Bacterial rhodopsins: evolution of a mechanistic model for the ion pumps

Walther Stoeckenius received a MD degree at the University of Hamburg, Germany in 1950. After 18 months of clinical work as an intern, he began postdoctoral work on the development of pox viruses at the Institute for Tropical Medicine in Hamburg using mainly electron microscopy techniques. After two years he moved as Assistant Professor to the Department of Pathology at the University of Hamburg and became Docent for Pathology in 1958. In addition to teaching and routine pathology work, he continued to use electron microscopy to explore the fine structure of cells and developed an interpretation of the triple-layered appearance of membranes in electron micrographs in terms of molecular structure and the chemistry of osmium tetroxide fixation. In 1959 he obtained a position as Research Associate in Keith Porter's laboratory at Rockefeller University. This was changed after a few months to Assistant Professor and he stayed there, later as Associate Professor, for eight years. The work on membrane structure continued, and a model was developed that described the membrane as a lipid bilayer with embedded protein domains. In efforts to isolate such domains, the purple membrane and bacteriorhodopsin were discovered. In 1966, the lure of California became irresistible and Dr. Stoeckenius accepted a professorship at the University of California at San Francisco. The work on bacteriorhodopsin continued there with the emphasis changing from electron microscopy to spectroscopy and biochemical techniques. He is now Professor Emeritus there in the Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics and the Cardiovascular Research Institute.     

A Love Affair with Bacillus subtilis

My career in science was launched when I was an undergraduate at Princeton University and reinforced by graduate training at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. However, it was only after I moved to Harvard University as a junior fellow that my affections were captured by a seemingly mundane soil bacterium. What Bacillus subtilis offered was endless fascinating biological problems (alternative sigma factors, sporulation, swarming, biofilm formation, stochastic cell fate switching) embedded in a uniquely powerful genetic system. Along the way, my career in science became inseparably interwoven with teaching and mentoring, which proved to be as rewarding as the thrill of discovery.     

Institute of Social Research

In November 1965 the first Scientific Research Institute for Complex Social Research in the country was organized at the A. A. Zhdanov Leningrad State University. It is made up of eight laboratories: Social-Economic Research (director, V. R. Polozov), Sociological Research (director, V. A. Yadov), Engineering Psychology (director, B. F. Lomov), Differential Psychology and Anthropology (director, acting member of the RSFSR Academy of Pedagogical Sciences B. G. Anan'yev), Social Psychology (director, Ye. S. Kuz'min), Legal Research (director, corresponding member of the USSR Academy of Sciences D. A. Kerimov), Programmed Instruction (director, A. F. Esaulov), Efficient Management in Work Collectives (director, L. L. Gremyako).     

纪念戴芳澜教授诞辰九十周年

戴芳澜教授(1893.5.4—1973.1.3)是我国真菌学的创始人,也是我国植物病理学的主要奠基人之一。他为祖国培养了大量人才。为纪念他的光辉业绩,值戴教授诞辰九十周年、逝世十周年之际,特发表他的一篇评论性论文;戴教授的主要著作目录;俞大绂、陈鸿逵、周家炽、裘维蕃、相望年等教授的怀念性文章和他一生中各时期的照片两版,以资纪念。     

怀念伍献文所长

1985年4月3日,我们敬爱的老所长、我国鱼类学和水生生物学的奠基人之一、著名的动物学家伍献文教授安详地离开了人世。伍献文教授的一生是为发展中华民族文化科学事业而奋斗的一生,他的历史业绩将永远为人们所缅怀。       

