草地农业生态系统的碳平衡分析方法

根据草地农业生态系统的结构,它的碳平衡为4个生产层的碳平衡之和,也是3个界面的碳平衡之和,而某一生产层或者某一界面的碳平衡则是其固定、输入、排放和输出的碳之和。草地农业生态系统4个生产层的碳平衡分析方法定量重要生产环节的碳汇与碳源过程,便于草业生产改进碳汇管理;草地农业生态系统3个界面的碳平衡分析方法显示碳源和碳汇的发生机理,及其空间和数量关系,便于调控草业生产组分以增汇减排;但是,这两个方法不易区分碳的来源和去向,难以明确其利用效率。草地农业生态系统碳平衡分析的输入/输出法定量地指示碳的来源和去向,以及碳效率,计算简单,但是较为概括,不利于牧场尺度的草业碳汇管理。以中国祁连山甘肃马鹿牧场和澳大利亚塔斯玛尼亚奶牛牧场为例,用3种方法分析了两个牧场的碳平衡,结果表明,放牧管理的草业系统的主要碳源是休闲旅游、产品加工流通环节产生的温室气体,主要碳汇是草地和土壤中贮存的碳,好的草地管理可以增汇减排。     

The stimulatory effects of carbon tetrachloride and other halogenoalkanes on peroxidative reactions in rat liver fractions in vitro. General features of the systems used

1. The general features of the reaction by which carbon tetrachloride stimulates lipid peroxidation have been elucidated in rat liver microsomal suspensions and in mixtures of microsomes plus cell sap. The production of lipid peroxides has been correlated with malonaldehyde production in the systems used. 2. The stimulation of malonaldehyde production by carbon tetrachloride requires a source of reduced NADP(+) and is dependent on the extent of the endogenous peroxidation of the microsomal membranes: if extensive endogenous peroxidation occurs during incubation then no stimulation by carbon tetrachloride is apparent. 3. The stimulation of malonaldehyde production by carbon tetrachloride has been shown to be proportional to the square root of the carbon tetrachloride concentration in the incubation mixture. It is concluded that the stimulation of malonaldehyde production by carbon tetrachloride results from an initiation process that is itself dependent on the homolytic dissociation of carbon tetrachloride to free-radical products. 4. The increased production of malonaldehyde due to carbon tetrachloride is accompanied by a decreased activity of glucose 6-phosphatase in rat liver microsomal suspensions. 5. The relative activities of bromotrichloromethane, fluorotrichloromethane and chloroform have been evaluated in comparison with the effects of carbon tetrachloride in increasing malonaldehyde production and in decreasing glucose 6-phosphatase activity. Bromotrichloromethane was more effective, and fluorotrichloromethane and chloroform were less effective, than carbon tetrachloride in producing these two effects. It is concluded that homolytic bond fission of the halogenomethanes is a requisite for the occurrence of the two effects observed in the endoplasmic reticulum.     

Effects of carbon dioxide on ethylene production and action in intact sunflower plants

A continuous flow system was used to study the interactions between carbon dioxide and ethylene in intact sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) plants. An increase in the concentration of carbon dioxide above the ambient level (0.033%) in the atmosphere surrounding the plants increased the rate of ethylene production, and a decrease in carbon dioxide concentration resulted in a decrease in the rate of ethylene production. The change in the rate of ethylene production was evident within the first 15 minutes of the carbon dioxide treatment. Continuous treatment with carbon dioxide was required to maintain increased rate of ethylene production. The rate of carbon dioxide fixation increased in response to high carbon dioxide treatment up to 1.0%. Further increases in carbon dioxide concentration had no additional effect on carbon dioxide fixation. Carbon dioxide concentrations higher than 0.11% induced hyponasty of the leaves whereas treatment with 1 microliter per liter ethylene induced epinasty of the leaves.     

Using chlorophyll fluorescence to monitor yields of microalgal production

A monitoring system for microalgal production was developed over a 12:12-h light:dark cycle at a steady state of growth to test the feasibility of estimating carbon production using the fluorescence method. An empirical linear relationship between the electron transport rate, based on the fluorescence method, and carbon assimilation, based on the conventional carbon method, was successfully obtained. The results demonstrate the relevance of the electron transport rate in determining carbon production of microalgae under steady-state growth conditions.     

