中国油杉属植物的生态地理分布与系统演化

油杉属是东亚特有属,全世界油杉属共有12种2变种,中国有10种2变种,中国是油杉属的特有中心和分布中心。在地史时期,油杉属植物曾广泛分布于北半球的欧洲、北美和东亚。油杉属的现代分布有残余的特征,种类大多产于中国西南部和中部,种类数量由西向东逐渐递减。根据生态习性与分布区气候特征,中国主要油杉属植物的生态地理分布可分为:内陆型(东部温凉型、东部温暖型、西南季风型)、沿海型和岛屿型。湘黔桂地区是油杉属的现代分布中心和分化、发展中心。从染色体资料来看,其演化趋势为:江南油杉→矩鳞油杉→黄枝油杉→台湾油杉。结合地理分布,油杉属植物可能起源于中国西南,而后向东发展。从分布区南北向看,核型不对称性为:台湾油杉>青岩油杉>铁坚油杉,南部类型比北部类型要进化。     

槭属的系统演化与地理分布

槭属（Acer L．）属槭树科（Aceraceae）,200种,分布于亚、欧、北美和非洲北缘。本文研究了槭属的系统演化、地理分布、起源与扩散。认为：（1）槭树科与无患于科关系密切,槭属是槭树科2属中较进化的类群。（2）在原始而典型的槭属植物的基础上,槭属沿花的各部减少,有的器官甚至向完全退化的方向演化,但也有少数向增加数目的方向特化。（3）讨论了槭属4亚属23组的演化趋势,并绘制出其系统演化图。（4）槭属起源于侏罗纪的中国四川东部、湖北、湖南及其邻近地区,并向西、东北和南方扩散而进入西亚、欧洲、非洲北缘、北美洲和马来半岛至印尼。     

槭属的系统演化与地理分布

槭属（ＡｃｅｒＬ）属槭树科（Ａｃｅｒａｃｅａｅ）,２００种,分布于亚、欧、北美和非洲北缘。本文研究了槭属的系统演化、地理分布、起源与扩散。认为：（１）槭树科与无患子科关系密切,槭属是槭树科２属中较进化的类群。（２）在原始而典型的槭属植物的基础上,槭属沿花的各部减少,有的器官甚至向完全退化的方向演化,但也有少数向增加数目的方向特化。（３）讨论了槭属４亚属２３组的演化趋势,并绘制出其系统演化图。（４）槭属起源于侏罗纪的中国四川东部、湖北、湖南及其邻近地区,并向西、东北和南方扩散而进入西亚、欧洲、非洲北缘、北美洲和马来半岛至印尼。     

丁香属植物的地理分布及其起源演化

木犀科丁香属植物主要分布在中国、朝鲜、日本以及欧洲东南部。中国是丁香属的自然分布中心,丁香主要分布在中国西南、西北、华北、东北等地区。根据植物区系的演化规律,作者认为丁香属起源于中国西南,并以此为中心主要沿中国西南-西北-华北-东北-朝鲜半岛-日本和中国西南-中亚-欧洲的路径散布。近缘种之间存在着遥远的地理隔离,中国原产的华丁香与分布在我国西北及中亚的花叶丁香、欧洲特有种欧洲丁香均为近缘种,表明欧洲丁香的散布与中国西北的种类有着密切的联系。近年分子生物学试验表明羽叶性状是演化中的过渡类型,在研究该属系统演化中具有重要作用。化石记录华北紫丁香在中新世时的华中地区已有存在,说明该属至少在中新世时完成了由西南向华中的演化、辐射。     

泡桐属的起源、演化与地理分布

1　属的起源根据地质历史资料和形态、生态综合分析 ,我们认为在第三纪早期 ,泡桐属中还只有一种 ,到第三纪中新世时 ,才分化成华东泡桐 ( Paulownia kawakamii)和毛泡桐 ( P.tomentosa)两个种。在第三纪地层中 ,毛泡桐叶的化石在我国山东、法国、捷克和北美都有发现 ,特别是同一时期在日本歧阜县发现类似华东泡桐直径 1 55cm的矽化树干 ,这样的大树 ,在现存的华东泡桐中是从未见过的 ,这说明在当时的环境下 ,华东泡桐是适应生长的。另外 ,在形态上两种泡桐均为树形较小、叶宽有角、叶缘有锯齿、宽大圆锥花序、深裂的花萼、较小的果实和种…     

