中国丛藓科六种植物孢子形态的研究

本文通过光学显微镜和扫描电镜观察了丛藓科(Pottiaceae)六种孢子的形态特征。在近极薄壁区的有无及形状、外壁纹饰的细微结构及分布等方面有区别。显示了同科不同属(Genus)、种(Species)间的遗传分化。但六种孢子的形态、大小、外壁厚度等方面具有较大的相似性。从孢粉学角度证实丛藓科可能是一个自然分类群。从孢粉形态和萌发孔类型上分析,六种丛藓孢子比泥炭藓(Sphagnum)进化。从孢粉萌发孔演化方面看,与裸子植物和被子植物比较,苔藓的近极萌发孔是处于原始位置。     

中国丛藓科六种植物孢子形态的研究

本文通过光学显微镜和扫描电镜观察了丛藓科（Ｐｏｔｉａｃｅａｅ）六种孢子的形态特征。在近极薄壁区的有无及形状、外壁纹饰的细微结构及分布等方面有区别。显示了同科不同属（Ｇｅｎｕｓ）、种（Ｓｐｅｃｉｅｓ）间的遗传分化。但六种孢子的形态、大小、外壁厚度等方面具有较大的相似性。从孢粉学角度证实丛藓科可能是一个自然分类群。从孢粉形态和萌发孔类型上分析,六种丛藓孢子比泥炭藓（Ｓｐｈａｇｎｕｍ）进化。从孢粉萌发孔演化方面看,与裸子植物和被子植物比较,苔藓的近极萌发孔是处于原始位置。     

扫描电镜下的花粉(封面、封二及封三照片说明)

孢粉学是一门研究孢子和花粉的新兴学科,其中孢子和花粉形态的研究是孢粉学的基础。它为植物分类提供了重要的资料,也为化石孢粉的鉴定提供了可靠的依据。通过孢粉分析可以进一步探讨古地理、古气候、古植     

陕南寒武系底部磷酸盐化保存的寒武松藻属化石新知

本文描述了产于我国陕西西乡寒武系底部磷矿层中的藻类化石,在标本中发现多种藻枝保存类型和可能的"固着器"等特征;由于藻体微小、藻管中空等特征而将其归入蓝菌类寒武松藻属;可为早寒武世早期的藻类繁盛提供了新的小生境和新的食物来源、加速了后生动物的进化。     

乌蕨配子体发育及卵发生的显微观察

采用光学显微镜对乌蕨的配子体发育及卵发生的过程进行了研究,以阐明蕨类植物颈卵器发育特征,为揭示蕨类植物有性生殖机制以及鳞始蕨科的演化提供依据。结果表明:(1)乌蕨孢子黄褐色,具单裂缝,表面平滑或呈疣状纹饰;孢子接种12d萌发,萌发类型为书带蕨型,原叶体发育类型为铁线蕨型。(2)半薄切片观察表明,乌蕨颈卵器产生于原叶体生长点下方的表面细胞,即颈卵器原始细胞,该细胞经过两次分裂形成纵向3层细胞,最上层细胞发育为颈卵器的颈部壁细胞,中间层细胞即初生细胞再经过两次不等分裂产生颈沟细胞、腹沟细胞和卵细胞,此三细胞最初紧密贴合,随着颈卵器的发育,卵细胞与腹沟细胞间从两侧向中间产生分离腔,且腹沟细胞与颈沟细胞开始退化;分离腔逐渐向中间扩大,直至出现孔状结构,即受精孔;颈卵器发育后期,在卵细胞上表面形成染色较深的卵膜,颈沟细胞与腹沟细胞退化成絮状物。     

