城市能源与城市生态系统

随着城市经济的发展、能耗的增加和人口的增长,城市生态系统的平衡正日益受到大气环境污染的严重影响。城市人群,由于长期接触高浓度的煤烟型的污染,支气管炎、支气管哮喘,肺气肿和肺心病的发病率在逐年增加。局地的高浓度的悬浮颗粒物,例如道路尘,使厂区周围或道路两旁的植物叶表面产生伤斑,叶面枯萎脱落;长期高浓度的污染对植物产生不可见的危害,因生理机能受到影响,造成生长缓慢,品质变坏,降低对病虫害的抵抗能力,致使鸟类减少和生态环境恶化。为此,综合整治城市的大气环境,改善和恢复生态系统的完整性,当前在城市规则中势在必行。     

城市病诊断与城市生态系统健康评价

在总结国内外城市病现象和病因的基础上,提出了城市生态系统健康的五大功能,即承载力、支持力、吸引力、延续力和发展力,概括为CSAED模型,分析了与此相对应的限制城市功能的瓶颈因子,将城市病的各项病征与城市功能相联系,并以此为基本框架,构建了城市病诊断和城市生态系统健康的评价体系.基于城市生态系统的发展目标,将梯度型隶属度函数、改进均方差法、加权欧氏距离算法等进行综合集成,建立了一套便于推广比较的城市生态系统健康评价模型算法.以北京市为案例,进行了城市病的单因子诊断和城市生态系统健康评价,计算了北京市1999～2005年的城市生态系统健康指数,并分析了北京市发生城市病的原因、城市病所处的阶段等.研究对于我国城市病诊断与解决,以及城市生态系统健康评价具有重要参考意义.     

城市中学生物课堂教学如何为城市经济建设服务

国家教委颁布的全日制中学《生物学教学大纲》中明文规定,生物学的教学目的和要求,第一就是“要求学生比较系统地掌握关于植物和动物的形态结构、生理、分类、遗传和变异、生物进化和生态学等方面的基础知识,以及这些知识在农业、医药、工业.国防上的应用.”《大纲》十分明确地指出了中学生物学教学要为当地的经济建设服务.《大纲》同时还要求:“选取生物学基础知识,要密切联系工农业生产实际”,“要密切联系各地的自然实际”,“生物课主要讲述生物学基础知识,以及这些知识在农业生产上的应用.”     

城市中的野生动物

城市里面都有什么野生动物？或者说,城市里面有野生动物吗？ 我们不是说蜜蜂、蝴蝶那些小虫子,也不是在说麻雀、喜鹊这些常见的鸟类。我们是在说那些真正的哺乳动物,那些一般人觉得要在动物世界和Discovery Channel里面才能看到的野生哺乳动物。     

城市森林研究进展

城市森林是一门正在形成和发展的新兴学科 ,它从森林学的角度 ,对城市这一人类活动的中心进行研究探讨 ,为我们认识和解决当代城市问题 ,开辟了新的思路。随着城市人口剧增 ,工业化进程加速发展 ,城市环境质量迅速下降 ,造成了大气、水、土壤、噪声等污染 ,而且使城市热岛效应不断加剧 ,严重损害了人类的身心健康。我国已经开始关注和探讨城市森林建设 ,但目前多局限于理论研究上 ,具体实践还刚起步 ,对城市森林的概念、范畴、原则、标准和实施措施还有不同的理解 ,并且许多研究还囿于林业的范畴 ,如何真正与城市有机结合还有待于进一步探讨…     

城市废物资源化

废物资源化处理是把垃圾作为次生资源加以开发利用,保持城市的生态平衡．首先对垃圾实行分类收集,隔离“危险废物”,防止它在一般生活垃圾中混杂残留．其次是实行工厂化分选,回收有价物资和制肥原料．最基本的资源化出路是筛分出垃圾的大部分组分制作农肥,当前的垃圾组成已具备了这种条件,国外也有许多成功例子可资借鉴     

城市型昆虫

城市型昆虫城市是人类集中居住的一种人造环境,然而人类并不是城市的唯一居民,随着城市的发展,又搬来了一类新的居民,这就是城市适应型昆虫（简称城市型昆虫）。众所周知,昆虫是地球上古老的和最大的生物类群,它们的故乡在山野和沟壑之间。近百年来,由于城市规模的...     

