论心理对生理的影响和作用

本文阐述了心理对生理的能动作用。在一定的条件下,人的心理可影响其生理功能,两者互为因果、相互影响。生理是心理活动的物质基础,心理是其生理的驱动力和标志。本文论述了精神、情绪、意念、信念、暗示等心理活动对生理的影响和作用及中医论心理对生理的作用,中医利用情志疗法的理论达到心理对生理趋向健康的作用。同时论证了肠道菌群通过心理间接影响生理功能,通过微生态制剂调节肠道菌群的微生态平衡,可改善患者的神经症状,使之心理活动达到最佳状态,进而使人的生理趋向健康。     

Toward the Problem of Stages in the Mental Development of Children

The problem of stages' in the mental development of the child is the fundamental problem of child psychology. Elaboration of this problem has important theoretical significance since it is by determining the stages of mental development and by discovering the patterns of transition from one stage to the next that psychology will eventually solve the problem of the motive forces of mental development. We contend that every conception of the motive forces of mental development must first be tested on the "proving grounds" of the theory of developmental stages.     

The Cartesian doctor, François Bayle (1622-1709), on psychosomatic explanation

There are two standing, incompatible accounts of Descartes' contributions to the study of psychosomatic phenomena that pervade histories of medicine, psychology, and psychiatry. The first views Descartes as the father of "rational psychology" a tradition that defines the soul as a thinking, unextended substance. The second account views Descartes as the father of materialism and the machine metaphor. The consensus is that Descartes' studies of optics and motor reflexes and his conception of the body-machine metaphor made early and important contributions to physiology and neuroscience but otherwise his impact was minimal. These predominately negative assessments of Descartes' contributions give a false impression of the role his philosophy played in the development of medicine and psychiatry in seventeenth-century France and beyond. I explore Descartes' influence in the little-known writings of a doctor from Toulouse, Fran?ois Bayle (1622-1709). A study of Bayle gives us occasion to rethink the nature and role of psychosomatic explanation in Descartes' philosophy. The portrait I present is of a Cartesian science that had an actual and lasting effect on medical science and practice, and may offer something of value to practitioners today.     

Pavlov and the Nobel Prize Award

When Pavlov was first nominated for the Nobel Prize, he was well recognized by physiologists, especially those concerned with digestion. It appears unlikely that psychological interpretations of his conditional reflex findings had begun to penetrate deeply into the discipline of psychology. The selection in 1904 of Pavlov for the award in physiology or medicine attracted the attention of a broader range of scientists. American psychologists, in particular, probably became more aware of the advantages of incorporating his "objective" conditional reflex method into their investigations. General biographical aspects relating to the award and the effect of the award upon the acceptance of the conditional reflex method by American psychologists are developed in this presentation.     

Current problems in the reinforcement and regulation of goal-directed behavior]

Contemporary problems and arguable questions of reinforcement and self-regulation of animals behaviour and human activity are considered conformably to organization and analysis of results of conditioned experiments with probable reinforcement on the basis of semantic and pragmatic diagrams of conceptual space of decisions making. Situations are analyzed when the subject not simply "receives" the reinforcement but must actively "procure" (earn) the useful result. Scientific substantiation of conceptions of reinforcement and activity self-regulation is of considerable importance not only in the higher nervous activity physiology but also in psychology, economics and sociology for the decision of actual problems of organization of the processes of control in contemporary society of all mankind values and norms of behaviour.     

The Problem of Development in Psychology

1. The problem of development in psychology hinges on the problem of the subject matter of psychology. This dependency is discernible in the old psychology and in its contemporary trends as well. Accordingly, the definition of the subject matter of psychology expressed by the formula "man as an active agent in the environment" will lead to a specific understanding of psychological development.     

Vygotsky's Nonclassical Psychology

Nonclassical psychology has laws that differ from those in classical psychology. Nonclassical psychology uncovers the specifically human course of development and views people as self-regulated individuals. Vygotsky's writings reveal his lifelong engagement with the psychology of art, which for him was the essence of the new nonclassical psychology. The author looks at "play" and "positioning" as two key units in understanding nonclassical psychology.     

Hans Driesch and the problems of "normal psychology". Rereading his Crisis in Psychology (1925)

In 1925, the German biologist and philosopher Hans Driesch published a booklet entitled The Crisis in Psychology. It was originally published in English and was based on lectures given at various universities in China, Japan and the USA. The "crisis" in psychology of that time, in Driesch's opinion, lies in the necessity to decide about "the road which psychology is to follow in the future". This necessity refers to five "critical points", namely (1) to develop the theory of psychic elements to a theory of meaning by phenomenological analysis, (2) the overcoming of association theory, (3) to acknowledge that the unconscious is a fact and a "normal" aspect of mental life, (4) to reject "psychomechanical parallelism" or any other epiphenomenalistic solution of the mind-body problem, and (5) the extension of psychical research to new facts as described by parapsychology, for instance. Driesch saw close parallels between the development of modern psychology and that of biology, namely in a theoretical shift from "sum-concepts" like association and mechanics, to "totality-concepts" like soul and entelechy. The German translation of 1926 was entitled Grundprobleme der Psychologie (Fundamental Problems of Psychology) while "the crisis in psychology" forms just the subtitle of this book. This underlines that Driesch's argumentation--in contrast to that of Buehler--dealt with ontological questions rather than with paradigms.     

