Phenotypic modulation of cultured bladder smooth muscle cells and the expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase

Phenotypic modulation of smooth muscle is associated with various pathological conditions, including bladder dysfunction. Cytoskeletal dynamics modulate the cell phenotype and were recently shown to be involved in regulation of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS). We tested the hypothesis that the cell differentiation status affects iNOS expression, and that iNOS is preferentially expressed in immature dedifferentiated bladder smooth muscle cells (BSMC). Isolated at BSMC were put into different stages of differentiation by serum deprivation on laminin-coated plates in the presence of IGF-I and by interaction with Rho signaling and actin polymerization. iNOS and smooth muscle-myosin heavy chain (SM-MHC) protein expression were investigated with Western blot analysis. Our results showed iNOS protein in BSMC exposed to interleukin-1 beta (2 ng/ml) + TNF-alpha (50 ng/ml). Growth of BSMC in serum-free medium on laminin in the presence of IGF-I increased SM-MHC expression, whereas cytokine-induced iNOS was inhibited. Disruption of F-actin with latrunculin B (0.5 microM) potentiated iNOS expression and decreased SM-MHC expression. Rho inhibition with C3 (2.5 microg/ml) increased iNOS expression, whereas SM-MHC expression was slightly decreased. Rho-kinase inhibition with Y-27632 (10 microM) mediated a decrease in iNOS and a slight increase in SM-MHC expression. In conclusion, the capacity of BSMC to express iNOS was negatively correlated to differentiation status measured as SM-MHC expression. Actin cytoskeletal dynamics and Rho signaling are involved in regulation of cytokine-induced iNOS expression in BSMC. Phenotypic changes and impairment in actin cytoskeleton formation may potentiate cytokine activation and in turn increase nitric oxide production in the bladder during disease.     

Role of actin cytoskeleton in LPS-induced NF-kappaB activation and nitric oxide production in murine macrophages

Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) is a major cell wall component of Gram-negative bacteria and is known to cause actin cytoskeleton reorganization in a variety of cells including macrophages. Actin cytoskeleton dynamics influence many cell signaling pathways including the NF-kappaB pathway. LPS is also known to induce the expression of many pro-inflammatory genes via the NF-kappaB pathway. Here, we have investigated the role of actin cytoskeleton in LPS-induced NF-kappaB activation and signaling leading to the expression of iNOS and nitric oxide production. Using murine macrophages, we show that disruption of actin cytoskeleton by either cytochalasin D (CytD) or latrunculin B (LanB) does not affect LPS-induced NF-kappaB activation and the expression of iNOS, a NF-kappaB target gene. However, disruption of actin cytoskeleton caused significant reduction in LPS-induced nitric oxide production indicating a role of actin cytoskeleton in the post-translational regulation of iNOS.     

Induction of connective tissue growth factor by activation of heptahelical receptors. Modulation by Rho proteins and the actin cytoskeleton

Expression of connective tissue growth factor (CTGF) was induced in renal mesangial cells by activation of heptahelical receptors by serotonin (5-HT) and lysophosphatidic acid (LPA). Induction of CTGF mRNA was transient with maximal expression after 1 to 2 h, whereas induction of CTGF by transforming growth factor beta (TGF-beta) increased over time. In contrast to the induction of other early response genes (Egr-1 and cyclooxygenase-2), LPA-mediated induction of CTGF was pertussis toxin-insensitive and independent of p42/44 MAP kinase activation. 5-HT-mediated CTGF induction was due to activation of 5-HT(2A) receptors and likewise independent of p42/44 MAP kinase activation. Upon stimulation, enhanced levels of CTGF protein were detected in cellular homogenates, whereas no protein was detectable in cell culture supernatants. Inhibition of proteins of the Rho family by toxin B abrogated basal as well as CTGF expression stimulated by LPA, 5-HT, and TGF-beta. Inhibition of the downstream mediator of RhoA, the Rho kinase by Y-27632 partially reduced induction of CTGF by LPA and TGF-beta. Toxin B not only affected gene expression, but disrupted the actin cytoskeleton similarly as observed after treatment with cytochalasin D. Disassembly of actin stress fibers by cytochalasin D partially reduced basal and stimulated CTGF expression. These data indicate that an intact actin cytoskeleton is critical for the expression of CTGF. Elimination of the input of Rho proteins by toxin B, however, was significantly more effective and their effect on CTGF expression thus goes beyond disruption of the cytoskeleton. These findings thus establish activation of heptahelical receptors coupled to pertussis toxin-insensitive G proteins as a novel signaling pathway to induce CTGF. Proteins of the Rho family and an intact cytoskeleton were identified as critical determinants of CTGF expression induced by LPA and 5-HT, and also by TGF-beta.     