山东水龙骨科植物孢粉学研究及其在分类上的意义

基于Flora of China采用国际石松类和蕨类植物新分类系统,其水龙骨科(Polypodiaceae)不仅涵盖了秦仁昌分类系统中的水龙骨科(Polypodiaceae) 20多属,而且还包括槲蕨科(Drynariaceae)、鹿角蕨科(Platyceriaceae)等独立的科。水龙骨科(Polypodiaceae)新分类系统种类较多、分类复杂,需要对其合理性和孢粉学在新分类系统中的意义进行新的探讨。该文首次以新分类系统为依据,采用扫描电镜对山东分布的水龙骨科(Polypodiaceae)植物孢子形态及其周壁纹饰亚显微结构进行了系统地观察。结果表明:该科孢子形态为圆肾形,左右对称,具周壁,其周壁纹饰在种内稳定,在亚科、属及种间区别显著。孢粉学研究结果,支持槲蕨亚科、鹿角蕨亚科分别列于水龙骨科下的两个亚科;基于山东假瘤蕨孢子周壁纹饰,并结合叶片形态特征,山东假瘤蕨(Phymatopteris shandongensis J.X.Li et C.Y.Wang)应为一个独立的新种,不宜并入金鸡脚假瘤蕨[Phymatopteris hastata (Thunb.) Pic.Serm.]。依据《国际植物命名法规》和Flora of China分类系统,山东假瘤蕨(Phymatopteris shandongensis J.X.Li et C.Y.Wang)新组合为山东假瘤蕨[Selliguea shandongensis (J.X.Li et C.Y.Wang) J.X.LiX.J.Li,comb.nov.]。该研究结果不仅首次为水龙骨科植物孢粉学积累了新资料,而且也为其新分类系统提供了孢粉学的科学依据,与DNA分类系统相吻合,证明其新分类系统的合理性和科学性,在构建水龙骨科及其亚科的自然分类系统中具有重要意义。     

华南紫萁和粗齿紫萁的配子体发育研究

以腐叶土为基质 ,对华南紫萁和粗齿紫萁进行了孢子繁殖 ;利用Olympus显微镜观察和记录了它们的孢子萌发和配子体发育过程。结果表明 ,两者的孢子及配子体性状极为相似 :孢子同型 ,三裂缝 ,壁厚 ,含叶绿体 ,萌发快 ;在常温下 ,孢子的存活期短 ;孢子萌发需要光 ,萌发类型为紫萁型 ;丝状体阶段不发达 ,仅 2～ 3个细胞 ;原叶体无毛状体 ,中脉厚 ,精子器和颈卵器较大 ;由原叶体发育成幼孢子体所需时间极长。不同之处 :粗齿紫萁的孢子和精子器大些、颈卵器成对着生、成熟配子体多数为雌雄异株、受精率极低。华南紫萁和粗齿紫萁的孢子及配子体发育特点与紫萁、分株紫萁、绒紫萁、桂皮紫萁的极为相似 ,它们既具有大量的原始性状 ,也具有少数进化性状 ,支持把紫萁科列入原始薄囊蕨纲的观点。此外 ,也从孢子和配子体性状方面说明了紫萁属是一个自然的分类群     

中更新世晚期中国古人类化石的形态多样性及其演化意义

近年对许家窑、许昌、华龙洞、澎湖、夏河、哈尔滨等人类化石开展的系统研究,引发了学界对中更新世晚期人类演化及分类的不同认识。基于对相关中国人类化石形态特征的分析,作者提出这一时期中国人类化石形态特征表现为四种类型：1）以中更新世晚期人类共有特征为主;2）以原始特征为主;3）以现代特征为主;4）独特形态组合。多数化石形态特征表现为前三种类型,而许昌和许家窑这种以硕大的头骨和巨大颅容量构成的独特形态组合在其他同时期化石还没有发现。化石形态的多样性提示,不同类型的中更新世晚期中国古人类对现代人的形成贡献不同。作者认为在该时期的人类化石形态多样性规律还未阐明的情况下,将具有混合或镶嵌特征的相关人类化石归入分类地位不确定的人群较为合适。     

我国旋花科植物花粉形态的研究

本文用光学显微镜和扫描电镜对16属46种2变种的旋花科植物花粉形态进行了观察。本科的花粉为多类型。3沟为基本的萌发孔类型。根据萌发孔的形状、位置和数目,本科花粉可分为3沟、4-11沟、散沟和散孔4个类型。根据孢粉学资料、本文对菟丝子属(Cuscuta)在旋花科中的分类位置及其本科萌发孔的演化趋向等问题进行了讨论。     