Carbon source regulation of cephem antibiotic production by resting cells of Streptomyces clavuligerus and its reversal by protein synthesis inhibitors

The effect of utilizable carbon sources on the production of cephem antibiotics by Streptomyces clavuligerus has been studied. The pattern of utilizable carbon sources was found to be very restricted. Glycerol, maltose and starch supported the most extensive growth. Increasing the initial concentrations of carbon sources decreased both the volumetric and the specific production of cephems. A resting cell system was adopted for this study. Linear production of cephems continued for 4–7 h. The production rate of the resting cell system was higher with mycelia harvested at an early exponential stage than with those harvested at a late stage of growth. Addition of carbon source to the resting cell system decreased the production rate of cephems. This suppressive effect was prevented by the addition of chloramphenicol (or streptomycin) although uptake of carbon source was not inhibited by such a protein synthesis inhibitor.     

气候变暖与稻谷生产的相互影响及对策

稻田是大气甲烷的一个排放“源”,但稻株却从大气中吸收ＣＯ２,因而是大气ＣＯ２的一个“汇”,两乾构成稻田生态系统的碳循环。根据稻田生态系统的碳循环和我国稻谷生产 史,进一步论述气候与我国稻谷生产的相互影响。结果表明,我国稻谷生产不会加速气候变暖的进程,并提出保持好生态环境的发展稻谷生产对策 。     

Polysaccharide production by a reduced pigmentation mutant of Aureobasidium pullulans NYS-1

AIMS: To isolate a reduced pigmentation mutant of Aureobasidium pullulans NYS-1 and characterize its cellular pigmentation plus its polysaccharide and biomass production relative to carbon source. METHODS AND RESULTS: Cellular pigmentation, polysaccharide levels and biomass production by the isolated mutant NYSRP-1 were analysed relative to carbon source. Cellular pigmentation of the mutant was lower than its parent strain using either carbon source. The mutant elaborated higher polysaccharide levels on sucrose than on corn syrup. The pullulan content of the polysaccharide synthesized and biomass production by the mutant rose as the carbon source concentration was increased. CONCLUSION: It is feasible to isolate a reduced pigmentation mutant from strain NYS-1 that exhibits elevated polysaccharide production using corn syrup as a carbon source. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY: The mutant provides an advantage for commercial pullulan production because of its reduced pigmentation and enhanced polysaccharide synthesis.     

碳素和氮素对Coriolus versicolor胞外酶分泌的影响

采用单因子相互比较法研究了不同碳素和氮素对彩绒革盖菌胞外漆酶,愈创木酚氧化酶,多酚氧化酶,锰过氧化物酶等木素降解酶分泌的影响,结果淀粉作碳源,干酪素作氮源有利于漆酶的分泌,麦芽粉作碳源,酵母膏作氮源有利于愈创木酚氧化酶和多酚氧化酶的分泌,淀粉作碳源,玉米粉作氮源有利于锰过氧化物酶的分泌。     

The role of pH in the 'glucose effect' on prodigiosin production by non-proliferating cells of Serratia marcescens

The production of prodigiosin by non-proliferating cells of Serratia marcescens is inhibited by addition of glucose or different carbon sources to the induction medium. The induction in acidic external pH, mimicking the effects produced by the carbon sources, reduced prodigiosin synthesis, and the prodigiosin production seems to be related to the length of the low pH period. Buffering at pH 7·5 increased pigment production in media with repressing carbon sources. This study reveals that the inhibitory effect of carbon sources on prodigiosin production may be due to a lowering of the pH of the medium.     

区域碳排放量的计算——以广东省为例

采用IPCC 2006年版碳排放计算公式、经济-碳排放的动力学模型和水泥碳排放模型,提出了区域碳排量计算框架和研究方法,并以广东省为例,基于广东省社会经济统计数据、能源消费数据、水泥产量数据和森林碳汇数据,预测了广东省2008-2050年能源消费碳排放量、水泥消费量和碳排放量、森林碳汇值.结果表明：2008-2050年,广东省水泥产量及其生产过程中的碳排放量基本稳定,年碳排放量在10～15 Mt C;广东省能源消费碳排放和总的碳排放趋势均呈倒U型曲线,其峰值年份分别在2035和2036年;2008-2050年,广东省碳排放强度将持续下降,森林碳汇量呈波动式下降趋势.本文提出的区域碳排放计算框架在广东省具有可行性和合理性.     