Carlo M. Croce: Seeking Truth and Beauty

Believe it or not, as a boy Carlo Croce liked to hang out in art museums, to his mother’s chagrin. There are a lot of art museums in Italy, so his mother started dropping him off and going off to the coffee bar to find more interesting company. He bought his first painting, an old master, at age 12 and that used all his savings. He didn't resume his old master collection until he was in his 30s and had saved some money from his job at the Wistar Institute in Philadelphia. He now has an exciting and growing collection.In the meantime, he received his MD degree from the University of Rome “La Sapienza” while reading textbooks and journals in English to supplement the old style medical education. He planned to join Karl Habel at Scripps Clinic in 1970 for a research fellowship just as Dr. Habel was struck in his prime by a monkey B virus infection, so Carlo was diverted from California to Philadelphia to join Hilary Koprowski's internationally known Wistar Institute of Anatomy and Biology. I was a Ph.D. student at Wistar at the time and witnessed the arrival of the quiet 25 yr. old Italian who was too shy to try out his textbook English.He began his work in somatic cell genetics and virology in a large laboratory where a number of us worked on related projects, including Barbara Knowles (now Associate Director for Research at Jackson Laboratory) and Davor Solter (now Director of Developmental Biology, Max Planck Institute, Freiburg, Germany).One of his first accomplishments was to map the very first viral integration site on chromosome 7q in an SV40 transformed fibroblast cell line, using human-mouse somatic cell hybrids that retained human chromosome 7, the SV40 T-antigen and the SV40 genome. Very recently, one of his hybrid clones was used by others to clone the SV40 genome integration site and to show that the SV40 genome had integrated into a common fragile site.Still using somatic cell hybrids, Carlo Croce and his laboratory began in the late 70s and early 80s to map genes important in cancer, such as the immunoglobulin genes that are rearranged in lymphomas, along with the MYC and BCL2 genes among others. These experiments took advantage of the leukemia/lymphoma specific translocation to walk from immunoglobulin loci, and later TCR loci, into the oncogene loci juxtaposed by translocation, the beginning of positional cloning of translocation breakpoints. These studies involved collaborations with valued colleagues, including Peter Nowell, the co-discoverer with David Hungerford, of the Philadelphia chromosome, the first reported cancer specific chromosome alteration. In the exciting decode of the 1980s, the Croce laboratory published 23 reports in Science, including the discovery of the BCL2 gene with Yoshiide Tsujimoto (now University of Osaka). They also observed that mistakes by immunoglobulin family rearrangement/recombination machinery was responsible for the type of chromosome translocations that involved the IG and TCR genes.Carlo Croce has been not only an outstanding laboratory scientist with numerous important discoveries to his credit; he has also been the Director of an NCI designated Cancer Center, first at the Fels Institute for Cancer Research, where he built a first class basic cancer research faculty from the ground up. In 1991, he moved his cancer research faculty to Jefferson Medical College, where it took the name of its benefactor, Sidney Kimmel, and became the Kimmel Cancer Center. At KCI the Croce laboratory continued to find and study genes involved in cancer development: oncogenes activated by translocation such as ALL1, involved in biphenotypic leukemias, discovered with another important collaborator, Eli Canaani and TCL1 (with Gianni Russo’s lab) activated by translocation to the TCRa locus in lymphomas of ataxia telangiectasia patients; or tumor suppressor genes, lost usually through deletions in epithelial cancers, such as FEZ1/LZTS1 at 8p22 lost in prostate, breast and other cancers and the FHIT gene at the 3p14.2 common fragile site (discovered in a collaboration with my laboratory), confirming a long held hypothesis that genes at chromosome fragile sites could contribute to cancer development through frequent chromosomal rearrangements. At the same time, Carlo Croce was living the nearly always tumultuous life of a Director of a Cancer Center, involving recruitment of faculty, constant bargaining with Deans, department chairman, University administrators, but he still manages to fit in a few skiing meetings, gossip sessions with colleagues like Web Cavenee, visits for good coffee, good food and TV appearances in his beloved Italy and most of all, he still manages to study, examine, buy, transport, restore, reframe and admire his old master paintings. I think he loves it as much as science because discovering a beautiful but misattributed painting at an obscure or even well known auction house, buying it and then proving that it is actually a painting by a Gentileschi or a Cavallino is as thrilling and elegant as discovering the connection between a specific gene alteration and its cancer.     

Paul Ehrlich: Pathfinder in Cell Biology 1. Chronicle of His Life and Accomplishments in Immunology,Cancer Research,and Chemotherapy1: Paul Ehrlich's Recipe for Success: “Patience,Ability, Money and Luck”