苏铁蕨配子体发育的研究

用无机培养基培养苏铁蕨(Brainea insignis (Hook.)J.Sm.)的孢子,显微镜下观察记录其孢子萌发及配子体形态发育过程.结果表明:孢子褐色,单裂缝,具周壁,稍褶皱.接种3 d左右孢子萌发,萌发类型为书带蕨型(VittariaType),原叶体发育类型为槲蕨型(Drynaria Type).接种15 d左右发育为片状体.接种25 d左右发育为成熟原叶体,呈心形,其翼面和翼缘均分布有毛状体.精子器由3细胞构成,成熟颈卵器颈部由4列细胞组成,4～5层细胞高.     

The importance of fungi in shaping the paleoecosystem

Although fungi have a long geologic history, many aspects regarding their origins and subsequent evolution remain impossible to document from the fossil record. As heterotrophs, fungi must interact with other organisms, and it is here that the fossil record can provide an important source of biological and paleoecological information about fungal interactions. Saprophytic, parasitic and biotrophic interactions among fungi and other organisms are ancient; examples of these interrelationships are discussed as they relate to the establishment and evolution of the biological and physical paleoecosystem.     

Palaeoanellus dimorphus gen. et sp. nov. (Deuteromycotina): a Cretaceous predatory fungus

In habitats where nitrogen is the limiting factor, carnivorous fungi gain an advantage by preying on nematodes and other microorganisms. These fungi are abundant in modern terrestrial ecosystems, but they are not predestined for preservation as fossils. Conclusions on their evolutionary history are therefore mainly based on molecular studies that are generally limited to those taxa that have survived until today. Here we present a fossil dimorphic fungus that was found in Late Albian amber from southwestern France. This fungus possessed unicellular hyphal rings as trapping devices and formed blastospores from which a yeast stage developed. The fossil probably represents an anamorph of an ascomycete and is described as Palaeoanellus dimorphus gen. et sp. nov. Because predatory fungi with regular yeast stages are not known from modern ecosystems, the fungus is assumed to not be related to any Recent carnivorous fungus and to belong to an extinct lineage of carnivorous fungi. The inclusions represent the only record of fossil fungi that developed trapping devices, so far. The fungus lived c. 100 million years ago in a limnetic-terrestrial microhabitat, and it was a part of a highly diverse biocenosis at the forest floor of a Cretaceous coastal amber forest.     

First reliable record of a fossil species of Anthomyiidae (Diptera), with comments on the definition of recent and fossil clades in phylogenetic classification

All previous records of fossil Anthomyiidae are shown to be unsubstantiated. A female anthomyiid of a new genus and species is hereby described from a piece of Dominican amber (Upper Eocene-Oligocene). Character analysis suggests that the fossil, Coenosopsites poinari gen. & sp. nov. , belongs to a Neotropical clade with two recent genera, Phaonantho Albuquerque and Coenosopsia Malloch. Evidence for a sister-group relationship between Coenosopsites poinari and the genus Coenosopsia is provided. Clades are the only acceptable units of phylogenetic classification. Combining fossil and recent clades in phylogenetic classification requires them to be temporally delimited. Proper application of phylogenetic definitions is essential for this purpose. It is proposed that the units of phylogenetic classification should be taxa for recent clades and plesia for fossil clades. A taxon is defined as node-based with reference to its recent species, while a plesion is defined as apomorphy-based. The term lineage is proposed for a recent clade defined as stem-based with reference to its recent sister group. Individual recent species represent clades that can be incorporated into phylogenetic classification as minimal taxon units. Individual fossil species may not represent clades and thus do not count as proper units of phylogenetic classification. However, the names of fossil species are readily construed also to signify plesia with the fossil species as their only known component. As such, they are proper units of phylogenetic classification.     

Fossils as keys to evolution in fungi.