Improving carbon and energy distribution by coupling growth and medium chain length polyhydroxyalkanoate production from fatty acids by <Emphasis Type="Italic">Pseudomonas putida</Emphasis> KT2440

The production of medium chain length polyhydroxyalkanoates by Pseudomonas putida KT2440 from fatty acids leads to the loss of a large proportion of carbon. We studied the possibility of a shift of potentially available energy and carbon towards monitored residual growth during the production phase. A Fed-Batch culture achieving 125.6 g/L of total biomass containing 54.4% (g/g) of medium chain length polyhydroxyalkanoates was carried out leading to an overall experimental carbon yield of 0.7 Cmole/Cmole. The analysis of modeling fluxes deduced from experimental data indicated how carbon and reduced cofactors (NADH and FADH₂) were managed to conclude that part of the carbon and reduced cofactors made available by polymer production were used in anabolic pathways. The strategy which consisted in coupled growth and medium chain length polyhydroxyalkanoate production enhanced the global yields compared to growth followed by a production phase. The understanding of carbon and energy fluxes distribution allowed deducing optimized culture strategy to perform the highest reported in the literature.     

Pelagic food web processes in an oligotrophic lake

Major pelagic carbon pathways, including primary production, release of extracellular products (EOC), bacterial production and zooplankton grazing were measured in oligotrophic Lake Almind (Denmark) and in enclosures (7 m³) subjected to artificial eutrophication. Simultaneous measurements at three days interval of carbon exchange rates and pools allowed the construction of carbon flow scenarios over a nineteen day experimental period.The flow of organic carbon was dominated by phytoplankton EOC release, which amounted from 44 to 58% of the net fixation of inorganic carbon. Gross bacterial production accounted for 33 to 75% of the primary production. The lower values of EOC release (44%) and bacterial production (33%) were found in the enclosures with added nutrients. The release of recently fixed photosynthetic products was the most important source of organic carbon to the bacterioplankton. Uptake of dissolved free amino acids was responsible for 52 to 62% of the gross bacterial production. Thus, amino acids constituted a significant proportion of the EOC. Zooplankton (< 50 µm) grazing on algae and bacteria accounted only for a minor proportion of the particulate production in May. Circumstantial evidence is presented that suggests the chrysophycean alga Dinobryon was the most important bacterial remover.The results clearly demonstrated EOC release and bacterial metabolism to be key processes in pelagic carbon cycling in this oligotrophic lake.     

Modelling the importance of sediment bacterial carbon for profundal macroinvertebrates along a lake nutrient gradient

In dimictic, temperate lakes little is known about the quantitative importance of trophic coupling between pelagic and profundal communities. Although it is a generally accepted paradigm that profundal secondary production is dependent on autochthonous pelagic production (primarily diatoms), the importance of interactions between phytodetrital inputs, sediment bacteria, and macroinvertebrates are still not well understood. In this study, we used theoretical models to estimate macroinvertebrate carbon requirement (production + respiration) and bacterial production for lakes of different trophic categories. Comparisons of estimates show that the importance of bacterial production as a carbon source for benthic macroinvertebrates is inversely related to lake trophic state. Assuming that infauna assimilates 50% of ingested bacterial carbon, this food source could account for between 47% (oligotrophic lakes) and 2% (hypertrophic lakes) of their carbon demand. These calculations indicate that bacterial carbon should not be an important C-resource for profundal macroinvertebrates of eutrophic and hypertrophic lakes.     

2004—2013年东北三省主要粮食作物生产碳足迹

东北是我国重要的粮食主产区,在国家粮食安全保障中起着至关重要的作用.作物生产是主要的碳排放源,探明不同作物生产的碳足迹差异,对促进低碳农业发展具有重要意义.本研究利用2004—2013年东北三省主要粮食作物(水稻、玉米和大豆)的产量、播种面积、农田生产投入等统计数据,估算了该区粮食生产碳足迹.结果表明: 2004—2013年,东北地区3种主要粮食作物中,水稻生产单位面积碳足迹最高,平均达到(2463±56) kg CE·hm^-2,玉米次之.玉米的碳足迹上升趋势最明显,从2004年的1164 kg CE·hm^-2增加到2013年的1768 kg CE·hm^-2,增速为67 kg CE·hm^-2·a^-1.在碳足迹构成中,化肥贡献最大,分别占水稻、玉米、大豆总碳投入的45%、90%、83%.水稻生产中灌溉用电所占比例为29%~42%,远高于玉米和大豆.东北三省碳足迹差异显著,3种作物的单位产量碳足迹均在吉林省最高,单位面积碳足迹均在黑龙江省最低.随着农村劳动力非农化和作物生产机械化的快速递增,未来粮食生产中柴油等机械化碳投入将快速增长.提升化肥利用效率、灌溉效率和机械化作业效率将是发展东北地区低碳农业的关键途径.     

