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Hans van Gasteren Karen L. Krijgsveld Nadine Klauke Yossi Leshem Isabel C. Metz Michal Skakuj Serge Sorbi Inbal Schekler Judy Shamoun‐Baranes 《Ecography》2019,42(5):899-911
The aerosphere is utilized by billions of birds, moving for different reasons and from short to great distances spanning tens of thousands of kilometres. The aerosphere, however, is also utilized by aviation which leads to increasing conflicts in and around airfields as well as en‐route. Collisions between birds and aircraft cost billions of euros annually and, in some cases, result in the loss of human lives. Simultaneously, aviation has diverse negative impacts on wildlife. During avian migration, due to the sheer numbers of birds in the air, the risk of bird strikes becomes particularly acute for low‐flying aircraft, especially during military training flights. Over the last few decades, air forces across Europe and the Middle East have been developing solutions that integrate ecological research and aviation policy to reduce mutual negative interactions between birds and aircraft. In this paper we 1) provide a brief overview of the systems currently used in military aviation to monitor bird migration movements in the aerosphere, 2) provide a brief overview of the impact of bird strikes on military low‐level operations, and 3) estimate the effectiveness of migration monitoring systems in bird strike avoidance. We compare systems from the Netherlands, Belgium, Germany, Poland and Israel, which are all areas that Palearctic migrants cross twice a year in huge numbers. We show that the en‐route bird strikes have decreased considerably in countries where avoidance systems have been implemented, and that consequently bird strikes are on average 45% less frequent in countries with implemented avoidance systems in place. We conclude by showing the roles of operational weather radar networks, forecast models and international and interdisciplinary collaboration to create safer skies for aviation and birds. 相似文献
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在鸟类迁徙季节,夜间鸟击事故频发是机场鸟击发生的一个显著特点.了解鸟类的夜间迁徙规律对于改进夜间鸟击防范措施具有重要的指导意义.本研究综合采用网捕法和声音记录法对沈阳桃仙机场夜间鸟类迁徙物种组成和迁徙规律进行研究.结果表明: 56种鸟类(占比88.9%)具有夜间迁徙习性,且以后半夜迁徙为主;鸟类夜间迁徙具有明显的时间动态和迁徙次序,春季鸟类迁徙较为集中,迁徙高峰在5月中旬,主要鸟类由鹌鹑、红尾伯劳、栗耳鹀、黑喉石鵖、普通夜鹰、黄眉柳莺等组成,秋季迁徙较为分散,迁徙高峰出现在9月下旬至10月上旬,主要由鹌鹑、灰背鸫、红喉鹨、丘鹬、矛斑蝗莺和灰头鵐等组成.对夜间迁徙鸟类的危险等级评估发现,春季严重危险物种是鹌鹑和红尾伯劳,秋季严重危险物种是鹌鹑、纵纹腹小鸮、灰背鸫和丘鹬.分别从夜间迁徙鸟类组成、迁徙动态、时间节律和物种危险等级等角度提出了相应的鸟击防范对策,为桃仙机场鸟击防范提供参考. 相似文献
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At Namibia’s two major airports, Hosea Kutako International and Eros (domestic), 117 bird strike collision incidents were recorded between 2006 and 2010. A risk assessment, which included a proposed risk weighting methodology, was conducted at Hosea Kutako and Eros airports, which estimated the probability of an accident/collision as well as the consequence of such a collision. The assessment included surveys of bird occurrence frequencies as well as pilot interviews. The results of the risk assessments were compared with actual bird strike incidences for each species, frequency of occurrence of birds and pilot perceptions of species risk, in order