The paper reviews the life of Paul Ehrlich and his biomedical accomplishments in immunology, cancer research, and chemotherapy. Ehrlich achieved renown as an organic chemist, histologist, hematologist, immunologist, and pharmacologist. He disliked the formality of school but managed to excel in Latin and mathematics. His role model was an older cousin, Carl Welgert, who became a lifelong friend. Ehrlich studied medicine at Breslau, Strasbourg, Freiburg, and Leipzig, coming under the influence of Wilhelm Waldeyer, Julius Cohnheim, Rudolf Heidenhein, and Ferdinand Cohn. As a medical student, Ehrlich was captivated by structural organic chemistry and dyes. When he was 23, his first paper was published on selective staining. His doctoral thesis, “Contribution to the Theory and Practice of Histological Staining” contained most of the germinal ideas that would guide his future career. Most of his early work was centered in Berlin at Charité Hospital, where he did pioneering studies on blood and intravital staining, and at Robert Koch's Institute for Infectious Diseases, where he undertook important investigations in Immunology. Ehrlich became an authority on antitoxin standardization and developed the “side-chain theory” of antibody formation for which he was later awarded the Nobel Prize. He became director of an Institute for Experimental Therapy in Frankfurt where he continued research in immunology and carried out routine serum testing. He developed new lines of investigation in cancer research and originated the field of chemotherapy. Using principles developed in his early work with dyes, he successfully treated certain experimental trypanosomal infections with azo dyes. His crowning accomplishment was discovering that the compound Salvarsan could control human syphilis. Ehrlich's legacy in immunology and chemotherapy is discussed and an intimate portrait is drawn of Ehrlich the person.     

William McElroy, the McCollum–Pratt Institute, and the Transformation of Biology at Johns Hopkins, 1945–1960

In 1948, a dynamic junior member of the Johns Hopkins Biology Department, William McElroy, became the first director of the McCollum–Pratt Institute for the Investigation of Micronutrient Elements. The Institute was founded at the university to further studies into the practicalities of animal nutrition. Ultimately, however, the Institute reflected McElroy’s vision that all biological problems, including nutrition, could be best investigated through basic biochemical and enzyme studies. The Institute quickly became a hub of biochemical research over the following decade, producing foundational work on metabolism and a respected series of symposia. In this paper, I argue that McElroy’s biochemical vantage on biology also permeated the traditionally morphological and embryological Biology Department at Hopkins. Largely due to the activity of McElroy and the Institute, the faculty, course offerings, and research underwent a radical reorientation toward biochemistry and molecular biology in the 1950s, even while maintaining a commitment to developmental biology. While the history of postwar biology is often told as the ascendancy of the “new” biology over “traditional” biology, the case of McElroy and the McCollum–Pratt Institute affords an opportunity for historical examination of biochemical and molecular science as a lens through which all branches of biology at an institution were reconceived and unified.     

THE THREE G's Meeting the Invertebrate Cell Culture Pioneers: Goldschmidt, Gaw, and Grace

It was my good fortune to meet personally the three invertebrate cell culture pioneers,Richard Goldschmidt,Zan-Yin Gaw,and Thomas D.C.Grace (Fig.1).In 1951 I met Goldschmidt at a symposium in Cold Spring Harbor,but I only knew that he was a prominent geneticist.I had no idea about his insect cell culture work at Yale University and daily contacts with Ross G.Harrison.In 1959 Zan Yin Gaw in Wuhan successfully cultured monolayers of silkworm cells for more than one year.I reported his breakthrough achievement at the 11th International Congress of Entomology in Vienna in 1960,but his work was completely ignored outside China.In 1982 Gaw invited me to Wuhan where he told me that he studied in the United States in the 1930s,working as postdoctoral scientist at the Rockefeller Institute,where he was daily meeting William Trager,and later at Yale University in the Osborn Laboratory,where he was inspired by Harrison.T.D.C.Grace worked in my laboratory at Rockefeller University during 1957 and 1958,then returned to CSIRO in Canberra,Australia.     

Volodymyr Petrovych Vendt--a founder of sceintific trends in photobiochemistry and biotechnology in Ukraine

