钩藤化学成分的研究

从钩藤(Uncaria rhynchophylla(Miq.)Jacks.)带钩茎枝分离得到18个化合物,通过波谱学等方法鉴定为乌苏酸(1),27,28-二羧基乌苏酸(2),3β,6β,19α-三羟基乌苏酸(3),noreugenin(4),单棕榈酸甘油酯(5),3-酮-6β,19α-二羟基乌苏酸(6),sumresinolic(7),scopoletin(8),3β,6β,19α,24-四羟基乌苏酸(9),6-酮-3β,19α,23-三羟基齐墩果酸(10),3β,19α,24-三羟基乌苏酸(11),23-醛-3β,6β,19α-三羟基乌苏酸(12),钩藤苷元C(13),β-谷甾醇(14),胡萝卜苷(15),丁香酸(16),cleomiscosin D(17),cleomiscosin B(18).其中化合物4,7,9～11,17,18为首次从该植物中分离得到.     

中国钩藤属9种植物的花粉形态

利用光学显微镜和扫描电镜对中国钩藤属(Uncaria Schreb)9种植物的花粉形态进行了观察.结果表明,钩藤属植物的花粉为单粒,小型,辐射对称,赤道面观圆球形至近长球形,极面观3-裂圆形,具3孔沟,萌发沟裂缝状,长达两极.萌发沟中央有"内壁加厚突出"结构.外壁具条纹至细网纹饰,表面光滑无附属物.钩藤属花粉大小、形状、萌发沟和纹饰类型都较接近,属于单一型花粉.钩藤属植物的花粉形态特征是茜草科(Rubiaceae)中较为原始的类型.     

钩藤叶5种活性成分的测定研究

为建立钩藤Uncaria rhynchophylla(Miq.)Miq.ex Havil叶中5种活性成分含量测定方法,弥补钩藤叶质量控制方法的不足。本文通过对钩藤叶进行了抗氧化活性部位追踪,发现钩藤叶抗氧化活性主要与黄酮和多酚等成分相关;采用HPLC-PDA方法,以乙腈-0.1%磷酸水进行梯度洗脱,测定了钩藤叶中绿原酸、表儿茶素、芦丁、金丝桃苷和喜果苷等5种活性成分的含量。在该方法的条件下,5种成分分离良好,精密度、稳定性、重复性试验的RSD均3.0%,平均加样回收率为96.73%～103.5%。不同采集地点的12批样品的聚类分析表明5种成分的含量差异与产地地理分布相关。建立的HPLC方法操作简单,准确度好,精密度高,为钩藤叶的综合开发利用提供了基础。     

华钩藤化学成分研究

从华钩藤(Uncaria sinensis(Oliv.) Havil)的乙醇溶液中分离得到8个化合物,经波谱学方法并与已知样品对照段鉴定为:β-谷甾醇(1)、胡萝卜苷(2)、翅果定碱(3)、乌苏酸(4)、丁香色原酮甙Ⅰ(5)、美商陆甙A(6)、东莨菪素(7)和乌苏醛(8).其中化合物5和6为首次从该植物中分离得到.     

最适钩藤生长及生物碱积累培养基的筛选

[目的]旨在筛选最适合钩藤幼苗生长发育及生物碱积累的培养基。[方法]以6种培养基(WPM、1/2MS、MS、White、B5、N6)培育的钩藤幼苗为研究对象,统计各个培养基中钩藤种子的萌发率并记录钩藤幼苗的表型;利用丙酮乙酰混合液法测定钩藤幼苗叶片的叶绿素a、叶绿素b和叶绿素总含量;运用HPLC分别测定钩藤幼苗叶片的钩藤碱和异钩藤碱含量。[结果]WPM培养基培育的钩藤种子萌发率最高,达42%,其余5种培养基的萌发率均低于30%,WPM培养基培育的钩藤幼苗的表型、鲜重和干重均为最优;1/2MS培养基培育的钩藤幼苗积累的光合色素含量最多,除叶绿素b含量与WPM有显著差异外,叶绿素a和叶绿素总量与WPM培养基均无显著差异;WPM培养基培育的钩藤幼苗叶片的钩藤碱和异钩藤碱含量均最高,是White培养基1.57和1.31倍。[结论]WPM培养基为钩藤种子萌发、生长发育以及生物碱积累的最适培养基,为钩藤优质微繁殖种苗的培育和药用成分的代谢合成的研究奠定了基础。     