I.M. Sechenov's creative development of ideas in aviation and space medicine

Research carried outby the great Russian scholar I. M. Sechenov has significantly contributed to development of aviation physiology, medicine and psychology. His fundamental works consisted of discovery of the constancy of alveolar air composition theory, study of interactions of analyzers systems in solving the problem of human spatial orientation under flight conditions, development of a nervous theory of fatigue. Creative development of ideas by I. M. Sechenov allowed enhancing the efficiency of performing and safety of aviation and space flights.     

On the Content of Social Psychology

1. Attitude to the Discussion: A discussion of social psychology was opened in the pages of Voprosy psikhologii. [Translated in this journal, 1963, 1 (3), 32-38. — Ed.] This event has both a good and bad side. The good side is that, finally, the central organ of Soviet psychology has begun to speak about social psychology. Soviet psychologists will at last state their positive word about social psychology. The discussion will permit a more profound definition of the content of social psychology and will attract the attention of the Soviet public to the phenomena of social psychology. The bad side is that while much is said about the content of social psychology, the most urgent problems for Soviet social psychology is not so much one of its content as of the development of concrete methods and concrete investigations. A. V. Baranov's article [5] presents an incorrect understanding of the history and contemporary state of social psychology in the USSR.     

Where's the evidence that active learning works?

Calls for reforms in the ways we teach science at all levels, and in all disciplines, are wide spread. The effectiveness of the changes being called for, employment of student-centered, active learning pedagogy, is now well supported by evidence. The relevant data have come from a number of different disciplines that include the learning sciences, cognitive psychology, and educational psychology. There is a growing body of research within specific scientific teaching communities that supports and validates the new approaches to teaching that have been adopted. These data are reviewed, and their applicability to physiology education is discussed. Some of the inherent limitations of research about teaching and learning are also discussed.     

Transforming growth factor-beta1 signaling contributes to development of smooth muscle cells from embryonic stem cells

Knockout of transforming growth factor (TGF)-1 or components of its signaling pathway leads to embryonic death in mice due to impaired yolk sac vascular development before significant smooth muscle cell (SMC) maturation occurs. Thus the role of TGF-1 in SMC development remains unclear. Embryonic stem cell (ESC)-derived embryoid bodies (EBs) recapitulate many of the events of early embryonic development and represent a more physiological context in which to study SMC development than most other in vitro systems. The present studies showed induction of the SMC-selective genes smooth muscle -actin (SMA), SM22, myocardin, smoothelin-B, and smooth muscle myosin heavy chain (SMMHC) within a mouse ESC-EB model system. Significantly, SM2, the SMMHC isoform associated with fully differentiated SMCs, was expressed. Importantly, the results showed that aggregates of SMMHC-expressing cells exhibited visible contractile activity, suggesting that all regulatory pathways essential for development of contractile SMCs were functional in this in vitro model system. Inhibition of endogenous TGF- with an adenovirus expressing a soluble truncated TGF- type II receptor attenuated the increase in SMC-selective gene expression in the ESC-EBs, as did an antibody specific for TGF-1. Of interest, the results of small interfering (si)RNA experiments provided evidence for differential TGF--Smad signaling for an early vs. late SMC marker gene in that SMA promoter activity was dependent on both Smad2 and Smad3 whereas SMMHC activity was Smad2 dependent. These results are the first to provide direct evidence that TGF-1 signaling through Smad2 and Smad3 plays an important role in the development of SMCs from totipotential ESCs. embryoid body; Smad     

New insights into the physiology of natural foraging

The purpose of this symposium was to examine how foraging physiology is studied in the field across a diversity of species and habitats. While field studies are constrained by the relatively poor ability to control the experiment, the natural variability in both the environment and animal behavior provides insights into adaptation to change that are usually not tested in the laboratory. Talks in this session examined how foraging energy (both costs and gains) is partitioned over time. "Time," in this case, ranged from evolutionary time (how different animals are designed to most efficiently forage), to long, lifetime periods (development of foraging ability and growth), to short-duration feeding bouts, and ultimately to the minutes to hours following ingestion (metabolic and biochemical changes). From this diversity, two core themes emerged: that foraging strategies and behaviors are limited by physiology and biochemical processes and that time plays a central role in the organization of foraging behaviors and the physiological processes that underlie those behaviors.     

