传承与开拓：当代匠师方惠的传统造园叠山技艺及理论探究

对传统叠山匠师技艺进行考察研究，既是当代的传统风格造园实践的迫切需要，也是学术界对工匠文化研究及非物质文化遗产传承的必然要求。选择以当代匠师方惠的造园叠山技艺为研究对象，在调查访谈的基础上，从他的事业历程、创作理论和营造原则3个方面，认识其叠山技艺及其理论的核心要点，并探讨他对传统技艺的传承与开拓。     

江南园林甲天下，寄畅园林甲江南

寄畅园是张南垣一派造园叠山的重要作品,是张南垣及其传人作品中时间最早的一例,传承了张南垣造园理念的精华,营造出真实山林的境界。寄畅园由张鉽主持改筑,他与秦氏后人秦松龄合作,将其打造为一座一流的名园。如今政府部门应与秦家共同研究和保护寄畅园,秦氏的家族精神是寄畅园的核心之一,是值得复兴的中华文化。寄畅园在保护管理方面还可以进一步提升,恢复明清造园盛期的艺术风貌。     

翳然林水与平冈小陂：豫园与寄畅园掇山比较研究

豫园与寄畅园是两座始建于明代的古典园林。两园造园各具特色,是明清两代交替时江南园林的代表,其中对两园园林格局产生深远影响的,是两座园林中的假山。本文通过对两园的掇山格局尺度、堆掇技法、造景逻辑3方面进行比较,探讨我国古典园林假山堆掇在晚明清初园林营造中的若干艺术发展趋向与问题。     

天然植物园——龙栖山自然保护区

福建省将乐龙栖山省级自然保护区,坐落在将乐县西南部,系武夷山脉东南延伸支脉,以古传有龙潜于此而得名。全区面积6371.5公顷,森林覆盖率达97％,主峰高达1624米,为将乐最高峰,侧峰5座,海拔均在1500米以上。区内山高林茂,潭多水清,峰峦叠     

白居易园林山石观念与造景

以白居易园林山石相关诗文为研究对象,分析白居易于园林中筑台、堆岛、置石等山石造景的内容与方法,归纳其爱石、赏石、以石为景的审美理论,明确白居易在中国园林史上,特别是在引领山石造园与品赏立论及实践方面的重要地位。同时论证白居易在其癖爱自然思想的支配下,其山石造园与品赏受到园林是否存在于自然风景之中的影响,揭示其在自然山居中筑台借景,再在城市园林中置石造景,进而赏石为景的异同和变化过程。     

中国四川盆地南缘白垩纪中期的非鸟兽脚类行迹

描述中国贵州赤水地区白垩纪中期窝头山组(夹关组)宝源足迹点的七道非鸟兽脚类行迹.尽管统计的样本不甚充足,但足迹所在岩层的孢粉初步分析结果表明其时代可新至晚白垩世(最晚可晚于Cenomanian阶).这批足迹被归入似和平河足迹未定种(cf.Irenesauripus isp.),大多数足迹的跖趾垫区域保存了不同大小的跖骨...     

青海可可西里地区中三叠世晚期放射虫Spongoserrula rarauana动物群

本文描述的中三叠世拉丁晚期放射虫Spongoserrula rarauana 动物群产于青海可可西里地区西金乌兰湖北蛇形沟,包括8属,12种,2未定种,归属于4科3目。这个动物群是最近区调工作(2000—2002)中新发现的晚泥盆世、中二叠世和中三叠世放射虫动物群中时代最新的,在这个地区尚属首次报道。这些资料证实,可可西里洋盆存在的时代为晚泥盆世至中三叠世晚期,最后的闭合时间在拉丁晚期之后。这个洋盆的发展历史与云南西部昌宁 孟连地体所处的古特提斯洋盆基本一致,因而是古特提斯洋的北延部分。     

北京郊区发现罕见硅化木群

首都美丽的北部山区,巍巍群山环抱着秀丽的盆地和低矮的丘陵。在延庆盆地的东北边缘白河畔,保存着一片完好的木化石林,这就是我们不久前所发现的北京硅化木群。今年3月间,我们迎着初春的朝霞,怀着兴奋的心情去实地进行考察。汽车穿过八达岭层峦叠峰,越过开阔的延庆盆地,来到化石产地——下德龙湾。硅化木群就展现在白河北岸的矮丘低山。此地位于延庆县     

甘肃玉门大山口动物群层位及北祁连区二叠和三叠纪地层

重新研究了甘肃玉门含大山口动物群的地层,讨论了北祁连区二叠和三叠系划分,指出西大沟组存在误用,建议将上三叠统的西大沟组更名,将中二叠统产大山口动物群的西大沟组更名为青头山组,并将青头山剖面指定为青头山组命名剖面.     