淫羊藿属(小檗科)花瓣的演化和地理分布格局的研究

淫羊藿属的种数与60年前大不相同,现在已知约有50种。该属种类间断地分布于日本至北非 的阿尔及利亚之间的广大地区,这一分布格局表明了该属的古老性质。它们在欧亚大陆的分布极不均 匀,约有80％的种类产于中国中部至东南部,而且根据花瓣的演化分析结果表明,只有中国的淫羊藿属 植物具有连续不断的演化过程。由此可见,中国中部至东南部成为北半球淫羊藿属植物的汇集中心是 有充分根据的。淫羊藿属种类基本上是林地草本植物,常生于水青冈林下,为林下草本层的优势种,而 且该属的分布格局与第三纪植物属——水青冈属在欧亚大陆的分布格局极为相似,说明淫羊藿属植物 在早第三纪时期已广泛分布于北半球。中新世时期由于中亚地区气候变干,加之印度板块向欧亚大陆 俯冲并引起喜马拉雅山脉隆起,致使中亚地区进一步干旱,水青冈属和淫羊霍属植物随之消失,进而导致其东亚—地中海、西亚间断分布格局的形成。     

中国麻黄属的地理分布与演化

中国现有麻黄属植物１５种,２变种和１变型,这些种属于膜果麻黄组和麻黄组中的麻黄亚组,没有原始类型藤麻黄亚组的代表。我国除长江中下游及珠江流域的省区处,其他省区都有分布。麻黄花粉的化石－麻分在地层中的分布说明,麻黄在过去曾遍布我国各地,发现的最早时期是在侏罗纪,到白垩纪－早第三纪时,种类较现在丰富,将近５０种,根据麻黄粉在世界各地地层中的分布和时期,结合大陆飘移和海底扩张板块构造学说推断,原麻黄在各     

栝楼属一新种

本文发表了栝楼属一新种, 即绵阳栝楼Trichosanthes mianyangensis Yueh et R.G.Liao。     

栝楼属8种植物的染色体数目

栝楼属８种植物的染色体数目黄潞琦,乐崇熙,李懋学（中国中医研究院中药研究所,北京１００７００）（北京大学生物系,北京１００８７１）关键词栝楼属,染色体数目ＣＨＲＯＭＯＳＯＭＥＮＵＭＢＥＲＳＯＦ８ＳＰＥＣＩＥＳＩＮＴＲＩＣＨＯＳＡＮＴＨＥＳ￥ＨＵＡＮＧ...     

中国山芹属的核型演化及地理分布的研究

本文报道了山芹属Ostericum 5种1变种13个居群的核型,其中4种为首次报道。其核型如下：隔山香 O．citriodorum 广东宝安的居群,2n=22=16m+6sm;江西鹰潭的居群,2n=22=14m+6sm+2st;华东山芹 O．huadongensis本所药物园居群,2n=22=16m+6sm;安徽广德的居群,2n=22=16m+4sm+2sm(SAT);绿花山芹 O．viridiflorum内蒙古额右旗的居群,2n=22=18m+4sm;黑龙江双鸭山居群,2n=22=18m+2sm+2st(SAT);山芹 O．sieboldii 辽宁庄河居群,2n=22=4sm+16st+2st(SAT);吉林长白山居群,2n+22+2sm+20st;狭叶山芹 O. sieboldii var．praetieritum 辽宁鞍山的居群,2n=22=2sm+20st;大齿山芹 O.grosseserratum 辽宁庄河居群,2n=18=2sm+16st;江苏宜兴居群,2n=18=2sm+16st;安徽广德居群,2n=18=18st;浙江天目山居群,2n=18=18st。隔山香、华东山芹和绿花山芹具较原始的2A型,山芹和大齿山芹则具较为进化的4A型。此外,大齿山芹具有下行性的染色体基数n=9,这在整个前胡族中都具独特性。根据各居群在种分布区内的核型演化方向及现代地理分布格局并结合形态和孢粉学资料,提出本属的起源是从近缘的当归属起源地横断山区沿着东北和东南两个方向迁移扩散,演化发展形成两个现代次生分布中心,一个是东北向具温带性广布型的分布中心(东北地区),另一个是东南向具亚热带性特有种型的分布中心(华东地区),两个分布中心之间有一个分化活跃、演化最高的纽带种一大齿山芹。     