Dark Carbon Fixation: An Important Process in Lake Sediments

Close to redox boundaries, dark carbon fixation by chemoautotrophic bacteria may be a large contributor to overall carbon fixation. Still, little is known about the relative importance of this process in lake systems, in spite the potentially high chemoautotrophic potential of lake sediments. We compared rates of dark carbon fixation, bacterial production and oxygen consumption in sediments from four Swedish boreal and seven tropical Brazilian lakes. Rates were highly variable and dark carbon fixation amounted up to 80% of the total heterotrophic bacterial production. The results indicate that non-photosynthetic carbon fixation can represent a substantial contribution to bacterial biomass production, especially in sediments with low organic matter content.     

Microbial contributions to the evolution of the 'steady state' carbon dioxide system.

Various processes for the production of carbon dioxide by microorganisms are presented. It is postulated that a 'microniche' developed in a reducing environment; a symbiotic relationship between alga-like organisms and bacterium-like organisms in the 'microniche' governed the production of carbon dioxide resulting in the establishment of the steady state carbon dioxide system in the sea.     

北京市住宅建筑生命周期碳足迹

从生命周期角度看,建筑碳足迹与能源和建材生产系统具有密切关系。随着技术的进步和节能政策的推进,中国能源的生产和使用,以及建材生产过程中的环境排放都随着时间在持续降低,这将间接地影响到建筑的环境表现。依据1990—2010年期间每5a的中国能源与建材生命周期清单数据,对北京市20年间住宅建筑系统开展生命周期评价和碳足迹核算,以揭示北京市住宅建筑系统的环境负荷变化特征。结果表明,北京市住宅建筑生命周期碳足迹随时间推移呈现降低趋势,主要来自能源系统和建材生产系统的碳减排贡献。不同结构建筑的碳足迹尽管有差异,但也呈现了相似的下降趋势。从生命周期阶段看,建筑碳足迹主要体现在建筑使用阶段和建材生产阶段。尽管建筑使用阶段的节能对于降低建筑生命周期碳足迹具有重要贡献,但节能在经济成本及环境成本方面而言是有限度的。在可持续的环境政策管理制定中,应从生命周期角度,统筹考虑协调各行业减碳的协调发展。论文同时也验证了在生命周期评价中考虑时间变量将有助于更好地利用生命周期评价结果支持环境可持续管理。结论对于城市规划的政策制定、量化环境表现是有益的。     

Ocean annual phytoplankton carbon and new production,and annual export production estimated with empirical equations and CZCS data

Empirical equations are parameterized for use with chlorophyll a, derived from satellite ocean colour data, to calculate phytoplankton carbon production, phytoplankton new production, and export production. For environments in a high variance (HV) pigment statistical class, annual phytoplankton particulate organic carbon production (AIP) is linearly related to annual average in situ chlorophyll a within the near‐surface layer. Linear relations were also obtained between AIP and annual new nitrogen production, and between AIP and particulate organic carbon annually exported from the euphotic zone for environments in that class. We found no relation between AIP and C_SFC, or between the annual production variables, for oceanic environments characterized by low pigment variance (LV). Ratios of export production to AIP, called e, and new production to nitrogen annually used in phytoplankton production, called f, are widely used to express marine food web processes. The trends of these ratios with AIP differ between HV and LV environments. This is a result of differences in the coupling between nitrogen and carbon transfer in pelagic food webs, which contain different organism size classes in HV compared to LV environments. We applied the empirical equations to CZCS data to estimate global new and export production. The HV environments are responsible for about 40% of global ocean annual phytoplankton carbon production and 70% of global ocean annual new and export production.     

Constant release of photosynthate from marine phytoplankton.

The release rate of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) by unialgal cultures and natural phytoplankton assemblages was constant over a wide range of dissolved inorganic carbon concentrations. DOC release was not proportional to the particulate organic carbon production rate. We postulate that intracellular DOC, fated for release, exists either as a separate pool from that leading to particulate organic carbon production or that there is active metabolic control on one portion of a common pool.