辽宁省摇蚊幼虫的研究

摇蚊幼虫广泛分布于各种类型的水体底部或水生植物间。由于种类多,且多数种类的个体数量大而成为淡水水体中主要的一类动物。摇蚊幼虫是重要的水生生物资源,对维持和促进渔业发展,关系重大。又因其区系组成与环境性能有密切关系,其群落组成和变化能反映环境质量的变动情况,已被广泛应用于监测和评价水质。世界各国,特别是欧美和日本,对摇蚊科昆虫的研究十分重视。我国该领域的研究起步较晚,截止1986年年底,仅报道176种m。近几年我们对辽宁省各河流及其他类     

仙居国家公园溪流摇蚊幼虫群落结构及其对水质的指示作用

为了解浙江仙居国家公园内溪流中摇蚊幼虫的群落结构及其对水质的指示作用,于2016年8月对仙居国家公园内13条溪流59个点位进行了调查,运用Hilsenhoff生物指数对溪流水质进行评价.结果表明: 59个点位中有37个点处于清洁状态,19个点处于轻污染状态,3个点处于中污染状态.此次调查共获得摇蚊幼虫86种,隶属于4亚科51属.其中,摇蚊亚科种类数最多,有19属37种;直突摇蚊亚科次之,有21属35种;长足摇蚊亚科有9属12种;寡角摇蚊亚科最少,为2属2种.摇蚊亚科密度比重最大,为40.3%;长足摇蚊亚科与直突摇蚊亚科所占比重差异不大,分别为30%与29.4%;寡角摇蚊亚科比重最小,仅为0.3%.壳粗腹摇蚊为仙居国家公园溪流摇蚊幼虫绝对优势种;黄色多足摇蚊、流环足摇蚊、平滑环足摇蚊、纽流长跗摇蚊和小型棒脉摇蚊为优势种.仙居国家公园溪流中摇蚊幼虫指示种分析结果显示,平滑环足摇蚊、双色矮突摇蚊、台湾长跗摇蚊和渐变长跗摇蚊可作为污染水体指示种,流环足摇蚊可作为清洁水体指示种.     

红裸须摇蚊幼虫生物标志物系统对苯酚的响应

以红裸须摇蚊4龄幼虫为对象,测定了苯酚对摇蚊幼虫急性毒性、体质量、化蛹率及体内保护酶和解毒酶活性的影响.结果表明:苯酚对摇蚊4龄幼虫6、24、48、72和96 h半致死浓度LC50分别为222.52、134.86、67.74、47.39和35.76 mg.L-1;亚致死剂量苯酚(0.4、4和40 mg.L-1)处理降低摇蚊4龄幼虫干湿质量和化蛹率;摇蚊4龄幼虫暴露于苯酚液72 h,过氧化氢酶(CAT)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、谷胱甘肽S转-移酶(GST)和羧酸酯酶(CarE)均对苯酚暴露做出响应,且随着浓度增加和暴露时间的延长呈现一定的剂量-时间效应,而摇蚊体内酸性磷酸酯酶(ACP)和碱性磷酸酯酶(ALP)对苯酚暴露响应较迟钝,仅高浓度(40 mg.L-1)长时间(48 h和72 h)的胁迫才会产生显著抑制作用.表明摇蚊体质量、化蛹率和CAT、SOD、GST、CarE可作为监测苯酚水体污染的生物标志物.     

水相及沉积物固相污染物作用下摇蚊幼虫口器畸形研究进展

水体及底泥污染物对底栖动物具有致畸作用.双翅目摇蚊科(Diptera:Chironomi-dae)幼虫对水体环境变化高度敏感,其口器形态畸变被视为水体底泥质量监测及环境压力评估研究中最具潜力的生物标志物之一.文章综述了摇蚊口器畸形的发现和畸变形态、致畸污染物及可能的致畸机理,并指出目前畸形研究中存在的困难及尚待解决的问...     