On Geographical Distribution of Achnatherum Beauv. (Gramineae)

In this paper the worldwide geographical distribution of the genus Achnatherum is discussed in detail．The paper is divided into following five parts：1．Conspectus of taxonomic system：The genus Achnatherum Beauv．comprises 23 species,which can be grouped into 5 sections．The characteristics of each section are described．An infrageneric system including species in each section is presented．2．Geographical distribution of the genus：The northernmost occurrence of the genus is represented by A．sibiricum and A．confusum at latitude 62°N and the southernmost by A．chingii var．laxum at latitude 26°N．As far as vertical distribution is concerned,the lowermost record of latitude in the genus is at 120 m (represented by A．bromoides)and the highest record at 4600 m(by A．jacquemontii and A．duthiei)．3．Systematic position and geographical distribution of sections：The systematic position of five sections in the genus,i．e．,Sect．Achnatherum,Sect. Timouria,Sect． Aristella,Sect．Neotrinia and Sect．Achnatheropsis,species in each section,and the distribution pattern of each section are discussed．4．Geographical distribution of species：According to Takhtajan's regionalization of the world flora,the number of species in each region is presented．The Irano—Turanian Region(18／24)comes to the first in number of species,followed by the Eastern Asian Region(14／24)．Seventeen species have been found in China, where the Hengduan Mountain Region,Huabei Region and Tangut Region are the richest in species(10 species and 9 species,respectively)．5．Discussions and conclusions：(A)The analysis of distribution patterns of species shows that the centre of distribution of Achnatherum．is located in the boundering area of the Hengduan Mountain Region,Tangut Region and the Huabei Region． (B)Based on the analysis of evolutionary trends in morphological characters of Achnatherum and geological evidence, it is presumed that this genus probably originated in north part of the Hengduan Mountain Region. (C) Three migration routes lead to the present distribution pattern:a) From the Hengduan Mountain westward along the Himalayas across Kashmir Region to the Mediterranean and Central Europe. b) From Hengduan Mountain northward across the Qilian Mountain, west of the Huanghe corridor, Tianshan Mountain, mountains west of the Tarim basin to the Issyk lake. c) From Hengduan Mountains northeastwards across Gansu, Ningxia, Shaanxi, Hebei, and northeast part of China to Siberia, eastwards to Kamchatka Peninsula, westwards to upper stream of the Ob River, and across the Asia-Bering Land Bridge to Nevada and Rocky Mountains in west United States. (D) The majority of species of Achnatherum are distributed in subhumid, semi-arid and arid areas,and also on mountains of extremely arid desert region in the Northern Hemisphere. A series of morphological- ecological characteristics of mesophytes and moderate xerophytes and life-form resulted from long-term adaptation and evolution. 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栝楼的快速繁殖及愈伤组织的诱导

本文对栝楼的快速繁殖及愈伤组织的诱导进行了初步研究。结果表明：含腋芽的栝楼外植体在ＭＳ＋６－ＢＡ１．０＋ＮＡＡ０．２上可以快速繁殖;茎切段、叶片切块及子叶切块在ＭＳ＋２,４－Ｄ１．０＋６－ＢＡ０．５上能够形成愈伤组织但以茎段形成愈伤组织的速度最快,质量最好;愈伤组织在ＭＳ＋６－ＢＡ１．０＋ＮＡＡＯ．１上分化成芽。     

栝楼属基于核糖体ITS序列的系统发育分析

栝楼属（Trichosanthes）是葫芦科(Cucurbitaceae)中一个种类较多、药用价值较大的属。本文基于ITS序列分析了栝楼属16个种的系统发育关系。聚类分析表明：在组的划分上,具有分类争议的截叶组(sect. Truncata)与大苞组(sect. Involucraria)形成一大支,处于一亚分枝位置,不支持独立成组。在属内分类地位上,在核酸水平不支持贵州栝楼(T.guizhouensis)为一独立种,结合形态特征建议并入双边栝楼(T.rosthornii)。大方油栝楼(T.dafangensis)与小苞组(sect. Trichosanthes)成为姊妹群,处于一个向叶苞组(sect. Foliobracteola)过渡位置,结合其形态特征,建议作为小苞组(sect. Trichosanthes)成员。     