to find whether risk assessment and pilot perception are reliable measures of potential bird strike incidence. White-backed Vulture Gyps africanus and Helmeted Guineafowl Numida meleagris were the highest risk species at both airports. They were also, after Crowned Lapwing Vanellus coronatus, the species most often observed by pilots. Bird strike records showed that Crowned Lapwing and Helmeted Guineafowl were also the most frequently struck birds at both airports. The study illustrates how combining risk assessment, pilot perception and bird strike history can benefit bird strike minimisation plans at airports through the rapid identification of priority bird species. 相似文献
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JENNIFER G. PARSONS DAVID BLAIR JON LULY SIMON K. A. ROBSON 《The Journal of wildlife management》2009,73(4):526-529
ABSTRACT Bat collisions are a threat to commercial and military aircraft in Australia. We examined bat strike records from Australia during 1996–2006 and found that risk of impact from bats is increasing, is greatest in tropical versus temperate regions, and is more likely during early evening and while an aircraft is landing rather than departing. Temporal patterns of bat strikes differ from those of birds, highlighting the need to employ taxon-specific management strategies to minimize animal impacts on the aviation industry. The use of genetics for identification of strike remains and the implementation of nocturnal survey techniques by wildlife managers at airports will contribute to the mitigation of bat strikes. 相似文献
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Sijia Yuan Keer Miao Ruen Qian Yang Zhao Dongfang Hu Chaochao Hu Qing Chang 《Ecology and evolution》2023,13(1):e9646
Understanding the patterns of bird diversity and its driving force is necessary for bird strike prevention. In this study, we investigated the effects of landscape on phylogenetic and functional diversity of bird communities at Nanjing Lukou International Airport (NLIA). Bird identifications and counting of individuals were carried out from November 2017 to October 2019. Based on the land-cover data, the landscape was divided into four main types, including farmlands, woodlands, wetlands, and urban areas. Bird phylogenetic and functional diversity were strongly affected by landscape matrix types. Species richness and Faith's phylogenetic distance were highest in woodlands, while mean pairwise distance (MPD), mean nearest-taxon distance (MNTD), and functional dispersion (FDis) were highest in wetlands. Based on the feeding behavior, carnivorous birds had the lowest species richness but had the highest FDis, which implied that carnivorous birds occupied most niches at the NLIA. Moreover, bird assemblages exhibited phylogenetic and functional clustering in the four kinds of landscapes. A variety of landscape attributes had significant effects on species diversity, phylogenetic and functional diversity. Landscape-scale factors played an important role in the shaping of bird communities around NLIA. Our results suggest that landscape management surrounding airports can provide new approaches for policymakers to mitigate wildlife strikes. 相似文献