摇蚊幼虫对底泥中氮、磷释放作用的研究

本文研究了摇蚊幼虫对底泥中氮、磷释放的影响,初步探讨了摇蚊在湖泊富营养化过程中的生态作用。结果表明,摇蚊幼虫能明显促进底泥中氮、磷的释放,而释放到水层中的氮、磷又容易被藻类吸收利用,从而促进藻类生长。这种生态效应与水体营养循环和富营养化的发生及发展过程间存在着重要的关系。     

上海崇明明珠湖摇蚊幼虫群落结构特征及其对水质的指示作用

2006年7月至2008年4月,对上海崇明岛明珠湖摇蚊群落的结构特征进行了季节调查研究.共调查到11种摇蚊,隶属3亚科10属,优势种为红裸须摇蚊和微小摇蚊.聚类分析表明,优势种具有明显的季节性,春夏季优势种为微小摇蚊、秋季为中国长足摇蚊、冬季为红裸须摇蚊.摇蚊群落物种多样性（H′）季节间差异显著,春、秋、冬季较高,夏季最低;物种多样性与均匀度（J）和物种丰富度（S）均显著相关,但主要受均匀度的影响.摇蚊幼虫年平均密度冬季最高、秋季最低,生物量冬季最高,其他3季均处在较低水平上.红裸须摇蚊和微小摇蚊种群动态季节变化显著,而中国长足摇蚊的变化不明显.采用Shannon多样性指数和Hilsenhoff生物指数对明珠湖的水质进行了评价,表明该湖的水质等级为中污染-污染,已达富营养化水平.     

中国长足摇蚊幼虫和霍普水丝蚓扰动下沉积物氧气特征分析

为研究中国长足摇蚊幼虫(Tanypus chinensis)和霍普水丝蚓(Limnodrilus hoffmeisteri)扰动对表层沉积物氧气渗透及空间分布的影响,采集梅梁湾表层沉积物,借助高精度溶氧微电极,研究两种生物扰动作用下,太湖梅梁湾表层沉积物氧气渗透深度和空间分布的变化,并根据氧气在流动培养体系中浓度的变化和在扩散边界层中的扩散过程这两种方法计算界面氧气交换速率。结果表明,中国长足摇蚊幼虫和霍普水丝蚓两种底栖生物扰动均能提高沉积物界面氧气交换速率,且微电极法的计算值要低于流动培养法。通过溶氧微电极剖面能够准确的获得氧气渗透深度的信息。结果发现:长足摇蚊幼虫的扰动能提高沉积物氧气渗透深度并造成氧气在沉积物内空间分布的差异,长足摇蚊幼虫扰动后沉积物氧气渗透深度由无扰动的6 mm增至10 mm。与长足摇蚊幼虫相比,霍普水丝蚓扰动没有增加沉积物氧气渗透深度及造成空间分布差异。对比两种计算方法发现,在生物扰动作用下,由于生物作用的影响,根据氧气在扩散边界层的扩散得到的值可能会低估氧气的界面交换速率。       

摇蚊幼虫对底泥中氮、磷释放作用的研究

本文研究了摇蚊幼虫对底泥中氮、磷释放的影响,初步探讨了摇蚊在湖泊富营养化过程中的生态作用。结果表明,摇蚊幼虫能明显促进底泥中氮、磷的释放,而释放到水层中的氮、磷又容易被藻类吸收利用,从而促进藻类生长。这利,生态效应与水体营养循环和富营养化的发生及发展过程间存在着重要的关系。     

第十六届摇蚊学国际会议介绍

第16届摇蚊科国际学术会议(XVI International Chironomid Symposium)于2006年7月25-29日在葡萄牙马德拉岛举行,马德拉大学Macaronesia研究中心的Hughes博士作为大会主席主持了本届会议,来自27个国家的80余名代表参会。本届会议按照古湖沼学、毒理学、生理学、生态学、分类形态     