Both flagellated and nonflagellated fungi have an extensive fossil record, which is, however, unevenly documented and often difficult to interpret. Recent work on Silurian, Devonian and Carboniferous terrestrial assemblages has provided plausible evidence for all major groups of extant fungi in the Paleozoic. Key events in fungal macroevolution thus probably took place in the early Paleozoic or the late Precambrian, and the likelihood of finding definitive fossil evidence for them is small. The fossil record also provides evidence for morphological conservatism and early establishment of a spectrum of intimate associations between fungi and vascular plants. A model for the origin of terrestrial fungi involving two distinct lines of biotrophs in lichen-like symbioses with algae is proposed.     

The smut fungi of the world. A survey

After a short historical review, our current knowledge about the smut fungi of the world, their number, classification, occurrence on host plant groups and their relationship to other groups of fungi are presented. Surprising results of the new classification of smut fungi are shown. The estimated number of existing species, expected results and trends in smut fungus taxonomy, the necessity and modalities of the conservation of smut fungi and the preparation of an illustrated world monograph of smut fungi are discussed.     

Smut fungi (Basidiomycota p.p., Ascomycota p.p.) of the world. novelties, selected examples, trends

After defining the meaning of the term 'smut fungus', their current taxonomic classification is presented. There are to date, 1640 'true' species of smut fungi that are classified into 2 phyla, 2 subphyla, 4 classes, 8 orders, 24 families and 90 genera. Recent changes to the classification of the smut fungi have produced some surprises when compared to their traditional classification. The variability of the symptoms produced by the smut fungi on their host plants, and the great morphological diversity of the spores is illustrated by selected pictures. Trends and perspectives in the research of the taxonomy of smut fungi are discussed. On the occasion of the imminent world monograph of smut fungi the necessity for urgent measures ensuring their global conservation is stressed. If present trends of habitat destruction continue, caused in large part by the human population explosion, many of the estimated 4000 to 4500 species of smut fungi become extinct before they are even discovered.     

No support for the emergence of lichens prior to the evolution of vascular plants

The early‐successional status of lichens in modern terrestrial ecosystems, together with the role lichen‐mediated weathering plays in the carbon cycle, have contributed to the long and widely held assumption that lichens occupied early terrestrial ecosystems prior to the evolution of vascular plants and drove global change during this time. Their poor preservation potential and the classification of ambiguous fossils as lichens or other fungal–algal associations have further reinforced this view. As unambiguous fossil data are lacking to demonstrate the presence of lichens prior to vascular plants, we utilize an alternate approach to assess their historic presence in early terrestrial ecosystems. Here, we analyze new time‐calibrated phylogenies of ascomycete fungi and chlorophytan algae, that intensively sample lineages with lichen symbionts. Age estimates for several interacting clades show broad congruence and demonstrate that fungal origins of lichenization postdate the earliest tracheophytes. Coupled with the absence of unambiguous fossil data, our work finds no support for lichens having mediated global change during the Neoproterozoic‐early Paleozoic prior to vascular plants. We conclude by discussing our findings in the context of Neoproterozoic‐Paleozoic terrestrial ecosystem evolution and the paleoecological context in which vascular plants evolved.     

化石分散角质层的分类和命名概述

本文扼要地报道了前人对化石分散角质层分类和命名的进展,其中详细地介绍了Roselt和Schneider两种分类法。作者根据实践,认为气孔的有无、气孔器的组合类型和垂周壁的形态,可作为建立化石分散角质层的大类、类和亚类等较高的分类单位。     

Fungi as Geologic Agents

Although many studies on fungi and geological processes have been published in recent years, books and congress proceedings on geomicrobiology focus mainly on prokaryotes and algae. Therefore, it is the aim of this review to summarize data on the fungal impact on geological processes. These processes include the alteration and weathering of rock and minerals, the accumulation of metals, and the conversion of fossil organic carbon. Fossil records and fungi in subsurface environments are also discussed. This article especially emphasizes the role of epi- and endolithic black meristematic fungi, discussing their deteriorative potential on rock as well as their taxonomy and phylogeny. Moreover, the impact of fungi on weathering of monuments and building materials is described and new methods to study fungi-material interactions are presented. The data summarized here show that "geomycology" is a highly interesting discipline in view of basic geological research, as well as biotechnological application.