Resistance of macrophages to the suppressive effect of interleukin-10 following thermal injury

The activation of a macrophage(M)-dependent proinflammatory cascade following thermal injuryplays an important role in the development of immunosuppression andincreased susceptibility to subsequent sepsis in burn patients. Incontrast, although interleukin (IL)-10, an anti-inflammatory cytokinethat can downregulate M activity, has also been implicated inpostburn immune dysfunction, its role in the regulation of Mfunction postburn remains unclear. To study this, C57BL/6 female micewere subjected to a 25% total body surface area third-degree scaldburn, and splenic Ms were isolated 7 days later. Lipopolysaccharide(LPS)-stimulated IL-10, IL-6, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-, andnitric oxide (NO) production were significantly increased in the burngroup compared with shams. Blockade of endogenous IL-10 activityenhanced IL-6 and TNF- release, but not NO release, in both groups.The addition of exogenous IL-10 to the M cultures dose dependentlysuppressed production of these inflammatory mediators in both groups.The timing of IL-10 addition to the cultures in relation to LPSstimulation, however, was critical. The suppressive effect of exogenousIL-10 was attenuated in both groups when the cells were exposed toIL-10 at 4-6 h after LPS stimulation; however, Ms from injuredmice were significantly better able to maintain inflammatorymediator-productive capacity. The resistance of Ms from injured miceto IL-10-mediated suppression correlated with decreased IL-10 receptor(IL-10R) expression and increased CD11b expression. These findingssuggest that Ms, following thermal injury, display resistance tosuppression by IL-10 due in part to downregulation of IL-10R expression.

     

Inhibition of cell differentiation by Galpha q in the renal epithelial cell line LLC-PK1

LLC-PK₁, an epithelial cellline derived from the kidney proximal tubule, was used to study theability of the G protein -subunit, G_q, to regulate celldifferentiation. A constitutively active mutant protein,_qQ209L, was expressed using theLacSwitch-inducible mammalian expression system. Induction of_qQ209L expression with isopropyl--D-thiogalactopyranoside(IPTG) enhanced phospholipase C activity maximally by 6- to 7.5-fold.Increasing concentrations of IPTG progressively inhibited the activityof two differentiation markers,Na⁺-dependent hexose transport andalkaline phosphatase activity. Induction of_qQ209L expression also caused achange from an epithelial to a spindle-shaped morphology. The effectsof _qQ209L expression on celldifferentiation were similar to those observed with12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol 13-acetate(TPA) treatment. However, protein kinase C (PKC) levels weredownregulated in TPA-treated cells but not in_qQ209L-expressing cells,suggesting that the regulation of PKC byG_q may be different fromregulation by TPA. Interestingly, the PKC inhibitor GF-109203X did notinhibit the effect of IPTG on the development ofNa⁺-dependent hexose transport in_qQ209L-expressing cells. These data implicate PKC and PKC in the pathway used byG_q to block the development ofNa⁺-dependent hexose transport inIPTG-treated cells.

     

Female gender hormones regulate mRNA levels and function of the rat lung epithelial Na channel

The epithelial Nachannel (ENaC) plays a critical role in the active reabsorption ofalveolar fluid at the time of birth or during pulmonary edema. Althoughrat (r) ENaC is regulated by glucocorticoids during fetal development,there are no data regarding the influence of gender hormones on ENaCexpression or function. We report higher levels of mRNAs encoding the-rENaC subunit or the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductanceregulator (CFTR) in the lungs of nonpregnant adult female relative toadult male Wistar rats. Combined, but not separate, administration ofprogesterone and 17-estradiol increased mRNA levels encoding-rENaC, -rENaC, and CFTR within 24 h. We also found adose-dependent increase in rENaC functional activity (as assessed bythe amiloride-sensitive short-circuit current across primary monolayercultures of alveolar epithelial cells mounted in Ussing chambers) aftera 5-day incubation of cells in medium containing progesterone and17-estradiol. These findings suggest a gender-dependent influence onthe lung's ability to recover from pulmonary edema and on the degreeof airway fluid hydration in cystic fibrosis.

     

Reproduction in young sheep: some genetic and environmental sources of variation

"The extent of genetic and environmental variation" in the development of reproduction in sheep is illustrated by examples with particular reference to variation among breeds and to the effects of photoperiod. The interactions between genetic and environmental effects are introduced; these may be so great that genetic groups may reverse their ranking for rate of development in different environments. The "physiology of puberty" is then discussed. The difficulty of separating puberty from seasonal variation is stressed, and a possible contrast is drawn between the physiological characteristics of genetic variation and those of environmental variation in reproductive development. Finally the physiological factors associated with sterility in young females are discussed; most studies, however, have been conducted during the time of year when adult females would also be expected to be sterile, so that conclusions are difficult and a "missing link" cannot be identified.     

Editor's introduction to the Journal of Applied Animal Welfare Science

Animal welfare names a science in which investigators ask the general question: What are the capacities, sensibilities, needs, and interests of animals as they relate to their welfare? The objects of study in this emerging field are exclusively animals other than humans. Numerous contexts give rise to this interest in nonhuman animal welfare: The intensification of the use of animals since World War II, particularly on the farm and in the laboratory. The development of moral philosophies that establish nonhuman animals as objects of moral consideration. The advances in science in fields that have added to our understanding of animals, such as cognitive ethology. Advances in technology that give us more direct access to human physiology and psychology and undercut the tradition of using animal models. The success of the contemporary animal rights movement in placing the issue of the treatment of animals before the public.