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桂林两江国际机场内草坪动物与鸟类关系 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
2005年7月～2006年7月对桂林两江国际机场草坪动物及鸟类进行调查.共记录到鸟类9目23科48种,其中优势种是:田鹨、家燕、小云雀、棕背伯劳、黑卷尾、针尾沙锥、红隼、黑翅鸢;记录到昆虫13目76科,其中优势种有:直翅目、鞘翅目、双翅目、膜翅目、半翅目等昆虫和各种蜘蛛.鸟类数量和昆虫数量存在密切联系,鸟类数量峰值和昆虫数量峰值有部分重叠,说明昆虫数量对鸟类数量有影响.严格控制草坪昆虫数量能有效控制机场草坪的鸟类数量.蛙鼠类对草坪鸟类数量影响不大. 相似文献
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: 为了解鸟击规律,作者收集了重庆江北机场2009-2013年的鸟击事件信息并对鸟击残骸进行送检,共收集鸟击事件信息189起,其中白天77起,占40.74%,夜间112起,占59.26%。鸟击数据显示:春、夏、秋季是鸟击高发季节;8月和11月为白天鸟击高发月份;夜间鸟击高发在春季(4、5月)和秋季(8、9、10月);鸟击多发种类有小云雀、家鸽、家燕、金腰燕、白鹡鸰、池鹭、大杜鹃及蝙蝠等。结合江北机场鸟类群落调查数据分析发现:在飞行区集群活动的鸟种容易成为鸟击的高危物种,鸟击发生频率与鸟类生活习性关系密切;迁徙鸟类是江北机场鸟击的最大威胁。本文根据分析结果提出了一些相应的预防措施。 相似文献
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Michael L. Avery John S. Humphrey Trey S. Daughtery Justin W. Fischer Michael P. Milleson Eric A. Tillman William E. Bruce W. David Walter 《The Journal of wildlife management》2011,75(7):1581-1587
Growing vulture populations represent increasing hazards to civil and military aircraft. To assess vulture flight behavior and activity patterns at the Marine Corps Air Station in Beaufort, South Carolina, we equipped 11 black vultures (Coragyps atratus) and 11 turkey vultures (Cathartes aura) with solar-powered Global Positioning System (GPS) satellite transmitters during a 2-year study (1 Oct 2006–30 Sep 2008). Turkey vultures had larger seasonal home ranges than did black vultures, and 2 turkey vultures made round-trips to Florida. Black vultures consistently spent less time in flight (8.4%) than did turkey vultures (18.9%), and black vultures flew at higher altitudes than did turkey vultures in all seasons except summer when altitudinal distributions (above ground level) did not differ. Although we recorded maximum altitudes of 1,578 m for black vultures and 1,378 for turkey vultures, most flights were low altitude. A matrix of vulture flight altitude versus time of day revealed that >60% of vulture flight activity occurred from 4 hr to 9 hr after sunrise at altitudes below 200 m. Continuation of aggressive harassment coupled with flexible training schedules to avoid times and altitudes of high vulture activity will decrease hazards to aircraft posed by these birds. © 2011 The Wildlife Society. 相似文献
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阜阳机场鸟类多样性及其危险性 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
2008年6月至2010年1月,对阜阳机场及其周围5种生境(草地、农田、城镇、湿地、林地)的鸟类进行调查,并对不同季节、不同生境的鸟类多样性进行分析.结果表明:本次调查共记录到鸟类122种,隶属于15目40科;阜阳机场夏、秋季的鸟类种数显著高于冬、春季,秋季鸟类密度显著高于其他季节,夏季的鸟类多样性指数、均匀度指数均高于其他季节;在阜阳机场及其周边的5种生境中,林地的鸟类种数、密度均显著大于其他生境,林地、湿地、农田的鸟类多样性较高;对阜阳机场鸟击最危险的鸟种是麻雀、白头鹎、家燕、家鸽、喜鹊、珠颈斑鸠、灰椋鸟等. 相似文献
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澳门鸟类资源调查报告 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
1989～2009年在澳门山林和沿海滩涂湿地对鸟类进行了调查和记录,共记录鸟类297种,加上文献中记录的3种,整理出澳门鸟类名录共300种,隶属17目56科.其中非雀形目有30科160种,占澳门鸟类总种数的53.33%;雀形目有26科140种,占澳门鸟类种数46.67%.就数量来看,澳门鸟类中的优势种有9种,常见种44种,偶见种96种,稀有种则有151种.白腹海雕Haliaeetus leucogaster属于国家Ⅰ级重点保护野生鸟类.属于国家Ⅱ级重点保护的鸟类有33种.澳门鸟类属于<濒危野生动植物种国际贸易公约,2007>公约附录Ⅰ的有游隼Falco peregrinus peregrinus、小青脚鹬Tringa guttifer和小杓鹬Numenius minutus 3种,属于公约附录Ⅱ的有29种.勺嘴鹬Eurynorhynchus pygmeus被世界自然保护联盟(2009)列入极危(CR)鸟类,黑脸琵鹭Platalea minor和小青脚鹬被列入濒危(EN)鸟类.易危(VU)鸟类有4种,近危(NT)鸟类有5种.本文成果可为今后长期监测和保护澳门鸟类资源提供依据. 相似文献