三叶虫萤幼虫叠背行为

为了探究三叶虫萤幼虫的行为学特征,促进三叶虫萤的资源利用与人工养殖,本文采用控制变量法以三叶虫萤末龄幼虫为研究对象分析了幼虫在不同时间和空间密度的叠背现象,采取LY-WN超清显微系统拍照分析了三叶虫萤幼虫的背腹部结构与足部结构。结果表明,三叶虫萤各龄幼虫均表现出独特的叠背行为,且按照叠背的重合度区分,可分为相对叠背和集群叠背。叠背率随种群密度增加而增加,叠背率与种群密度的相关系数为0.8358。三叶虫萤幼虫的足含有较多的刚毛,且跗节延伸有倒勾;背部较宽,且具有起伏和分节结构;腹部含有大量小而细的刚毛和起伏结构。因此,三叶虫萤幼虫的叠背行为可能与足部结构、背腹部结构、接触时间、种群密度具有较大关系,且幼虫的叠背行为可能对其栖息、防卫、取食、迁移等行为活动具有重大意义。     

Definitions,measurements, and classifications of stimuli,situations, and environments

A review is presented of issues relevant to the definition, measurement, and classification of stimuli, situations, and environments. Problems such as the lack of adequate definitions of concepts, error and bias in measurement procedures, confusion between measurement of a concept and measurement of its behavioral effects, and the lack of agreement among alternative measures are emphasized. It is suggested that concepts be defined in terms of objective characteristics while allowing for the study of the transactional relationship between organism and environment. The work of the ethologists in defining stimuli while studying their relationship to different organismic states and situational contexts is emphasized in this regard. Following Brunswik, it is also suggested that wherever possible there be a representative sampling of variables in natural settings. Note from the editors: From time to time, Human Ecology will publish a review article. Our first in this series is a review by a psychologist of basic definitional and conceptual problems in environmental studies.This paper was prepared while the author was a Visiting Research Fellow at the Educational Testing Service. The support of ETS and my colleagues in the Division of Psychological Studies is gratefully acknowledged. The review was also supported in part by a grant from the Rutgers University Research Council.     

Exercise, dobutamine, and combined atropine, norepinephrine, and epinephrine compared

We compared the cardiovascular effects evoked in conscious dogs by 1) submaximal exercise; 2) infusion of dobutamine (40 micrograms X kg-1 X min-1); and 3) infusion of a combination of atropine (0.15 mg/kg), norepinephrine (0.19 micrograms X kg-1 X min-1), and epinephrine (0.05 micrograms X kg-1 X min-1). Myocardial O2 demand, as estimated by the double product (heart rate X systolic blood pressure), was similar during all three interventions. Cardiac output and heart rate increased significantly (P less than 0.05) during each of the three interventions. Arteriovenous O2 difference and total body O2 consumption, however, increased only during submaximal exercise. Although myocardial blood flow increased similarly during each of the three interventions, blood flow to skeletal muscle and the tongue increased only during exercise. Exercise and the combined infusion of atropine, norepinephrine, and epinephrine produced similar increases in blood flow to the diaphragm and similar decreases in blood flow to the stomach. These changes in blood flow were associated with appropriate changes in vascular resistance. Additionally, blood flow to the brain, kidney, adrenal glands, liver, and intestine did not change during any of the three interventions. Thus, in dogs, submaximal exercise, infusion of dobutamine, and infusion of a combination of atropine, norepinephrine, and epinephrine to evoke a given level of estimated myocardial O2 consumption produce similar increases in cardiac output, heart rate, and myocardial blood flow. In contrast, the changes in total body O2 consumption, arteriovenous O2 difference, regional blood flow, and regional vascular resistance that occur during each of these three interventions are different.     

Indians, Markets, and Rainforests: Theory, Methods, and Analysis

Indians, Markets, and Rainforests: Theory, Methods, and Analysis. Ricardo A. Godoy. New York: Columbia University Press, 2001. 274 pp.     

Synthesis,tautomerism, and antimicrobial,anti-HCV,anti-SSPE,antioxidant, and antitumor activities of arylazobenzosuberones

2-Dimethylaminomethylene-1-benzosuberone 1 was coupled with diazotized aniline derivatives to afford a series of the hitherto unreported 2-arylazo-1-benzosuberones 3a–i. The tautomeric structure and the effect of substituents on the tautomeric form (s) of the products 3a–i were discussed. Similar coupling of the enaminone 1 with diazonium salts of heterocyclic amines gave the respective fused azolotriazino-benzosuberones. Some of the newly synthesized compounds showed potent antimicrobial, anti-HCV, antioxidant, antitumor (as topoisomerase I inhibitors), and antimicrobial activities.     

Incorporating Science,Technology, Fairness,and Accountability in Environmental,Health, and Safety Decisions

The Precautionary Principle is in sharp political focus today because (1) the nature of scientific uncertainty is changing and (2) there is increasing pressure to base governmental action on more “rational” schemes, such as cost-benefit analysis and quantitative risk assessment, the former being an embodiment of ‘rational choice theory’ promoted by the Chicago school of law and economics. The Precautionary Principle has been criticized as being both too vague and too arbitrary to form a basis for rational decision making. The assumption underlying this criticism is that any scheme not based on cost-benefit analysis and risk assessment is both irrational and without secure foundation in either science or economics. This paper contests that view and makes explicit the rational tenets of the Precautionary Principle within an analytical framework as rigorous as uncertainties permit, and one that mirrors democratic values embodied in regulatory, compensatory, and common law. Unlike other formulations that reject risk assessment, this paper argues that risk assessment can be used within the formalism of tradeoff analysis—a more appropriate alternative to traditional cost-benefit analysis and one that satisfies the need for well-grounded public policy decision making. This paper will argue that the precautionary approach is the most appropriate basis for policy, even when large uncertainties do not exist, especially where the fairness of the distributions of costs and benefits of hazardous activities and products are a concern. Furthermore, it will offer an approach to making decisions within an analytic framework, based on equity and justice, to replace the economic paradigm of utilitarian cost-benefit analysis.