Statin blocks Rho/Rho-kinase signalling and disrupts the actin cytoskeleton: relationship to enhancement of LPS-mediated nitric oxide synthesis in vascular smooth muscle cells

We previously demonstrated statins to enhance cytokine-mediated nitric oxide (NO) synthesis in vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMC). To clarify the mechanism by which this occurs, we evaluated the effects of fluvastatin in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated VSMC. NO production induced by LPS was dose-dependently enhanced by fluvastatin, as were iNOS mRNA levels and iNOS protein expression. Exogenous mevalonate and geranylgeranylpyrophosphate (GGPP) dampened the stimulatory effect of fluvastatin. A pull-down assay demonstrated fluvastatin to decrease levels of GTP-bound Rho A. Moreover, a Rho-kinase inhibitor, Y-27632, was observed to enhance LPS-induced NO production. We recently demonstrated that disrupting F-actin formation dramatically potentiates the ability of LPS to induce iNOS mRNA and protein expression. In the present study, staining of F-actin with nitrobenzoxadiazole (NBD)-phallacidin demonstrated that fluvastatin significantly impairs F-actin stress fiber formation. In light of these results, the ability of statins to increase NO production is due, at least in part, to their ability to block the biosynthesis of mevalonate, thereby preventing isoprenoid biosynthesis. This inhibits Rho/Rho-kinase signalling and, in turn, disrupts the actin cytoskeleton. Further analysis of the signalling pathway by which the actin cytoskeleton affects iNOS expression might yield new insight into mechanisms of regulation of NO production.     

Dynamic compression of chondrocytes induces a Rho kinase-dependent reorganization of the actin cytoskeleton

The signal transduction mechanisms in chondrocytes that recognize applied forces and elicit the appropriate biochemical cellular responses are not well characterized. A current theory is that the actin cytoskeleton provides an intracellular framework onto which mechanosensation mechanisms are assembled. The actin cytoskeleton is linked to the extracellular matrix at multi-protein complexes called focal adhesions, and evidence exists that focal adhesions mediate the conversion of external physical forces into appropriate biochemical signal transduction events. The Rho GTPases affect the arrangement of actin cytoskeletal structures, and enhance the formation of focal adhesions, which link the cytoskeleton to the extracellular matrix. A major effector pathway downstream of Rho is the activation of Rho kinase (ROCK), which phosphorylates and activates Lim kinase, which in turn phosphorylates and inhibits the actin-depolymerizing protein cofilin. The objectives of this study were threefold: first, to quantify the actin reorganization in response to dynamic compression of agarose-embedded chondrocytes. Second, to test whether Rho kinase is required for the actin cytoskeletal reorganization induced by dynamic compression. Third, to test whether dynamic compression alters the intracellular localization of Rho kinase and actin remodeling proteins in chondrocytes. Dynamic compression of agarose-embedded chondrocytes induced actin cytoskeletal remodeling causing a significant increase in punctate F-actin structures. Rho kinase activity was required for these cytoskeletal changes. Dynamic compression increased the amount of phosphorylated Rho kinase. The chemokine CCL20 and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) were the most highly upregulated genes by dynamic compression and this response was reduced by the Rho kinase inhibitors. In conclusion, we show that dynamic compression induces changes in the actin cytoskeleton of agarose-embedded chondrocytes, and we establish methodology to quantify these changes. Furthermore, we show that Rho kinase activity is required for this actin reorganization and gene expression induced by dynamic compression.     

Nucleotide exchange factor GEF-H1 mediates cross-talk between microtubules and the actin cytoskeleton

Regulation of the actin cytoskeleton by microtubules is mediated by the Rho family GTPases. However, the molecular mechanisms that link microtubule dynamics to Rho GTPases have not, as yet, been identified. Here we show that the Rho guanine nucleotide exchange factor (GEF)-H1 is regulated by an interaction with microtubules. GEF-H1 mutants that are deficient in microtubule binding have higher activity levels than microtubule-bound forms. These mutants also induce Rho-dependent changes in cell morphology and actin organization. Furthermore, drug-induced microtubule depolymerization induces changes in cell morphology and gene expression that are similar to the changes induced by the expression of active forms of GEF-H1. Furthermore, these effects are inhibited by dominant-negative versions of GEF-H1. Thus, GEF-H1 links changes in microtubule integrity to Rho-dependent regulation of the actin cytoskeleton.     

Expression and potential function of Rho family small G proteins in cells of the mammalian seminiferous epithelium

Dynamic cellular rearrangements involving the actin cytoskeleton are required of both Sertoli and germ cells during spermatogenesis. Rho family small G proteins have been implicated in the control of the actin cytoskeleton in numerous cell types. Therefore, RhoA and Rac1 were investigated in Sertoli and germ cells. RhoA and Rac1 have been detected at both the mRNA and protein levels in these cells. In addition, Sertoli cell L-selectin is shown to interact with actin binding proteins, potentially providing a link between L-selectin and Rac1 signaling. Finally, inactivation of Sertoli cell Rho family proteins yields disruption of the actin cytoskeleton.     