毛钩藤的小孢子发生和雄配子体发育

在光学显微镜和透射电镜下观察了毛钩藤(Uncaria hirsuta Havil.)的小孢子发生和雄配子体发育过程.结果表明,毛钩藤花两性,具5枚雄蕊,花药4室,花药壁由表皮、药室内壁、中层和绒毡层组成,花药开裂时,药室内壁高度纤维化带状加厚.花药壁的发育方式属于双子叶型,小孢子母细胞减数分裂的胞质分裂为同时型.小孢子在四分体时期开始沉积花粉外壁,小孢子大液泡化时期开始沉积花粉内壁.成熟花粉为2-细胞型.毛钩藤的花粉发育特征和茜草科植物基本一致.毛钩藤绒毡层属于分泌型,双重起源,分别起源于次生周缘层和药隔细胞.小孢子发育早期绒毡层开始降解并分泌形成大量乌氏体,花药开裂时绒毡层完全消失,剩下少量乌氏体.小孢子早期内壁加厚突出形成,小孢子细胞核分裂以后内壁加厚开始脱落,花药开裂时,只剩下少量的内壁加厚突出.初步推测,内壁加厚突出与乌氏体共同作用为雄配子体的发育提供营养物质.     

黔产钩藤茎、叶化学成分及抗肿瘤活性研究

钩藤富含生物碱类成分且资源丰富,具有清热平肝、息风定惊等作用.为明确钩藤茎、叶的物质基础,该文采用硅胶柱色谱、Sephadex LH-20及半制备HPLC等色谱技术对其进行分离纯化,根据理化性质和波谱数据鉴定化合物的结构,并采用MTT法对人白血病细胞株K562、HEL进行体外抗肿瘤活性筛选.从钩藤茎中分离得到7个化合物...     

贵州野生钩藤生长环境调查研究

对贵州野生钩藤生长环境、气候状况、土壤理化特性及蕴藏量进行调查研究,结果表明:贵州野生钩藤资源分布在海拔450 ～1 250 m范围内,喜温暖、湿润的环境,大部分分布在阴坡,主要生长在林下的坡地,坡度从30～70度不等,多有岩石;伴生植物主要是高大乔木,其次是灌木,还有带刺的蔷薇科藤本植物及喜阴的草本植物;钩藤生长地土壤类型属于壤土,土壤含水量高,有机质含量较低,土壤pH属于酸性范围,碱解氮在缺乏范围,土壤有效磷比较低,土壤速效钾属于丰富水平.野生钩藤资源蕴藏量很少.     

应用微生物发酵与超声波联合处理高效提取钩藤碱

目的:通过研究微生物发酵和超声波联合处理对钩藤碱提取率的影响,寻找高效提取钩藤碱的发酵菌株的处理方法.方法:采用微生物发酵与超声波处理中药钩藤粉末,用70%乙醇提取钩藤碱,用紫外分光光度法测定钩藤碱含量.结果:与未经处理相比,单独发酵处理或超声波处理以及发酵与超声波联合处理均能提高钓藤碱的提取率,其中以酵母发酵、酵母发酵与超声波联合处理法提取率最高,分别为对照(未处理)提取效率的2.598倍和2.857倍.结论:酵母是高效提取钩藤碱的优良发酵菌株,酵母发酵与超声波联合处理更显著地提高钩藤碱的提取效率,为钩藤碱的高效提取提供了一种简便、廉价、有效的新方法,建议在生产中推广应用.     

钩藤的种子育苗技术

介绍了钩藤的种子育苗技术,种子处理是钩藤种子育苗成功的关键,在此文中作了较详细的叙述。     

中国重楼属特有种卷瓣重楼的地理分布特征及濒危状况

卷瓣重楼Paris undulatis H.Li et V.G.Soukup为中国重楼属植物特有种,然而该种从发表至今,关于其是否为峨眉山原产、是否为峨眉山特有、野生种群是否已灭绝等问题仍无定论。本文通过资源调查、分类学鉴定,并结合IUCN的濒危物种分类标准对卷瓣重楼进行了评价,澄清了上述问题。     