城市湿地概念和功能及中国城市湿地保护

随着城市化进程加快,城市湿地保护问题日益突出。城市湿地是存在于城市区域之内的湿地,其生态服务功能与乡野湿地有着明显不同。受人为活动干扰强烈,中国城市湿地存在面积缩小、功能退化、污染严重,特别是富营养化现象突出。而由于长期对城市湿地研究薄弱,对湿地功能与价值认识存在偏差,以及城市湿地保护较高的机会成本,使得中国城市湿地保护面临诸多困难。本文在分析中国城市湿地存在的问题基础上,提出中国城市湿地保护对策,并就当前中国城市湿地研究与保护问题进行探讨。     

Urban biogeography

Summary Species richness and abundance of Diptera and Coleoptera were assessed in nine city parks in Cincinnati, Ohio, USA. Species richness for each park was related to the area of the park in a manner predicted by island biogeography theory. The z values for the Diptera and Coleoptera were 0.235 and 0.222 respectively. These values are somewhat higher than expected for continental islands and suggest that the Diptera and Coleoptera in these parks are as isolated as many species which occur on true oceanic islands.A stepwise multiple regression was conducted, regressing species richness against several aspects of habitat diversity in the parks. It was found that area alone was the best predictor of species richness. This result, coupled with data on population sizes, suggests that increased area acts primarily to reduce extinction rates rather than to provide new habitats for specialized species.     

《城市昆虫学》

<正> 该书由美国加利福尼亚大学昆虫学教授艾伯聆(Walter Ebeling)著。1975年初版,1978、1983年两次修订,新版由美国加利福尼亚大学农业科学出版社(Agricultural ScieaccsPublications,Division of Agricultural Sciences,University of California)出版,全书619页,引用论文1,800多篇,并进行了评述,报道了作者在实验室和田间的大量研究结果,附有391幅黑白图片说明、8页彩色标本原照和10张表格。 作者近年致力于研究与城市社会有关的各种有害生物,尤其是对那些与市民公共健康有关的昆虫,主要包括有白蚁、蟑螂、蚊、蝇、蚋、跳蚤、蚂蚁、胡蜂、纤维和贮藏食品害虫,以及蜘蛛、蜱、螨和啮齿类动物等。     

Urban Metabolism

Urban metabolism studies have been established for only a few cities worldwide, and difficulties obtaining adequate statistical data are universal. Constraints and peculiarities call for innovative methods to quantify the materials entering and leaving city boundaries. Such methods include the extrapolation of data at the country or the region level based, namely, on sales, population, commuters, workers, and waste produced.
The work described in this article offers a new methodology developed specifically for quantifying urban material flows, making possible the regular compilation of data pertinent to the characterization of a city's metabolism. This methodology was tested in a case study that characterized the urban metabolism of the city of Lisbon by quantifying Lisbon's material balance for 2004. With this aim, four variables were characterized and linked to material flows associated with the city: absolute consumption of materials/products per category, throughput of materials in the urban system per material category, material intensity of economic activities, and waste flows per treatment technology.
Results show that annual material consumption in Lisbon totals 11.223 million tonnes (20 tonnes per capita), and material outputs sum 2.149 million tonnes. Nonrenewable resources represent almost 80% of the total material consumption, and renewables consumption (biomass) constitutes only 18% of the total consumption. The remaining portion is made up of nonspecified materials.
A seemingly excessive consumption amount of nonrenewable materials compared to renewables may be the result of a large investment in building construction and a significant shift toward private car traveling, to the detriment of public transportation.     

Urban noise pollution

Noise is responsible for cochlear and general damages. Hearing loss and tinnitus greatly depend on sound intensity and duration. Short-duration sound of sufficient intensity (gunshot or explosion) will not be described because they are not currently encountered in our normal urban environment. Sound levels of less than 75 d (A) are unlikely to cause permanent hearing loss, while sound levels of about 85 d (A) with exposures of 8 h per day will produce permanent hearing loss after many years. Popular and largely amplified music is today one of the most dangerous causes of noise induced hearing loss. The intensity of noises (airport, highway) responsible for stress and general consequences (cardiovascular) is generally lower. Individual noise sensibility depends on several factors. Strategies to prevent damage from sound exposure should include the use of individual hearing protection devices, education programs beginning with school-age children, consumer guidance, increased product noise labelling, and hearing conservation programs for occupational settings.