Diel drift of Chironomidae larvae in a pristine Idaho mountain stream

Simultaneous hourly net collections in a meadow and canyon reach of a mountain stream determined diel and spatial abundances of drifting Chironomidae larvae. Sixty-one taxa were identified to the lowest practical level, 52 in the meadow and 41 in the canyon. Orthocladiinae was the most abundant subfamily with 32 taxa and a 24 h mean density of 294 individuals 100 m⁻³ (meadow) and 26 taxa and a mean of 648 individuals 100 m⁻³ (canyon). Chironominae was the second most abundant subfamily. Nonchironomid invertebrates at both sites and total Chironomidae larvae (meadow) were predominantly night-drifting. Parakiefferiella and Psectrocladius were day-drifting (meadow) whereas 8 other chironomid taxa (meadow) and 2 taxa (canyon) were night-drifting. All others were aperiodic or too rare to test periodicity, Stempellinella cf brevis Edwards exhibited catastrophic drift in the canyon only. The different drift patterns between sites is attributed to greater loss of streambed habitat in the canyon compared to the meadow as streamflow decreased. Consequent crowding of chironomid larvae in the canyon caused catastrophic drift or interfered with drift periodicty. This study adds to knowledge of Chironomidae drift and shows influences on drift of hydrologic and geomorphic conditions.     

Food preferences of tanypodinae larvae (Diptera: Chironomidae)

Analyses of the gut contents of larvae of three species of Tanypodinae, collected from four sites in north-east England and Scotland, invariably showed small particles (1–10 µm²), predominantly of detritus, to be more abundant than large particles (10–100 µm²), mostly algae and diatoms. No animal remains, such as carapaces, head capsules and chaetae, or vascular plant fragments were found in any of the intestines. In contrast, food-choice and growth experiments suggested that animal food (particularly Tubificidae and Chironominae larvae) was important in the tanypod diet. In the food-choice experiments, six different foods offered to small (4–7 mm long) and to large (8–12 mm long) larvae of Procladius choreus Meigen, were chosen in the following order: live Tubificidae spp.; detritus; live Chironominae larvae; a mixture of algae and diatoms; live Ostracoda spp.; and live Cladocera spp. However, when the results of the individual choices were examined, it was clear that the small larvae had consumed greater amounts of the small types of food (i.e. detritus, algae and diatoms) in comparison to the large larvae. In the growth experiment, those larvae of P. choreus reared solely on Tubificidae, detritus or Chironominae larvae thrived, while those fed on algae and diatoms, ostracods or cladocerans grew more slowly and fewer survived the experimental period.It was concluded that although Tanypodinae larvae are primarily predators with definite food preferences in ideal foraging conditions, in adverse conditions they will utilize a range of available stand-by foods, the most important of which appears to be detritus.     

A new genus and species of Chironominae (Diptera: Chironomidae) with wood-mining larvae

Abstract  Xylochironomus kakadu , a new genus and species of wood-mining chironomid, is described from northern Australia. Formerly known by a code 'unknown genus K1', the larvae mine soft immersed timber in tropical Australia. The basal striae on the larval mandible are observed otherwise only in Chironomus Meigen and likely close relatives currently placed in Einfeldia Kieffer. The adult male could key as a tanytarsine, and all stages superficially resemble Polypedilum Kieffer, except for the bare squama and the non-tapered male tergite VIII, and the dorsal larval head sclerites. However, analyses of a morphological data matrix derived from all life history stages support no such relationships. Instead, a relationship to Paralauterborniella Lenz and Apedilum Townes, and at one remove, to Fissimentum Cranston & Nolte and Imparipecten Kieffer is postulated. Larval wood-mining among the early branching Chironomini is evidently frequent, but taxa appear not to form a monophyletic clade.     

Incidence of deformed chironomid larvae (Diptera: Chironomidae) in Swedish lakes

The occurrence of deformed mouth parts in recent and subfossil material of mostly Chironomus, Micropsectra and Tanytarsus increased from less than 1 % of the larvae at unpolluted sites or time periods to figures in the range of approx. 5–25% at strongly polluted sites. Deformities occurred in species that are widely separate in taxonomic position and way of living. Several heavy metals are suspected causative agents. Deformities in various mouth parts are illustrated by SEM photographs.     