Professor Volodymyr Petrovych Vendt (30.11.1906, Kremenchug, Ukraine-22.11.1997, Kyiv, Ukraine), Doctor of science (biol.), Laureate of the State Prize of Ukraine graduated from the Odessa Physico-Pharmaceutical Institute (1930) in speciality chemist-analyst and was assigned to work at the Ukrainian Institute of Pathology and Labour Hygiene in Kharkiv. He was soon taken on as a scientific worker at the Ukrainian Institute of Experimental Medicine. He defended his thesis for the Candidate's degree and acquired the academic status of the senior scientific worker in 1939, and that of docent (assistant professor) in 1940. In 1938-1941 Volodymyr Petrovych read lectures at the Department of Chemistry of the Academy of Service Corps of the Workers' and Peasants' Red Army. At that time his scientific interests were connected with development of simple express-methods for detecting various substances, including chemical weed- and pest-killers which were used in agriculture. In 1944-1946 V. P. Vendt took part in military operations at the 1st Ukrainian Front, and after the release he was taken on as the senior scientific worker at the Institute of Biochemistry of the Academy of Sciences of the Ukrainian SSR, where he worked during 47 years. In 1961, after defending the thesis for the Doctor's degree Volodymyr Petrovych acquired the academic status of professor. In 1963 V. P. Vendt became a head of the Laboratory and then (1966) - of the Deaprtment of Photobiochemistry and from 1976 to 1983 - the Department of Sterol Biochemistry. He was the first to make the broad-scale investigations of sterol biochemistry, first of all group D vitamins, and came close to finding out the action mechanism of vitamin D3 - cholecalciferol. V. P. Vendt was one of the first to show a possibility of formation of sterene complexes with proteins and to find out the nature of chemical relations between them. That made it possible to develop the methods of obtaining artificial protein-vitamin complexes of high activity on the basis of casein (or other proteins) with preparations of vitamins D2, D3, E, carotene. Vitamin industry of the USSR used the technology, elaborated by V. P. Vendt, for the industrial production of vitamin D3 (videin D3) for poultry farming and medicine. He offered the method of early diagnosis of D-hypovitaminosis in chickens and developed and put into medical practice the methods of early diagnosis of rachitis in children and the degree of the disease risk by the umbilical blood analysis. V. P. Vendt and R. I. Yakhymovych were the first to obtain crystalline vitamin D3 and its complex with cholesterol (videchol) which was successfully used for rachitis prophylaxis and therapy in children. V. P. Vendt is the author of above 200 scientific works, 17 author's certificates and inventions. The scientific school of V. P. Vendt numbers 4 doctors and 16 candidates of science and above 60 research workers. The selfless work of the scientist was marked by state awards--by six medals and the State Prize of Ukraine in the field of science and technology "For investigations in vitamin D chemistry and biochemistry, creation of industrial technology of its production and introduction into medicine and agriculture" (jointly with R. I. Yakhymovych).     

Book Review

G. Thanikaimoni: Index Bibliographique sur la Morphologie des Pollens d'Angiospermes. — Institut Français de Pondichéry Travaux de la Section Scientifique et Technique, Tome XII, Fascicule 1, French Institute, Pondichéry, 1972 (339 pp.), 50 FF (with English preface). Reviewed by J. R. Rowley.     

Editor's Note

As readers of Soviet Psychology are aware, it has been my policy over the years to present historical materials that are pertinent to understanding contemporary Soviet and world psychology. By and large, I have come upon such materials through discussions with Soviet scholars or by following the lead in relevant articles. When I first read Jaan Valsiner's lucid and informative book Developmental Psychology in the Soviet Union, I was immediately struck by the gold mine of materials to which Professor Valsiner had succeeded in gaining access. First among these was the work of Mikhail Basov, to whom Valsiner devoted an especially illuminating chapter in his monograph.     

Debt revolts: Ecuadorian foreclosed families at the PAH in Barcelona

Can present day grassroots direct actions be considered revolutionary? In this paper, I argue that seemingly “reformist” demands can be considered revolutionary in today’s neoliberal capitalism. At the turn of the twenty-first century, working class Ecuadorian migrants in Barcelona were trying to join the global middle classes via subprime mortgage loans and despite their precarious jobs. Following the collapse of Spain’s housing bubble, unemployed, defaulting on their mortgages, and risking home eviction, they turned to housing activism. They joined the Platform for People Affected by Mortgages (PAH) and became daily protestors for the right to housing and against indebtedness. Looking at PAH approaches that encouraged debt default among low-income families, strategies to reconvert repossessed homes by rescued banks into social housing units, or the effective occupation of buildings that belonged to these banks by the PAH to house evicted families, I claim that these moments represent revolutionary instances of a broader fight against indebtedness taking place globally which can be considered—as many did at the PAH—a fight against capitalism at large. In this paper I illustrate how people who had seldom participated in social mobilization became part of a small Barcelonan movement for the right to housing that grew exponentially throughout Spain succeeding in canceling thousands of mortgage debts and stopping equally as many evictions. PAH’s spaces of encounter and action made possible a cross-class alliance upheld by weekly assemblies and near daily direct actions against financial institutions and a pro-austerity central government. These moments demonstrate the ability of everyday people to reclaim housing, redefine the narrative of indebtedness, and—in the case of Barcelona—it even made possible taking control of City Hall.     