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鸟击事件主要发生在机场范围内,对机场周边生境的鸟类组成进行调查,是制定鸟击防范对策的重要前提。国内多数机场已经开展了相关的鸟类组成调查,但是选用的调查方法却存在较大差异。以样线法和网捕法两种常用的调查方法对沈阳桃仙国际机场周边的迁徙期鸟类进行了研究,旨在比较两种调查方法在机场鸟类群落组成调查中的效果及调查的鸟类群落组成差异。结果表明：两种方法均适合机场鸟类调研,共记录到鸟类97种,网捕法记录的鸟类种数(83种vs. 57种)高于样线法,网捕法单独记录的鸟类种数(40种vs. 14种)也高于样线法。尽管两种方法每期(半个月)调查的物种数和目的数量无明显差别,但随调查强度(如调查次数)增加,网捕法累计记录到的鸟类种类明显高于样线法,且较晚达到渐近线。另外,两种方法调查记录的鸟类群落组成也具有显著的差别,如网捕法记录到较多鹌鹑和鸮形目等夜间迁徙或活动鸟类,而样线法可记录到鹭科和雁鸭类水鸟等。这说明两种调研方法在鸟类调查中有较好的互补性。因此,本研究认为机场鸟情调研时应该根据鸟情特点,选择合适的鸟类调研方法,综合采用多种调研方法可更有利于获得科学的鸟情信息。 相似文献
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Reitstetter RE 《FEMS microbiology letters》2006,264(1):31-39
Spirochetes of the genus Leptospira infect animals and humans and are the causative agents for the emerging infectious disease leptospirosis. Rapid and simple assays for the identification of individual Leptospira species are currently not available. For identification of individual Leptospira species, PCR primers that detect the ompL1 gene sequence for the majority of pathogenic leptospires were developed in this study. The primer pairs detect Leptospira interrogans, Leptospira borgpetersenii, Leptospira kirschneri, Leptospira santarosai, Leptospira weilii and Leptospira noguchii, without cross-reacting with other Leptospira species. The development of the primers revealed a divergence of the ompL1 gene within L. interrogans, splitting this species into two separate groups. The species-specific primers will be especially useful in epidemiological studies and disease outbreak investigations for the detection of Leptospira species in human, animal and environmental samples. 相似文献
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- The continuing global expansion of electricity networks increases the risk of bird collisions with power lines. Several field studies have demonstrated that this risk can be reduced by marking lines with flight diverters. A before‐after control‐impact (BACI) design is currently the suggested approach for evaluating the effectiveness of these diverters and is generally assumed to give unbiased results.
- Using systematic flight survey data, we demonstrate that the assumptions underlying the BACI approach are frequently violated, leading to biased effectiveness estimates. We present an alternative field and statistical design in which the number of bird strike victims is directly related to bird flight intensity (“fusion design”), instead of estimating it indirectly using a control site. The presented design is validated based on simulations.
- We demonstrate that the presented method is unbiased and shows an approximately 3‐fold higher statistical power compared with BACI, even under ideal/unbiased data conditions, with similar field‐experimental effort. Moreover, this approach can provide a direct analysis of bird reactions/collisions, estimation of collision rates, and the possibility of conducting the required fieldwork within a single season.
- Our presented method can be used to standardize and improve future studies on diverter effectiveness, for example, by supporting the acquisition of a more detailed picture of species‐, diverter type‐, and habitat‐specific estimates.