Desensitization of the PDGFbeta receptor by modulation of the cytoskeleton: the role of p21(Ras) and Rho family GTPases

Ligand-induced PDGF-type beta receptor (PDGFbeta-R) autophosphorylation is profoundly suppressed in cells transformed by activated p21(Ras). We report here that the integrity of the actin cytoskeleton is a critical regulator of PDGFbeta-R function in the presence of p21(Ras). Morphological reversion of Balb cells expressing a constitutively activated p21(Ras), with re-formation of actin stress fibers and cytoskeletal architecture, rendering them phenotypically similar to untransformed fibroblasts, allowed recovery of ligand-dependent PDGFbeta-R autophosphorylation. Conversely, disruption of the actin cytoskeleton in Balb/c-3T3 cells obliterated the normal ligand-induced phosphorylation of the PDGFbeta-R. The Rho family GTPases Rac and Rho are activated by p21(Ras) and are critical mediators of cell motility and morphology via their influence on the actin cytoskeleton. Transient expression of wild-type or constitutively active mutant forms of RhoA suppressed ligand-dependent PDGFbeta-R autophosphorylation and downstream signal transduction. These studies demonstrate the necessary role of Rho in the inhibition of PDGFbeta-R autophosphorylation in cells containing activated p21(Ras) and also demonstrate the importance of cell context and the integrity of the actin cytoskeleton in the regulation of PDGFbeta-R ligand-induced autophosphorylation.     

Small Rho GTPases are important for acinus formation in a human salivary gland cell line

Rho GTPases participate in a wide variety of signal transduction pathways regulating the actin cytoskeleton, gene expression, cellular migration and proliferation. The aim of this study was to evaluate the role of Rho GTPases in signal transduction pathways during acinus formation in a human salivary gland (HSG) cell line initiated by extracellular matrix (ECM; Matrigel) alone or in combination with epidermal growth factor, basic fibroblast growth factor and lysophosphatidic acid (LPA). Immunohistochemical and Western blotting analyses showed that HSG cells contained RhoA, RhoB, Rac1 and Cdc42 proteins. All growth factors enhanced the effects of ECM on acinus formation, in a pathway dependent on PI3-kinase and Rho GTPases. The role of ROCK, a major RhoA effector, seemed limited to cortical actin polymerization. LPA stimulated cell migration and acinus formation in a PI3-kinase-independent pathway. The results suggest that Rho proteins are important for epithelial-mesenchymal interactions during salivary gland development.This work was supported by FAPESP (grant numbers: 97/09507-6, 01/09047-2).     

Clinorotation upregulates inducible nitric oxide synthase by inhibiting AP‐1 activation in human umbilical vein endothelial cells

Alterations of nitric oxide contribute to post‐flight orthostatic intolerance. The aim of this study was to investigate the changes of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and the mechanisms underlying regulation of iNOS by simulated microgravity in human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs). Clinorotation, a simulated‐model of microgravity, increased iNOS expression and promoter activity in HUVECs. The transactivations of NF‐κB and AP‐1 were suppressed by 24 h clinorotation. A key role for AP‐1, but not NF‐κB in the regulation of iNOS was shown. (1) PDTC, a NF‐κB inhibitor, had no effect on clinorotation upregulation of iNOS. (2) SP600125, a JNK‐specific inhibitor, which resulted in inhibition of AP‐1 activity, enhanced the iNOS expression and promoter activity in clinorotation. (3) Overexpression of AP‐1 remarkably attenuated the upregulation effect of clinorotation. These findings indicate that clinorotation upregulates iNOS in HUVECs by a mechanism dependent on suppression of AP‐1, but not NF‐κB. These results support a key role for AP‐1 in the signaling of postflight orthostatic intolerance. J. Cell. Biochem. 107: 357–363, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.     

血清反应因子参与RhoA诱导的人血管内皮细胞肌动蛋白骨架重构

为进一步阐明RhoA调控人脐静脉内皮细胞(human umbilical vein endothelial cell,HUVEC)肌动蛋白骨架重构的分子机制,用逆转录病毒感染并筛选出稳定表达持续活化型RhoA(Q63LRhoA)和主导抑制型RhoA(T19NRhoA)的HUVECs。应用免疫组化和Western blot方法分析去血清前后HUVECs血清反应因子(serum response factor,SRF)的表达及定位,Rhodamine-Phalloidine染色观察F-actin动态变化。结果显示,Q63LRhoA组细胞核中SRF表达增加,F-actin重排形成大量应力纤维;T19NRhoA组中SRF表达较弱,F-actin无明显改变,无应力纤维形成。去血清后,正常HUVECs(对照组)和感染细胞中SRF的表达均显著增加,但其亚细胞定位明显不同。对照组去血清培养3d,SRF主要定位在细胞核,去血清培养5d,SRF出核转位入细胞浆。Q63LRhoA组SRF发生核滞留,不随去血清培养时间延长发生出核转位现象。T19NRhoA组SRF的表达主要定位于细胞核周。对照组去血清培养3d,F-actin表达增加,同时形成大量应力纤维,去血清培养5d,细胞F-actin表达下调,应力纤维解聚。Q63LRhoA组F-actin重构持续发生并形成大量应力纤维,但不随去血清培养时间延长发生明显解聚。而T19NRhoA组F-actin表达不随去血清时间延长而增加。上述结果提示,RhoA介导HUVECs F-actin的重构与SRF的核转位现象密切相关。