Contribution of late Professor T. C. Tung to the experimental embryology of Amphioxus

Professor T. C. Tung (Fig. 1) was a prominent experimental embryologist in China. He was born in Jin County, Zhejiang Province, China in 1902. After he obtained his Bachelor's degree from the Department of Biology, Fudan University, Shanghai in 1927, he was appointed as a teaching assistant in that department until he moved to Belgium in 1930. He studied as a graduate student in Professors A. Brachet and A. M. Dalcq's laboratory at the Universite Libre de Bruxelles, Belgium and obtained his Doctor of Science degree there in 1934. During that period, he made two short working visits to the Institute of Marine Biology in France and took one training course at Cambridge University (UK). In 1934, he was invited to return to China as a Full Professor to teach at several Chinese universities, (Shandong University in Qingdao, Shandong Province; the National University in Nanjing; and Fudan University in Shanghai). He spent 1 year at Yale University (USA) between 1948 and 1949 as an invited scientist in a joint research project and finally returned to China in 1949. He was Chairman of the Department of Zoology, Shandong University in Qingdao (1949-1952), Vice-President of Shandong University (1952-1960), Director of the Marine Biological Institute, the Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) in Qingdao (1949-1958), Director of the Institute of Oceanology (CAS) in Qingdao (1959-1966), Director of the Institute of Zoology (CAS) in Beijing (1960-1962), member of CAS since 1955, Vice-Chairman of the Biological and Geographical Division of CAS (1955-1958), Chairman of the Biological Division of CAS (1959-1979) and Vice-President of CAS in Beijing (1978-1979). In spite of his administrative duties, he spent most of his life conducting bench work in his laboratories at the Institutes of Oceanology and Zoology, CAS, respectively, until he passed away in March 1979. Professor Tung's main research interest was with classic experimental studies on the determination of the egg axis and symmetry planes of fertilized eggs, early differentiation and organizing substances of egg cytoplasm, induction between embryonic cells and cytoplasm in embryogenesis, immunological studies on nuclear transplanted eggs, and cell fusion etc., in several types of animals. He conducted his experiments on a number of invertebrates (ascidians and Amphioxus) and vertebrates (fish and amphibians) by means of very skillful microsurgical operations and the nuclear transplantation method. Among these topics, his studies on the organization and developmental potency of Amphioxus eggs were unique. His important contribution to this research field involved not only establishing a practical method for collecting and using this rare animal for experimental purposes, but also clarifying controversy about the nature and early development of its eggs. He also provided conclusive evidence to determine its evolutionary position between invertebrates and vertebrates. The present article briefly reviews the main results obtained by Professor Tung and his colleagues on Amphioxus. Although their original articles were written both in Chinese and English, many international readers may not even know those original works because they were only published in scientific journals inside China from the 1950s. Comments and discussion on the experimental results of Amphioxus research by Tung's group and those from other earlier authors are also included.     

Highlights of the 3rd international BCG symposium: 100th anniversary of the first administration of BCG

2021 was the year of the 100th anniversary of the first administration of the Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) to a human being. It was the start of a long journey of the world's most widely used vaccine and the oldest vaccine still in use. More than 4 billion children have been vaccinated with BCG for protection against tuberculosis. However, over the years it became apparent that BCG also has beneficial non-specific effects. As such, it provides protection against various heterologous infectious and non-infectious diseases and is used to treat non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer. As BCG was developed at the Institut Pasteur de Lille by Albert Calmette and Camille Guérin, the Institute has celebrated this important anniversary with an international scientific symposium on all aspects of BCG, held from November 17 to 19, 2021 at the Institut Pasteur de Lille. It covered BCG against tuberculosis and described novel vaccine approaches, the effect of BCG against heterologous infections, including BCG and COVID-19, the effect of BCG against cancer, and BCG against auto-immune and inflammatory diseases. To discuss these areas, the symposium gathered close to 200 participants from all five continents, 2/3 on-line. This article presents the highlights of this 3rd International Symposium on BCG.     

