Ca2+在水杨酸诱发的丹参培养细胞培养基碱化过程中的作用

利用质膜钙离子通道抑制剂LaCl3、异搏定(Verapamil,VP),钙离子载体A23187,内膜系统钙离子通道抑制剂2-APB和LiCl处理,研究水杨酸(SA)诱发的丹参培养细胞内Ca2+迸发在培养基碱化过程中的作用。结果显示:SA处理诱发丹参培养细胞培养基碱化,质膜钙离子通道抑制剂LaCl3和VP、内膜系统钙离子通道抑制剂2-APB和LiCl单独处理均可显著抑制SA处理诱发的培养基碱化过程,但质膜钙离子通道抑制剂对SA处理诱发的培养基碱化的抑制作用要显著强于内膜系统钙离子通道抑制剂;当两类钙离子通道抑制剂同时使用,培养基碱化过程被完全抑制,甚至培养基出现酸化趋势;钙离子载体A23187可以显著促进培养基碱化过程。以上结果说明,由水杨酸诱发的胞外Ca2+内流与胞内钙库Ca2+释放均参与了丹参培养基碱化的诱导过程,但胞外Ca2+内流的作用更重要。本研究揭示了SA诱发的Ca2+与丹参细胞培养基碱化之间的关系,为更深层次地阐明植物次生代谢调控机制提供理论基础。     

H2O2参与水杨酸诱导丹参培养细胞中丹酚酸B合成的信号转导

过氧化氢(Hydrogen peroxide,H2O2)为活性氧(Reactive oxygen species,ROS)的一种,存在于许多生物体系中并介导植物中多种生理和生化过程。为了探讨H2O2作为信号分子在水杨酸(Salicylic acid,SA)诱导丹参培养细胞合成丹酚酸B(Salvianolic acid B,Sal B)过程中的作用,分别考察了SA和H2O2、过氧化氢酶(Catalase,CAT)、二甲基硫脲(2-(4-carboxy-2-phenyl)-4,4,5,5-tetramethylimidazoline-1-oxyl-3-oxide,DMTU)及咪唑(Imidazole,IMD)对苯丙氨酸解氨酶(Phenylalanine ammonia-lyase,PAL)和酪氨酸氨基转移酶(Tyrosine aminotransferase,TAT)的活性及Sal B含量的影响。结果表明,SA处理可有效地诱导丹参培养细胞中H2O2产生、PAL和TAT活性升高以及Sal B合成积累量的增加;外源施加10～30 mmol/L H2O2也可以有效促进PAL、TAT活性升高和Sal B合成积累量的增加;用H2O2的清除剂CAT处理发现,CAT对SA或外源H2O2诱导的Sal B合成积累具有消除作用,说明H2O2可能作为SA诱导Sal B积累过程中的上游信号分子起作用;用H2O2淬灭剂DMTU处理,可以有效抑制SA对Sal B合成的促进作用;用质膜烟酰胺腺嘌呤二核苷酸(Nicotinamide vadenine dinucleotide phosphate,NADPH)氧化酶(H2O2来源的主要酶)抑制剂IMD处理,可以抑制Sal B的合成,但这种抑制效果可以部分被外源施加的SA削弱,说明通过HADPH氧化酶产生的H2O2受阻时,SA诱导的Sal B合成积累也会受到抑制。表明H2O2是介导SA诱导丹参培养细胞中Sal B合成积累的信号分子。     

Ca2+对水杨酸诱发的丹参幼苗丹酚酸B生物合成的影响

为研究Ca2+在水杨酸诱导丹参幼苗丹酚酸B生物合成过程中的作用,分别用激光共聚焦显微镜和高效液相色谱仪检测胞外Ca2+通道抑制剂Vp和LaCl3,胞内Ca2+通道抑制剂LiCl以及胞内钙调素拮抗剂TFP处理前、后水杨酸诱导丹参叶片保卫细胞内Ca2+荧光强度和丹酚酸B含量的变化。结果表明,水杨酸 (SA) 处理后6 min即可诱发丹参幼苗叶片保卫细胞内Ca2+迸发,持续时间为2~3 min,丹参幼苗丹酚酸B生物合成量亦显著增加,且丹酚酸B合成量的增加发生在Ca2+迸发之后。胞外Ca2+通道抑制剂,胞内Ca2+通道抑制剂以及胞内钙调素拮抗剂均可抑制水杨酸诱导的Ca2+迸发和丹酚酸B的生物合成。结果表明水杨酸诱发的Ca2+对丹参幼苗丹酚酸B生物合成具有重要的调控作用。     