小麦族中间鹅观草不同居群的形态多样性分析

小麦族（Triticeae）植物的野外调查、收集通常是以形态学为依据的。为了探讨小麦族植物在野外调查、收集的科学取样策略,本项研究以小麦族具有自花授粉习性的3个中间鹅观草（Roegneria sinica．vat．media Keng）居群、每个居群30个单株为材料,对11个形态学性状的多样性进行了分析。结果表明,3个居群的总遗传多样性指数为1．991,遗传多样性主要集中于居群内（91．76％）,而居群间的遗传变异（8．24％）相对较小;不同取样梯度下的遗传多样性指数随单株取样数目的增加呈现增大趋势,但当取样数目达到18株时,遗传多样性指数达到最高值。上述结果说明,对于小麦族自花授粉植物野外调查、收集时,应以居群为单位,而且每一居群至少应调查、收集18个单株,才能代表居群的遗传多样性。以形态学为依据的取样策略的建立,对于指导野外调查、收集具有现实意义。     

油桐和木油数核型的研究

油桐Vernicia fordii (Hemsl.) Airy-Shaw (Aleurites fordii Hemsl.)和木油树V. montana Lour. (A. montana (Lour.) Wils.)为大戟科油桐属Vernicia Lour. 植物,全世界共3种,上述两种为原产我国的重要木本油料植物,长江以南各省(区)广为栽培。细胞学方面,这两个种的染色体计数有过不少报道,均为n=11。本文旨在提供这两种植物核型比较分析的资料,以冀有助于它们选种育种工作。     

郁金樱愈伤组织诱导及植株再生

为建立郁金樱(Cerasus serrulata var. lannesiana cv. ‘Grandiflora’)再生体系,以多年生母株小叶、一年生嫁接苗小叶、腋芽诱导小叶和增殖一代小叶为外植体,探讨不同外植体和植物激素组合对郁金樱愈伤组织诱导、不定芽分化、增殖和生根的影响。结果表明,4种外植体均可诱导出愈伤组织,...     

Genetic diversity and gene flow among pearl millet crop/weed complex: a case study

Weedy plants with intermediate (domesticated × wild) phenotypes occur in most pearl millet fields in West Africa, even in the absence of wild populations. They are usually found, in high numbers, both inside and outside of drills. Questions pertaining to the evolutionary dynamics of diversity within the pearl millet complex (domesticated–weedy–wild forms) were addressed in this study. The diversity of the different components of this complex sampled in two pearl millet fields in two villages of southwestern Niger was assessed at both molecular (AFLP) and morphological levels. Results show that, in both fields, weedy plants found outside of drills are morphologically distinct from weedy plants found inside drills, despite their close similarity at AFLP markers. The data suggest some introgression from the wild to the weedy population but nevertheless that the gene flow between the parapatric wild and domesticated populations is very low. This challenges the traditional view that regular hybridization between domesticated and wild pearl millets explains the abundance of these weedy plants despite farmers’ seed selection. The level of genetic differentiation between fields from the two villages was low when considering domesticated and weedy plants. This could be explained by high gene flow resulting from substantial seed exchanges between farmers. The fact that it is very difficult for farmers to keep their own selected seeds, and the consequent substantial seed exchanges between them, is probably the main factor accounting for the maintenance and dispersal of weedy pearl millets in the region, even in areas where no wild forms have been observed.C. Mariac and T. Robert contributed equally to the work.     

Classification of life cycle form spectrum of artificial community of Pinus svlvestris var. mongolica

The plant life cycle form and its spectrum features of different plants in the artificial community of Pinus svlvestris var. mongolica at the botanical garden of Northeast Forestry University were classified by PCA method. For canopy layer plants, the vegetative growth (V) accounted for 46%, the sexual growth (S) accounted for 35%, and the clonal growth (C) accounted for the rest 19%. For succession layer plants, V accounted for more than 50%, and C accounted for a little higher than S did. For herbaceous layer plants, V accounted for nearly 47%, which was only 4% higher than that of S, and C only accounted for 11%. These findings indicate that the plant life cycle forms of canopy layer plants and herbaceous layer plants were VS transition form with V form as the main form, while the succession layer plants were V form. At the viewpoint of artificial community, the life cycle form can be described as V_0.49S_0.33C_0.18, a typical VS transition form, indicating that most of the species studied in this community are in a healthy status with the V form. Moreover, the relatively high (33%) percentage in the S form indicates that the community also tends to sexual growth for offspring, although it will be steady within a period of time for the vegetative growth of bodies.     