On Geographical Distribution of the Genus Stipa L. in China

The present paper deals with geographical distribution,ecological features and relation of vegetion types of the genus Stipa L．in China．In the genus 32 species 1 subspecies and 4 varietes are recognized in China． Following Wu's floristic regionalization,species of Stipa in China fall into six subkingdoms of the Holartic Kingdom,i.e．,the Asiatic desert subkingdom,Eurasian forest subkingdom,Qinghai-Xizang plateau subkingdom,Sino-Hi-malayan forest subkingdom,Eurasian steppe subkingdom,and the Sino-Japanese forest subkingdom． Based on the study of morphology,ecology and distribution patterns of the genus it becomes clear that Stipa is an important constituent of steppe vegetation． They are distributed mainly west of moist forest zone,and species of this genus are found in meadow steppe, typical steppe,desert steppe,and alpine steppe,with some species also found in forest-steppe zone and mountain steppe zone． Decontaminated thianthrene disproportion. 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雌雄栝楼的组织培养研究

对雌雄栝楼（Trlctmsanthes kirilowii Maxim）分别进行组织培养的研究结果表明：在雌雄栝楼组织培养过程中,愈伤组织的诱导和分化适宜的培养基均存在性别差异。愈伤组织诱导的适宜培养基分别是,雌性栝楼培养基为MS＋NAA0．5mg／L＋IBA0．5mg／L＋6-BA1．5mg／L;雄性栝楼培养基为MS＋NAA0．1mg/L＋IBA0．5mg／L＋6-BA0．5mg／L和MS＋NAA0．1mg／L＋IBA1．0mg／L＋6-BA1．0mg/L。愈伤组织分化的适宜培养基分别是,雌性栝楼培养基为MS＋NAA0．1mg／L＋IBA0．4mg／L＋6-BA1．2mg／L;雄性栝楼培养基为MS＋NAA0．3ms／L＋IBA0．2mg／L＋6-BA0．8mg／L;雌雄栝楼无根苗生根的适宜培养基均为MS＋NAA0．1mg／L。     

天花粉同工凝集素－1双链的拆分和鉴定

天花粉同工凝集素－１经巯基乙醇还原,碘代乙酰胺保护,其链间二硫键被打开,但仍非共价结合在一起。我们利用尿素变性的Ｑ－Ｓｅｐｈａｒｏｓｅ离子交换层忻分离了此凝集素的两条链。氨基酸组成测定与其他３种肽链作一比较,它们都含有较多的酸性和羟基氨基酸。蛋白质印迹显示ＴＫＬ的抗血清不仅能与ＴＫＬ－１的两条链分别反应,也能与天花粉毒蛋白及蓖麻毒蛋白的Ａ链起作用。溴化氰裂解的ＳＤＳ－ＰＡＧＥＲ肽谱表明天花粉凝集素的两条链与天花粉毒蛋白含有类似的裂解片段,在分子量１６ｋｄ左右有相同的电泳条带。ＴＫＬ－１两亚基的Ｎ末端序列已经测定,同源性比较发现其３３ｋｄ亚基的Ｎ末端序列与天花粉毒蛋白、蓖麻毒蛋白的一些肽段类似。迄今已有的证据表明ＴＫＬ与ＴＣＳ等是一些非常相关的蛋白质。     

Production of Trichosanthin from the Hairy Roots of Trichosanthes kirilowii Maxim.

Hairy roots of Trichosanthes kirilowii Maxim. were successfully induced by infection with Agrobacterium rhizogenes strain R1601 and an in vitro culture system of thehairy roots was established. The presence of trichosanthin in the hairy roots of T. kirilowii was confirmed by western blotting. The yield of trichosanthin was determined to be 8. 16 mg/g fr. wt with SDS-PAGE gel electrophoresis and thin layer chromatography.     

内蒙古阿拉善地区啮齿动物的地理分布及区划

对内蒙古阿拉善地区啮齿动物的研究表明,该地区啮齿动物分为耐旱型、喜湿型、广布的伴人种3个基本类型、9个分布型,耐旱型动物构成了该地区的主体。在啮齿动物地理区划上应划为阿拉善荒漠亚区。