MeJA诱导的拟南芥保卫细胞H2O2积累与质膜H+-ATPase的关系

茉莉酸类物质(JAs)作为与昆虫啃噬及损伤相关的植物激素和信号分子在植物防御反应中起重要作用,但是茉莉酸引起的早期防御反应的机理仍不清楚。该研究以拟南芥叶片保卫细胞为材料,结合非损伤微测(NMT)及激光共聚焦技术探讨了茉莉酸诱导的保卫细胞中质膜H+-ATPase与H2O2积累的调控关系。结果表明:茉莉酸甲酯(MeJA)处理导致H+迅速跨膜外排和H2O2积累,H+外排和H2O2积累能够被钒酸钠抑制,而二苯基碘(DPI)处理则对MeJA诱导的H+跨膜外排无显著影响。研究结果证明,在MeJA诱导的早期信号事件中,质膜H+-ATPase的激活先于H2O2的产生。     

在耐热性诱导中豌豆叶片过氧化氢和水杨酸含量与质膜ATP酶活性的变化及相互关系

在高温锻炼(37℃,2h)过程中,豌豆(Pisum sativum L.)叶片过氧化氢(H_2O_2)和游离态水杨酸(SA)含量与质膜ATP酶(H~ -ATPase)活性都有一个高峰,H_2O_2的迸发早于游离态SA的积累,而质膜H~ -ATPase活性高峰的出现则迟于SA高峰;活性氧清除剂、抗氧化剂、质膜NADPH氧化酶抑制剂和H_2O_2的淬灭剂预处理均可有效地阻止高温下H_2O_2和SA的积累以及质膜H~ -ATPase活性的增加。根据以上结果推测,H_2O_2、质膜H~ -ATPase和SA均参与耐热性诱导相关的信号传递,前者作用于SA的上游,而后者在SA下游起作用。     

钙信使系统对机械刺激诱导的烟草悬浮培养细胞中H_2O_2爆发的调控

机械刺激可诱导烟草悬浮培养细胞H2O2的爆发,外源Ca2＋有强化作用,而Ca2＋螯合剂EGTA、质膜Ca2＋通道阻塞剂La3＋、胞内Ca2＋通道阻断剂钌红,以及钙调素拮抗剂氯丙嗪和三氟拉嗪则削弱机械刺激诱导的氧化爆发。这暗示以钙和钙调素为核心的钙信使系统对机械刺激诱发的烟草悬浮培养细胞中H2O2的爆发有调控作用。     

茉莉酸甲酯和脱落酸对绿豆下胚轴质膜H+-ATPase水解活性的影响

茉莉酸甲酯(MeJA)促进绿豆下胚轴质膜H+-ATPase水解活性.活体条件下,50μmol·L-1 MeJA处理7 h的酶活性提高30%;离体条件下,10 μmol·L-1 MeJA处理2 h的酶活性最大,即提高30%.壳梭孢素(FC)和MeJA在离体条件下对H+-ATPase活性的促进效应相同,均提高30%左右,无协同效应;活体条件下,FC促进质膜H+-ATPase水解活性可达70%,而MeJA仅为30%.离体条件下,脱落酸(ABA)对H+-ATPase水解活性无明显促进;而活体条件下则有一定的抑制.     

