The Development of Higher Psychological Functions

Soviet psychologists' views of the relationship between psychology and Pavlovian psychophysiology (or the study of higher nervous activity, as it is referred to in the Soviet literature) has long been a matter of curiosity and concern in the United States. Not accidentally, it has also been a matter of concern and dispute within the USSR. The following is an excerpt from a work by one of the Soviet Union's most seminal psychological theorists on this issue. Written in the late 1920s, this essay remains a classic statement of Soviet psychology's commitment to both a historical, materialistic science of the mind and the study of the unique characteristics of human psychological processes.     

General Health and Psychological Distress among Adolescents in Six European Countries

Due to forced population movements from southeastern Europe to the neighboring countries, for many refugees or displaced persons there have been problems in various domains of life, including health problems. The aim of this study is to focus on the general health and psychological stress of youths and to investigate the elements producing the health problems linked to the mental and psychological disorders of youths in six countries. The target population is composed of adolescents who were between 15 and 18 years of age in 2003 and who immigrated into a new country between 1990 and 2000. From this analysis, a profile emerges of an adolescent who, independently of immigrant or native status, reveals an unexpected fragility. This is manifested through a nonoptimal perception of his/her state of health that is not confirmed by recognized pathologies. This discrepancy between perceived and objective state of health is a psychological state that is produced by a wide variety of factors, and results in reduced self-esteem and dissatisfaction with life. It is manifested in a difficulty in accepting one’s self-image. This produces the difficulty the youths experience in accepting a self-image that has been deformed by reality, with consequent pathologies involving the alimentary disorders which have become a phenomenon of the new forms of society.     

综合医院住院患者对自身常见心理问题的评价及其影响因素

本研究主要针对综合医院非精神科住院患者对自身常见心理问题的评价及其影响因素进行调查分析。本研究选取1 329名非精神科住院患者作为调查对象,使其在规定指导语下完成患者健康抑郁症状群量表(depression scale of the patient health questionnaire, PHQ-9)、躯体症状群量表(somatic symptom scale of thepatient health questionnaire, PHQ-15)、广泛性焦虑量表(generalized anxiety disorder 7-item scale, GAD-7)、健康焦虑量表(whiteley-7 scale, WI-7)等自评量表,并回答封闭式问题"您认为自己目前存在心理或者情绪问题吗?"。根据上述两种对自身心理问题评价方式的结果是否一致将患者分为心理问题评价一致组和心理问题评价不一致组。调查得到如下结果:心理问题评价一致组人数占研究总人数的48.3%。通过单因素方差分析和二元Logistic回归分析结果得出,该综合医院非精神科男性住院患者及少数民族患者较女性患者及汉族患者更难意识到自身心理问题(B=-0.227, p=0.044; B=0.643, p=0.022)。本研究说明,加强普及大众心理健康教育,尤其是对非精神科住院患者(特别是男性和少数民族患者)的心理健康教育,使之能正确评价自身心理问题并寻求治疗,是非常有必要的。而非精神科医生则需要更多关注到男性患者和少数民族患者,早期识别并正确处理其心理问题,促进疾病恢复,提高患者满意度。     

Social Psychological Dimensions of Bioenergy Development and Public Acceptance

The best technology does no good unless people use it. Thus, the future of biofuels depends not only on development of effective and efficient technologies but also on the social, economic, and political climate within which people decide to use or avoid these new fuel sources and technologies. On a social psychological level, individual behaviors are often guided by people’s attitudes toward the behavior or objects involved and by the norms established by others within the social setting. Therefore, understanding technology adoption requires an understanding of how public attitudes and beliefs are formed or changed, as well as the implications of these changes for social norms. We provide an overview of basic social psychology research connecting attitudes and norms to individual behavior, and we describe implications of these social factors for biofuel development and use.     

Psychological Laws of the Social Development of the Personality in Ontogeny

Cultivation of the new man as an individual person is a requirement of developed socialist society. At the present stage of socialist construction, which entails a qualitatively new level of decision making [in confronting] socioeconomic and political problems, the role of the human factor in all spheres of the vital activity of society becomes especially urgent, and the importance of people's maintaining a responsible social position becomes greater. The achievements in public education, science, and culture have made it both possible and necessary to concentrate attention not only on instruction but, most importantly, on cultivating the new man, who is "not merely the bearer of a specific sum of knowledge but, first and foremost, a citizen of socialist society"[7. P. 391. The need to deal with this problem has had an impact on the main areas of reform of the general educational and vocational training school, a reform based on a new level of psychological and pedagogical knowledge, and defines the tasks of further scientific inquiry. One of the most important tasks of psychology is to intensify study of the development of the personality, to discover the psychological laws of its development, and the conditions and mechanisms for accelerating the process of personal self-determination.     

青少年的心理发展:一种生命历程的观点

生命历程理论作为一个理论视角,将个人所经历的生命事件放在社会发展过程中来理解,逐渐成为发展心理学的一个热点.本文以生命历程理论的研究架构来考察青少年的心理状况,收集近十年来公开发表的青少年心理发展研究报告和综述,用内容分析法和元分析法对报告的内容和结果进行了统计分析.结果显示,影响青少年心理发展的主要因素有社会环境、年龄特征、价值取向、成就动机等,同时揭示了我国社会在信息化转型时期青少年心理发展的特殊轨迹.     

A Psychological Study of the Development of Motor Activity in the Preschool-Age Child

During the period from 4 to 6 years, the preschooler's motor activity becomes stronger and hardier, and his movements become more dextrous and coordinated. During this period a child also acquires a number of new motor skills that will play an important role in later life. Finally, he learns to execute movements consciously and deliberately.     

Psychological Characteristics of the Development of Written Language in Mentally Retarded School Children

The problem of the development of language in the mentally retarded child is one of the most important in special psychology and is of major theoretical and practical significance. How far we go in studying this problem will in large measure determine not only the structure of lessons in a native language in a remedial school but also how the process of instruction and education of backward children in general is organized.     

Integral lipids of mammalian hair

1. It has been demonstrated that hair contains lipids which cannot be removed by extensive extraction with chloroform-methanol mixtures. These integral lipids can be extracted only after the hair has been subjected to alkaline hydrolysis. 2. Integral hair lipids include cholesterol sulfate (0.7-2.9 mg/g hair), ceramides (0.6-1.4 mg/g), cholesterol (0.3-1.4 mg/g), fatty alcohols (trace-0.2 mg/g) and fatty acids (2.3-4.0 mg/g). 3. One of the major integral hair lipids, representing 38.4-47.6% of the total fatty acids, is the anteisobranched 18-methyleicosanoic acid. 4. The species examined included human (Homo sapiens), pig (Sus scrofa), dog (Canis familiaris), sheep (Ovis ammon aries) and cow (Bos taurus).