing theories: without a well-specified theory capable of enabling precise and detailed quantitative prediction, inferring underlying mental mechanisms from experimental outcomes becomes a difficult, if not impossible, task.

     

Challenges of Activity Theory

One of the major distinctive features of the method of investigating nervous activity developed by I. P. Pavlov is, as we know, the synthetic formation, in the course of an experiment, of conditioned reflexes and of more complex systems of temporary connections.     

关于对病历排序的基本原则及方法探讨

Through establishing the scientific arrangement of the basic principles of medical records sort,the operation process and method are standarized,and the medical record retrieval and efficiency are enhanced.     

Psychological Characteristics of Older Schoolchildren's Work Activity

The resolution of the June 1983 Plenum of the Central Committee of the CPSU "Current problems in ideological mass political work of the Party" points out the necessity of "raising the level of educational work in schools and teachers' training institutions, systematic pursuit of Leninist principles in comprehensive labor and polytechnical schools, inculcating in pupils the habits and love of socially useful work, expanding their ideological horizons, and shaping in each and every one of them the high qualities of a citizen of socialist society and an active builder of communism" [2. P. 78].     

A Psychological Study of the Development of Motor Activity in the Preschool-Age Child

During the period from 4 to 6 years, the preschooler's motor activity becomes stronger and hardier, and his movements become more dextrous and coordinated. During this period a child also acquires a number of new motor skills that will play an important role in later life. Finally, he learns to execute movements consciously and deliberately.     

Prospects for Using the Theory of Activity in Ethnopsychology

The question of the causes of differences in mental activity among different peoples has a long history. Each of the different branches of psychology deals with this question in its own way, but the basic factors that they identify are the same. Those analyzed in ethnopsychology, for instance, may be divided into several basic groups.