草莓果实成熟过程中细胞Ca2+-ATPase活性的变化

‘春星’草莓果实成熟时,总糖和花青苷含量增加,呼吸速率也显著升高;同时,细胞溶质Ca2+-ATPase活性和微粒体膜的Ca2+-ATPase总活性变化具有相似的特点,即先升高,至粉红期达到高峰,全红期又下降,在微粒体膜中以质膜Ca2+-ATPase占的比例最高。抑制质膜Ca2+-ATPase活性的Na3VO4能促进草莓果实花青苷积累、降低可溶性总糖含量,但对呼吸速率的影响则因草莓果实成熟度不同而异。     

水杨酸提高香蕉幼苗的抗冷性与H2O2代谢有关

探讨了水杨酸(salicylic acid, SA)提高香蕉幼苗抗冷性的可能机理.在常温下(30/22 ℃)用不同浓度(0～3.5 mmol/L)的SA水溶液喷洒叶片1 d,置于7 ℃低温下冷胁迫3 d,随后于常温下恢复2 d后测定电解质泄漏率,结果表明:SA 0.3～0.9 mmol/L能显著提高香蕉幼苗的抗冷性,以0.5 mmol/L效果最佳.若把冷胁迫温度降到5 ℃,SA 0.5 mmol/L 预处理可显著减少幼苗叶片的萎蔫面积.但当SA浓度高于1.5 mmol/L时,恢复期间的电解质泄漏甚至高于对照(蒸馏水处理),表明它们加剧了冷害.SA提高香蕉幼苗的抗冷性可能需要H2O2的参与:1)SA 0.5 mmol/L常温处理诱导了H2O2的积累和活性氧造成的膜脂过氧化--三氯乙酸反应物质(TBARS)的增加,这可能与H2O2的清除酶--过氧化氢酶(CAT)和抗坏血酸过氧化物酶(APX)活性的受抑和H2O2的产生酶-超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性几乎不受影响有关;2)外源H2O2(1.5～2.5 mmol/L)也能显著降低低温胁迫期间的电解质泄漏,表明也能提高抗冷性;3)而用H2O2的捕捉剂--二甲基硫脲(DMTU)可明显抑制SA诱导的抗冷性;4)在低温胁迫与恢复期间,SA预处理明显提高了CAT和APX的活性,抑制了H2O2与TBARS的快速上升.     

NaCl胁迫下大麦根液泡膜H+-ATPase活性、离子吸收与钙的关系

NaCl胁迫2 d,耐盐大麦(Hordeum vulgare L.cv) ("滩引2号")根系液泡膜H+-ATPase活性增强,H+-PPase活性下降.以质膜Ca2+通道抑制剂La3+ (1 mmol/L)或Ca2+螯合剂EGTA (5 mmol/L)处理大麦幼苗,抑制了NaCl诱导的液泡膜H+-ATPase活性的增强,但提高了H+-PPase活性;用CaM拮抗剂三氟拉嗪(TFP,20 μmol/L)处理,也抑制了液泡膜H+-ATPase活性的增强.NaCl胁迫下,外加La3+,TFP或La3++TFP处理,使Na+吸收增加,K+和Ca2+吸收降低.结果表明,NaCl胁迫下,液泡膜H+-ATPase活性提高和离子吸收的变化可能与Ca-CaM系统有关.     

硫化氢对低温胁迫下甜樱桃柱头和子房线粒体功能的影响

为探索低温胁迫下外源硫化氢(H₂S)对甜樱桃花的柱头和子房线粒体功能的影响,本研究以甜樱桃品种‘早大果’花枝为试材,在-2 ℃低温下喷施0.05 mmol·L^-1硫氢化钠(NaHS,H₂S供体)和15 μmmol·L^-1 次牛磺酸(HT、H₂S清除剂),测定柱头和子房线粒体中活性氧、抗氧化酶和线粒体膜通透性转换孔(MPTP)开放程度、膜流动性、膜电位和细胞色素(Cyt c/a)比值变化。结果表明: 低温胁迫导致线粒体内过氧化氢(H₂O₂)和丙二醛(MDA)含量显著增加,线粒体MPTP明显增大,膜流动性降低,膜电位和线粒体Cyt c/a吸光度比值、膜H⁺-ATPase活性显著下降,线粒体结构受到损伤。低温胁迫下,外施0.05 mmol·L^-1 NaHS可显著降低低温胁迫下柱头和子房线粒体H₂O₂和MDA含量,在较长时间内维持较高的超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性,减小线粒体MPTP开放程度,增强线粒体膜流动性,提高线粒体膜电位、Cyt c/a值和膜H⁺-ATPase活性;NaHS清除剂HT则抵消NaHS对上述参数的影响。综上所述,外源H₂S可以提高低温胁迫下甜樱桃柱头和子房线粒体抗氧化酶活性,减少H₂O₂和MDA积累,提高膜H⁺-ATPase活性,稳定线粒体膜结构和功能,进而缓解低温胁迫对花器官的伤害。     