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2022—2023年期间,杭州萧山国际机场累计鉴定鸟击残留物样本154例,涉及54种鸟类,其中家燕(Hirundo rustica)为出现频率最高的鸟种,共检测到9次,鸟击风险较高。为降低家燕对飞行安全的威胁,利用DNA宏条形码技术(DNA metabarcoding technology)检测肠道内容物,对机场春夏两季的家燕进行食性分析。同时结合机场调查数据,有效地掌握了家燕的食源分布。结合机场实地调研数据,研究结果发现麻蝇科、果蝇科、蚊科、丽蝇科、蝇科和灰蝶科都属于动物性食物,其中麻蝇科为主要食物,而滋养食源的相关植物有蔷薇科、禾本科、伞形科、千屈菜科、桑科、榆科、百合科和柏科,蔷薇科则是主要滋养物。通过α多样性指数比较发现,动物性食物多样性在夏季显著高于春季(Shannon指数,P<0.05),群落物种分布更均匀,而与家燕食源相关的植物丰富度在春季则显著高于夏季(Chao1和Observed＿species指数,P<0.05),造成这种差异动态的因素可能是机场区域温度变化。通过β多样性指数比较发现,动物性食物和食物链相关植物组成差异在春、夏季不明显。针对家燕的食性组成以及食物资源的分布模式,我们建议机场应提高收割植物籽实频率,扩大收割面积,排查家燕营巢区域,规范水稻、大豆等作物种植,妥善处理机场垃圾,定期喷洒杀虫剂,设立昆虫诱捕装置,清理植草区虫卵虫蛹,以降低家燕鸟击事件的发生概率。与传统食性分析相比,通过DNA宏条形码技术比较了不同季节食性,补充了目前发现的家燕食物组成,并且对机场的鸟击防范政策实施具有指导意义。 相似文献
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鸟类是理想的生物多样性指示类群。中国观鸟记录中心(以下简称“记录中心”)是目前中国最大的鸟类监测公众科学数据平台, 其记录覆盖94%的全国鸟种和94.3%的县级行政区。本研究基于公众科学数据, 参考《区域生物多样性评价标准》(HJ 623-2011)中的受胁物种丰富度指数, 构建了鸟类丰富度指数(RB_A)和珍稀濒危鸟类丰富度指数(RTB_A), 继而提出一种对区域鸟类多样性进行评价的新方法。本研究计算了自2014年起, 各省级、地级、县级行政区(不含市辖区)每年在记录中心的累积记录鸟种数对官方发布鸟种数的覆盖率和省级行政区记录的累积珍稀濒危鸟种数对官方发布数据的覆盖率, 并计算了自2018年起各级行政区每年的RB_A和RTB_A, 以了解各地鸟类丰富度指数的逐年变化情况, 并分析记录中心数据集的发展趋势和两个指数的敏感性。分析结果表明, 记录中心数据对全国各级行政区的鸟种覆盖率自2014年起逐年增加, 在2023年分别有94.1%的省级、59.0%的地级和49.0%的县级行政区(不含市辖区)的鸟种覆盖率超过90%; 记录中心的累积珍稀濒危鸟种数据在省级行政区的覆盖率亦呈上升趋势, 但略低于所有鸟种覆盖率。自2020年起, 全国每年观测到的鸟种数量呈逐年增加趋势, 但其中部分省份每年观测到的鸟种总数在2022年出现下降。自2020年起, 各省级行政区的RB_A和RTB_A整体呈现上升趋势。RB_A范围为0.50-0.96, RTB_A范围为0.45-0.98, 显示RTB_A更为敏感。本研究结果表明, RB_A和RTB_A在本地用户提交记录数量充足的地区有较大的应用价值, 可作为生物多样性评价指标应用。RTB_A对于鸟类多样性的变化更为敏感, 更能体现在地鸟类保护状况。随着记录中心等公众科学平台的发展, 以RB_A和RTB_A为代表的基于公众科学的评价指数在物种多样性评估和物种监测方面有巨大的应用潜力。 相似文献
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Bird–aircraft collisions cost millions of dollars to aviation globally and cause deaths. We designed and tested a protocol to study the hazards to aircraft from birds flying across runways where aircraft rotate and climb during take‐off. We recorded birds and flight height of birds flying across runway 03L at OR Tambo International Airport, South Africa. A total of 7,938 birds of pigeon size or larger crossed a 400 m length of runway during 14 h and 15 min, a rate of 8.8 birds per minute; there were 200 aircraft taking off during this period. The biggest bird–aircraft collision hazard is posed by African Sacred Ibis and Grey‐headed Gull. Respectively, these species contribute a mean of 111 kg per 10 min and 47.2 kg per 10 min biomass flying across the runway. We identify possible management options to reduce the hazard of bird–aircraft collisions. Our survey protocol and data treatment is easy to use, will add additional and important definition to existing activities to reduce bird–aircraft collisions and can provide comparable hazard information to aerodrome authorities and pilots. 相似文献
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香港特别行政区新界内有23 hm^2的鱼塘和22 hm^2的耕地,在“元朗-锦田-牛潭尾主要防洪改善计划”中被改变成两条防洪渠（防洪渠60号和43号）.于该防洪改善计划中的生态监察调查中发现这两条防洪渠的鸟类数量均较原先的生境大大减少.在耕地改变成防洪渠43号的过程中,鸟类密度由33.9 只/hm^2减少至2.2只/hm^2.在鱼塘改变成防洪渠60号的过程中,鸟类密度由5.2 只/hm^2 减少至0.4只/hm^2.研究亦发现一些原本在鱼塘和耕地很常见的鸟类物种因为生境被改变而消失.这些转变可能和食物,植被及生境复杂程度的减少有关.另一方面,为纾缓因这防洪改善计划中损失的耕地生境,渠务署在防洪渠43号的河岸铺上混凝土草格,促进植物繁衍,为鸟类提供生境.但研究发现以混凝土草格建造的草坡并未能提供有效的纾缓措施,取代耕地生境以减少生态影响. 相似文献