东北地区野豌豆属VICIA L.物种生物学研究——Ⅵ.柳叶野豌豆复合种及其近缘种核型分析和细胞地理学研究

本文报道了国产北野豌豆Vicia ramuliflra(Maxim.)Ohwi和日本产V.fauviei Franch.和V.nipponica Matsum.的核型。北野豌豆古莲居群2n=12=2m(2SAT)+8sm+2st, 千山居群2n=12=6m+6sm。V.fauriei 2n=12=2m+8sm+2st, V.nipponica 2n=12=6m(4SAT)+4sm+2st, 核型分析表明核型主要由'm'、'sm'和'st'三种染色体组成, 核型对称性高(2A或3A)。染色体倍性分布格局, 形态特征和现代分布式样揭示黄山-西天目山-庐山-带山地可能是柳叶野豌豆复合种及其近缘种的起源中心和多样化中心, 四倍体的发生可能与第四纪山地冰川有关。     

Classification of life cycle form spectrum of artificial community of Pinus svlvestris var. mongolica

The plant life cycle form and its spectrum features of different plants in the artificial community of Pinus svlvestris var. mongolica at the botanical garden of Northeast Forestry University were classified by PCA method. For canopy layer plants, the vegetative growth (V) accounted for 46%, the sexual growth (S) accounted for 35%, and the clonal growth (C) accounted for the rest 19%. For succession layer plants, V accounted for more than 50%, and C accounted for a little higher than S did. For herbaceous layer plants, V accounted for nearly 47%, which was only 4% higher than that of S, and C only accounted for 11%. These findings indicate that the plant life cycle forms of canopy layer plants and herbaceous layer plants were VS transition form with V form as the main form, while the succession layer plants were V form. At the viewpoint of artificial community, the life cycle form can be described as V_0.49S_0.33C_0.18, a typical VS transition form, indicating that most of the species studied in this community are in a healthy status with the V form. Moreover, the relatively high (33%) percentage in the S form indicates that the community also tends to sexual growth for offspring, although it will be steady within a period of time for the vegetative growth of bodies.     

樟子松（Pinus svlvestris var. mongolica）人工群落生活史型谱

以东北林业大学植物园内的樟子松人工群落为研究对象,应用主成分分析方法在对群落内不同种的生活史型进行划分的基础上,对松科樟子松和白扦、槭树科糖槭、豆科紫穗槐、木犀科暴马丁香、蔷薇科毛果绣线菊和托盘、红豆杉科东北红豆杉、菊科飞廉和线叶旋覆花、禾本科扁穗草、罂粟科白屈菜、唇形科夏至草、十字花科荠菜14种植物生活史型及谱特征进行了定量化分析,以此为依据对群落演替和健康水平进行评价的可行性进行了探讨。结果发现此群落中主林层植物(樟子松和白扦)营养生长(Vegetationgrowth,V)达到46%,有性生长(Sexualgrowth,S)在35%,无性生长(Clonegrowth,C)约为19%;演替层植物(糖槭、紫穗槐、暴马丁香、毛果绣线菊、托盘和东北红豆杉)营养生长超过50%,无性生长略高于有性生长;草本层植物(飞廉、扁穗草、线叶旋覆花、白屈菜、夏至草和荠菜)营养生长接近于47%,有性生长只比营养生长少了4%,无性生长只占到11%。这些发现说明了主林层的生活史型是以营养生长为主的VS过渡生活史型,演替层植物应为V生活史型而草本植物为VS过渡类型。群落的生活史型是V0.49S0.33C0.18,属于VS过渡生活史型,在样地调查的14种植物中,生活史型大部分以营养为主,综合评价此群落处于以营养生长为主(49%)的健康群落水平,此群落中有性生长占总生活史型得分的33%,有向有性生长发展的趋势,但在一段时间内该群落应为稳定群落。     

野生植物早禾树营养成分的研究

对野生植物早禾树的营养成分进行了分析,结果表明,早禾树中含有多种营养成分,丰富的矿质元素和维生素及其β-胡萝卜素。早禾树中至少含有17种氨基酸。旨在为开发利用植物资源提供科学依据。