Mechanisms of Saccharomyces Cerevisiae PMA1 H+-ATPase inactivation by Fe2+, H2O2 and Fenton reagents

Although considerably more oxidation-resistant than other P-type ATPases, the yeast PMA1 H⁺-ATPase of Saccharomyces cerevisiae SY4 secretory vesicles was inactivated by H₂O₂, Fe²⁺, Fe- and Cu-Fenton reagents. Inactivation by Fe²⁺ required the presence of oxygen and hence involved auto-oxidation of Fe²⁺ to Fe³⁺. The highest Fe^2- (100 μM) and H₂O₂ (100 mM) concentrations used produced about the same effect. Inactivation by the Fenton reagent depended more on Fe²⁺ content than on H₂O₂ concentration, occurred only when Fe²⁺ was added to the vesicles first and was only slightly reduced by scavengers (mannitol, Tris, NaN₃, DMSO) and by chelators (EDTA, EGTA, DTPA, BPDs, bipyridine, 1, 10-phenanthroline). Inactivation by Fe- and Cu- Fenton reagent was the same; the identical inactivation pattern found for both reagents under anaerobic conditions showed that both reagents act via OH^·. The lipid peroxidation blocker BHT prevented Fenton-induced rise in lipid peroxidation in both whole cells and in isolated membrane lipids but did not protect the H⁺-ATPase in secretory vesicles against inactivation. ATP partially protected the enzyme against peroxide and the Fenton reagent in a way resembling the protection it afforded against SH-specific agents. The results indicate that Fe²⁺ and the Fenton reagent act via metal-catalyzed oxidation at specific metal-binding sites, very probably SH-containing amino acid residues. Deferrioxamine, which prevents the redox cycling of Fe²⁺, blocked H⁺-ATPase inactivation by Fe²⁺ and the Fenton reagent but not that caused by H₂O₂, which therefore seems to involve a direct non-radical attack. Fe-Fenton reagent caused fragmentation of the H⁺-ATPase molecule, which, in Western blots, did not give rise to defined fragments bands but merely to smears.     

盐及干旱胁迫对油菜抗氧化系统和RbohC、RbohF基因表达的影响

以白菜型油菜‘陇油6号’和‘天油2号’为试验材料,经MAPK抑制剂U0126、H₂O₂清除剂DMTU、NADPH氧化酶抑制剂DPI和IMD预处理后再分别进行盐胁迫、PEG-6000模拟干旱胁迫,研究其对两种油菜幼苗活性氧、抗氧化酶活性和RbohC、RbohF基因表达的影响.结果表明: 盐胁迫和PEG-6000模拟干旱胁迫下,两种白菜型油菜中H₂O₂积累量上升,O₂^-·积累量下降,抗氧化酶(超氧化物歧化酶SOD、过氧化氢酶CAT、抗坏血酸过氧化物酶APX和谷胱甘肽还原酶GR)活性和RbohC、RbohF基因表达均升高.与单独胁迫处理相比,两种油菜O₂^-·积累、抗氧化酶活性和RbohC、RbohF基因的表达量均明显降低,经DMTU、DPI和IMD预处理后再分别进行盐和干旱胁迫,H₂O₂积累量下降,但U0126预处理后再进行胁迫处理,H₂O₂积累量上升.说明NADPH氧化酶、MAP激酶级联途径、H₂O₂参与了盐、干旱胁迫下活性氧产生、抗氧化酶活性变化和RbohC、RbohF基因表达的调控.     