Biotin-dependent Enzymes: the Work of Feodor Lynen

The Enzymatic Synthesis of Holotranscarboxylase from Apotranscarboxylase and (+)-Biotin. I. Purification of the Apoenzyme and Synthetase; Characteristics of the Reaction(Lane, M. D., Young, D. L., and Lynen, F. (1964)J. Biol. Chem.239, 2858–2864)Feodor Felix Konrad Lynen (1911–1979) was born in Munich, Germany. He was undecided about his career during his early education and even considered becoming a ski instructor. Ultimately, he enrolled in the Department of Chemistry at the University of Munich where he studied with Nobel laureate Heinrich Wieland and received his doctorate degree in 1937. Three months later, he married Wieland''s daughter, Eva.Open in a separate windowFeodor LynenAfter graduating, Lynen remained at Munich University as a postdoctoral fellow. He was appointed lecturer in 1942 and assistant professor in 1947. When World War II broke out, Lynen was exempt from military service because of a knee injury resulting from a ski accident in 1932. However, the war made it difficult to continue to do research in Munich, and Lynen moved his laboratory to the small village of Schondorf on the Ammersee. This was lucky because in 1945 Munich University''s Department of Chemistry was destroyed. Lynen continued his work at various laboratory facilities and eventually returned to the rebuilt Department of Chemistry in 1949.During the 1940s, Lynen began studying the biosynthesis of sterols and lipids. He eventually initiated a collaboration with Konrad Bloch, whose cholesterol research was featured in a previous Journal of Biological Chemistry (JBC) Classic (1). Working together, Bloch and Lynen were able to elucidate the steps in the biosynthesis of cholesterol. An especially significant finding made by Lynen was that acetyl coenzyme A (previously discovered by JBC Classic author Fritz Lipmann (2)) was essential for the first step of cholesterol biosynthesis. Lynen later determined the structure of acetyl-CoA. This work on cholesterol resulted in Bloch and Lynen being awarded the 1964 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine.In 1953, Lynen was made full professor at the University of Munich. A year later, he was named director of the newly established Max Planck Institute for Cell Chemistry. He continued to work on fats but also turned his focus to biotin-dependent enzymes. In 1962, he was joined by JBC Classic author M. Daniel Lane (3), who had come to Munich to work with Lynen on a sabbatical leave. Lane was studying the biotin-dependent propionyl-CoA carboxylase and had previously determined that its biotin prosthetic group was linked to the enzyme through an amide linkage to a lysyl ϵ-amino group.Before leaving for Munich, Lane developed an apoenzyme system with which to investigate the mechanism by which biotin became attached to propionyl-CoA carboxylase. This system made use of Propionibacterium shermanii, which expressed huge amounts of methylmalonyl-CoA:pyruvate transcarboxylase, another biotin-dependent enzyme. The organism also had an absolute requirement for biotin in its growth medium and produced large amounts of the apotranscarboxylase when grown at very low levels of biotin.As reported in the JBC Classic reprinted here, Lane and Lynen were able to resolve and purify both the apotranscarboxylase and the synthetase that catalyzed biotin loading onto the apoenzyme. Dave Young, a postdoctoral fellow who had recently completed his medical training at Duke University, collaborated with them on these studies. In a second paper reprinted in the Lane Classic (4), Lane and Lynen showed that the synthetase catalyzed a two-step reaction. The first step involved the ATP-dependent formation of biotinyl-5′-AMP and pyrophosphate after which the biotinyl group was transferred from the AMP derivative to the appropriate lysyl ϵ-amino group of the apotranscarboxylase. Lane and Lynen also showed that the covalently bound biotinyl prosthetic group, like free biotin, was carboxylated on the 1′-N position (5).In 1972, Lynen moved to the recently founded Max Planck Institute for Biochemistry. Between 1974 and 1976, he was acting director of the Institute while continuing to oversee a lab at the University of Munich. He remained at the Institute until his death in 1979.In addition to the Nobel Prize, Lynen received many honors and awards. These include the Neuberg Medal of the American Society of European Chemists and Pharmacists (1954), the Liebig Commemorative Medal of the Gesellschaft Deutscher Chemiker (1955), the Carus Medal of the Deutsche Akademie der Naturforscher Leopoldina (1961), and the Otto Warburg Medal of the Gesellschaft für Physiologische Chemie (1963).     

Some Notes on David Nicholson's Contributions to Modelling Adsorption

Abstract

During his career David has built up a very large number of scientific contacts throughout the world. Many of these became friends and collaborators. Imperial College was, of course, a good place to start from: R.M. Barrer was from New Zealand and John Petropoulos from Greece. Subsequently, he collaborated with scientists from other European Union countries, especially from France and Germany as well as more researchers from Greece. He also made many contacts in the US. A very important example was the sabbatical he had with W.A. Steele at Penn State, where he made his first big incursion into intermolecular forces. He also had very useful exchanges of visits with K.E. Gubbins, which led to joint work. More recently he developed working relationships with scientists from Japan and from South Korea. The scientific value of these contacts may be gauged from the large number of his publications, which involve researchers from these countries as co-authors. However, I am sure the readiness with which overseas researchers participated was in part also due to the friendly and helpful manner with which David received them here.