Drift dynamics of Chironomidae larvae: I. Preliminary results and discussion of importance of mesh size and level of taxonomic identification in resolving Chironomidae diel drift patterns

Diel drift samples utilizing nets with mesh size less than 200 microns were taken in Linesville Creek, Pennsylvania, an eastern deciduous forest stream, and Inlet Run, Wyoming, an alpine snow melt stream. Identification of drifting Chironomidae larvae to lowest level taxonomic categories indicated 51 species or species group categories representing 51.95% of the total insect drift in Linesville Creek and 18 species or species group categories representing 70.47% of the total insect drift in Inlet Run. Orthocladiinae were the predominant larvae in the drift in Linesville Creek, with 19 species comprising 43.84% of the Chironomidae drift. In decreasing abundance were Chironomini (12 species, 40.36% of Chironomidae drift), Tanytarsini (10 species, 8.89%), and Tanypodinae (10 species, 6.91%). By contrast, Diamesinae were the predominant larvae in the drift in Inlet Run, (5 species, 71.43%) followed by Orthocladiinae (10 species, 27.25%), Tanytarsini (2 species, 1.20%), and Podonominae (1 species, 0.12%). Comparison of drift composition with substrate samples and/ or emergence data indicated a close relationship between relative abundance in drift and relative abundance in the benthos. Behavioral drift patterns with nocturnal peaks were seen for 3 species or species groups in Linesville Creek. Four species with diurnal drift peaks were present in Inlet Run. Analysis of the size distribution of drifting larvae indicates that a mesh size as small as 200 microns is required to resolve diel drift patterns. It is postulated that random factors greatly influence the apparent diel drift pattern of Chironomidae when nets with mesh size in excess of 400 microns are employed in drift studies. Conflicting literature reports of behavioral drift for Chironomidae may be due to differing species composition of drifting larvae and net mesh size related artifacts.     

Corrections to the Chironomidae part of the Catalogue of Palaearctic Diptera

An extensive list of corrections to the Chironomidae part of the Catalogue of Palaearctic Diptera (ASHE and CRANSTON, 1990) is given.     

奉贤近海仔鱼的分布及其与水环境的关系

根据2006年5月和8月在奉贤附近海域(30°32.40′N-30°49.8′N;121°25.2′E-121°54′E)进行的渔业资源、生态调查资料,对该水域仔稚鱼的种类组成、数量分布的季节变化及其与水环境的关系作了分析.结果表明:鲈形目和鲱形目出现的种类最多;春季种类组成复杂,结构相对夏季要稳定,种间分布较均匀;夏季优势种较春季突出,优势度较大, 数量较多,平面分布呈现由内侧向外侧的递减趋势;长江径流与外海水在外侧水域的南汇嘴处形成咸淡水交汇水域,环境稳定性较差,加之海域处于强潮流区,水沙运移频繁,对仔鱼平面分布产生影响;此海域沿岸地处化工区,水体污染严重,仔鱼的数量和种群减少.     

Aeromonas Hydrophila and its Relation with Drinking Water Indicators of Microbiological Quality in Argentine

In Argentine, water municipal supplies disinfection is carried out by chlorine. We have isolated Aeromonas hydrophilafrom a chlorinated water supply in Buenos Aires that fulfilled Argentinean microbiological quality standards. It is an aquatic organism that could produce cytotoxins and enterotoxins associated with acute gastroenteritis and wound infections in human and hemorrhagic septicaemia of fish, reptiles and amphibians. The isolated strain produced protein bands at isoelectric point in the range of 4.6–5.3 lightly labile at 56°C and heat labile at 100°C non cholera antitoxin reactive in electrofocusing assay (IEF) and showed hemolytic activity thermolabile at 56°C and 100°C in 5% rabbit erythrocytes in phosphate buffered saline. A cytotoxic effect thermolabile at 56°C and 100°C and a cytotonic activity were demonstrated in Vero cell cultures. Survival assay of A. hydrophilaand indicator organisms would show no correlation between their contamination sources. Biofilms production could explain the persistence of this gram negative pathogen organism in chlorinated tap water. A water system supply maintenance program and pasteurisation may be performed in spite of water chlorination.     

Bathymetric distribution of some Chironomidae (Diptera) in Rutland Water

The bathymetric distribution of the eight most abundant taxa of chironomid larvae is described from benthic grab samples collected in Rutland Water from May 1977 to April 1979. Cricotopus, Psectrocladius and Endochironomus larvae were generally restricted to water less than 9 m deep. Procladius, Chironomus, Microtendipes, Polypedilum and Tanytarsini larvae were all recorded at depths down to 25 m. However, the highest population densities of the latter five taxa were recorded in shallow water. The results are discussed in relation to the diet of trout and certain management practices at the reservoir. Also described is the application of SPSS (Statistical Package for the Social Sciences) to the analysis of these data.