Ca2+参与H2O2促进盐碱混合胁迫下燕麦种子的萌发和成苗

盐碱胁迫是制约作物高产优质的重要因素,Ca²⁺和H₂O₂作为信号分子参与作物逆境响应调节。为了解Ca²⁺是否参与H₂O₂对盐碱胁迫下植物种子萌发和成苗的调控,以燕麦（Avena nude）为试验材料,采用隶属函数分析方法,研究了胞外游离Ca²⁺螯合剂EGTA、质膜Ca²⁺通道阻断剂LaCl₃和液泡膜Ca²⁺释放抑制剂钌红（RR）与H₂O₂共处理对盐碱混合（NaCl：Na₂SO₄：NaHCO₃：Na₂CO₃=12：8：9：1）胁迫下种子萌发和成苗的影响。结果表明,25~200 mmol·L^-1盐碱混合胁迫显著抑制燕麦的种子萌发和成苗,抑制程度随浓度提高而增强;0.001~2 mmol·L^-1 H₂O₂能够促进燕麦种子的萌发和成苗,且0.5 mmol·L^-1 H₂O₂可以显著缓解75 mmol·L^-1盐碱混合胁迫对燕麦种子萌发和成苗的抑制作用;而EGTA、LaCl₃和RR均能消减H₂O₂对盐碱混合胁迫下燕麦种子萌发和成苗的促进作用。表明Ca²⁺参与H₂O₂促进盐碱混合胁迫下燕麦种子萌发和成苗的信号转导过程。     

H2O2 and Src-dependent transactivation of the EGF receptor mediates the stimulatory effect of leptin on renal ERK and Na+, K+-ATPase

We examined the mechanism through which leptin increases Na⁺, K⁺-ATPase activity in the rat kidney. Leptin was infused under anaesthesia into the abdominal aorta proximally to the renal arteries and then Na⁺, K⁺-ATPase activity was measured in the renal cortex and medulla. Leptin (1 μg/kg min) increased Na⁺, K⁺-ATPase activity after 3 h of infusion, which was accompanied by the increase in urinary H₂O₂ excretion and phosphorylation level of extracellular signal regulated kinase (ERK). The effect of leptin on ERK and Na⁺, K⁺-ATPase was abolished by catalase, specific inhibitors of epidermal growth factor (EGF) receptor, AG1478 and PD158780, as well as by ERK inhibitor, PD98059, and was mimicked by both exogenous H₂O₂ and EGF. The effect of leptin was also prevented by the inhibitor of Src tyrosine kinase, PP2. Leptin and H₂O₂ increased Src phosphorylation at Tyr⁴¹⁸. We conclude that leptin-induced stimulation of renal Na⁺, K⁺-ATPase involves H₂O₂ generation, Src kinase, transactivation of the EGF receptor, and stimulation of ERK.     

盐及干旱胁迫对油菜抗氧化系统和RbohC、RbohF基因表达的影响

以白菜型油菜‘陇油6号’和‘天油2号’为试验材料,经MAPK抑制剂U0126、H_2O_2清除剂DMTU、NADPH氧化酶抑制剂DPI和IMD预处理后再分别进行盐胁迫、PEG-6000模拟干旱胁迫,研究其对两种油菜幼苗活性氧、抗氧化酶活性和RbohC、RbohF基因表达的影响.结果表明:盐胁迫和PEG-6000模拟干旱胁迫下,两种白菜型油菜中H_2O_2积累量上升,O_2^-·积累量下降,抗氧化酶(超氧化物歧化酶SOD、过氧化氢酶CAT、抗坏血酸过氧化物酶APX和谷胱甘肽还原酶GR)活性和RbohC、RbohF基因表达均升高.与单独胁迫处理相比,两种油菜O_2^-·积累、抗氧化酶活性和RbohC、RbohF基因的表达量均明显降低,经DMTU、DPI和IMD预处理后再分别进行盐和干旱胁迫,H_2O_2积累量下降,但U0126预处理后再进行胁迫处理,H_2O_2积累量上升.说明NADPH氧化酶、MAP激酶级联途径、H_2O_2参与了盐、干旱胁迫下活性氧产生、抗氧化酶活性变化和RbohC、RbohF基因表达的调控.     

外源H2O2对盐碱混合胁迫下裸燕麦幼苗生长和抗性生理的影响

为探讨信号分子过氧化氢（H₂O₂）增强裸燕麦盐碱耐性的作用及其生理机制,以裸燕麦品种‘定莜6号’为材料,在日光温室内用珍珠岩培养幼苗至三叶一心期时叶面喷施0.01 mmol·L^-1 H₂O₂的同时根部浇灌75 mmol·L^-1盐碱混合溶液（NaCl：Na₂SO₄：NaHCO₃：Na₂CO₃=12：8：9：1）或添加H₂O₂淬灭剂二甲基硫脲（DMTU）,研究对幼苗生长及叶片光合色素含量、活性氧代谢和渗透调节物质积累的影响。结果表明：喷施H₂O₂能够缓解盐碱混合胁迫对裸燕麦幼苗生长的抑制,提高幼苗根长、株高和植株干重及叶片叶绿素a、叶绿素b、总叶绿素、类胡萝卜素含量和超氧化物歧化酶、过氧化物酶、过氧化氢酶、抗坏血酸过氧化物酶活性,降低超氧阴离子、H₂O₂、丙二醛、抗坏血酸、谷胱甘肽和游离氨基酸含量,促进抗氧化物质类黄酮、总酚和原花青素及渗透调节物质可溶性蛋白质、可溶性糖和脯氨酸积累。添加DMTU部分或完全逆转了H₂O₂的上述作用。采用隶属函数综合评价显示,喷施H₂O₂提高了盐碱混合胁迫下裸燕麦幼苗的综合评价值D,添加DMTU完全逆转了H₂O₂对D值的提升作用。表明外源H₂O₂通过参与活性氧代谢和渗透调节物质积累等生理代谢调控缓解盐碱混合胁迫诱导的氧化伤害和生长抑制,从而提高裸燕麦对盐碱胁迫的适应能力。     

Effect of auxin concentration and growth phase on the plasma membrane H-ATPase of tobacco calli

The activity of plasma membrane H⁺-ATPase increases up to 3 fold during the growth of tobacco calli for 6 weeks. In medium with optimal auxin this activity is always greater than in medium with suboptimal hormone. The amount of H⁺-ATPase measured with specific antibody only experiences small changes under the same conditions. Therefore, auxin level and growth phase mostly influence the molecular activity of the enzyme and not its amount. Despite the increase in H⁺-ATPase activity, there is a decrease in K⁺ content and ths decrease is greater in medium with suboptimal auxin. Apparently, there is a progressive deenergization of the plasma membrane which is only partially compensated by an auxin-dependent increase in activity of plasma membrane H⁺-ATPase.     

Does plasma membrane H+-ATPase activation by fusicoccin involve protein kinase?

Sugar beet ( Beta vulgaris L.) root suspension-cultured cells were converted to protoplasts which responded to fusicoccin (FC) by a rise in cytoplasmic pH (pH_cyt) averaging 0.25 units in the fluorimetric assay. This effect was blocked by erythrosin B, a specific inhibitor of the plasma membrane H₊-ATPase. A protein kinase inhibitor, staurosporine also caused cytosolic alkalinization that was sensitive to H⁺-ATPase inhibitors. Most strikingly, the effect of staurosporine was suppressed by fusicoccin and vice versa. Addition of okadaic acid, entailing overall protein phosphorylation, also led to H⁺-ATPase activation, whereupon fusicoccin lost its effect on proton transport. In parallel, kinetic and inhibitor analyses demonstrated that FC binding to the protoplast plasma membrane involved two sites with dissociation constants of 1 n M and 0.2 μ M and was indifferent to phosphorylation and dephosphorylation inhibitors. Thus, it could be concluded that (1) the effect of FC on cytoplasmic pH probably depends on the phosphorylation state of plasma membrane proteins and may have either sign; (2) the activation of H⁺-ATPase by FC most likely proceeds directly through conformational receptor-enzyme interaction.