中国栅蛛属2新种记述(蜘蛛目:栅蛛科)

本文记了分别采自云南高黎贡山的栅蛛科栅蛛属Hahnia 2新种:垭口栅蛛,新种S.yakouensis sp.nov.和肾形栅蛛,新种S.reniformis sp.nov..垭口栅蛛后眼列前曲,交媾腔大,扁圆形,交媾孔1个,位于交媾腔下缘,交媾管粗,呈"人"字形下行分成2支再向两侧扭曲.纳精囊有一肓管斜向上伸出,鉴于上述特征而与Hahnia mridulae Tikader,1970不同.肾形栅蛛交媾孔2个,位于生殖厣腹面中央,纳精囊1对,大,肾形,插入器始于生殖球左下方,鉴于上述特征而与Hahnia xinjiangensis Wang et Liang,1989不同. Abstract： The present paper deals with two new species of the genus Hahnia collected from the Gaoligong Mountains Region of Yunnan Province, China: Hahnia yakouensis sp. nov., Hahnia reniformis sp. nov..     

注重发挥博士后科研生力军作用

中国医科大学博士后科研流动站始建1995年。目前学校设有基础医学、临床医学和生物学3个博士后科研流动站。但由于每年国家财力有限,资助名额很少,在有限条件下建立、健全博士后制度,加强对博士后人员的培养,调动博士后人员的积极性是一项重要的研究课题。     

遗传物质的发现者之一——麦卡锡

1944年,3位科学家艾弗里、麦卡锡和麦克劳德在DNA遗传本质方面的发现是20世纪最重要的发现之一,这个发现打开了生物学革命的大门,从而改变了人类对自然界的看法,这项研究还为1953年沃森和克里克DNA双螺旋结构的发现奠定了坚实的基础,但不幸的是3位科学家都未曾荣获诺贝尔奖.通过介绍麦克林·麦卡锡的科学研究,从而对这项发现的基本状况有一个基本的了解.     

生命之树与进化模式:导言

One and half centuries ago, Charles Darwin (1859) presented overwhelming evidence and argued that all life on the earth shared common descent, and "from so simple a beginning endless forms most beautiful and most wonderful have been, and are being evolved". Ernst Haeckel (1886) and several of his contemporaries attempted to trace the pattern of descent among all extant and extinct forms in what Darwin referred to as "the great Tree of Life". Ever since then, systematists and evolutionary biologists have been exploring morphological, cytogenetic, chemical, developmental and molecular characters, and actively developing theories and methods to infer phylogenetic relationships among organisms from these characters. This endeavor has been especially stimulated by the rise of molecular biology and the emergence of computer science over the past 50 years. At the beginning of the 21st century, we are presented with an unprecedented opportunity to reconstruct the entire Tree of Life, and further, to study evolutionary processes and mechanisms in the context of a robust phylogenetic framework.     

我国微生态学的奠基人——魏曦

魏曦,字东升,1903年12月25日出生于湖南岳阳一个小职员家庭,父亲任职于邮政局.1914～1921年他在家乡湖滨中学读书,毕业后考入长沙湘雅医学院,学习两年后曾参加北伐军,任第四集团军警卫团三等军医.后退出军队,在长沙广雅中学任教.1928年入设立在上海的中央大学医学院(1932年独立为上海医学院)学习,1933年毕业,获博士学位.     

高黎贡山北段东西坡种子植物区系的比较研究

高黎贡山北段的东西坡由于在降雨量和热量分配等方面存在着显著的差异,致使东西坡在植物的种类、组成及区系特征等方面表现出明显的差异.东坡记载野生种子植物152科,580属,1475种及192变种(亚种),西坡记载野生种子植物162科,659属,1804种及186变种(亚种).东西坡种子植物科、属、种的对比分析表明:1)东西坡现代种子植物区系具有相同的历史渊源,但其区系联系减弱了,东西坡区系相似性程度,依科、属、种的顺序依次递减;2)西坡现代种子植物区系比东坡具有更为深刻的热带起源烙印.就科、属、种三个水平来说,东坡的热带成分低于西坡,温带成分高于西坡.许多典型的泛热带大科在西坡比东坡有着更为丰富的种类,其中有些泛热带科分子在东坡缺乏分布,而在西坡找到了合适的驻留之地;3)西坡现代种子植物区系与东喜马拉雅植物区系的联系比东坡紧密,而东坡与高黎贡山以东的区系联系比西坡密切,由于高黎贡山山脉的阻隔,近代植物物种的东西坡交流发生了障碍;4)西坡生态地理环境比东坡更有利于物种的生存、繁衍和分化,它既是古老成分的避难所,又是孕育新生成分的摇篮.     

用叶绿体ndhF和核核糖体ITS序列推断李属(蔷薇科)的系统发育

Sequences of the chloroplast ndhF gene and the nuclear ribosomal ITS regions are employed to reconstruct the phylogeny of Prunus (Rosaceae), and evaluate the classification schemes of this genus. The two data sets are congruent in that the genera Prunus s.l. and Maddenia form a monophyletic group, with Maddenia nested within Prunus. However, the ndhF data set is incongruent with the ITS data supporting two major groups within Prunus one consisting of subgenera Laurocerasus (including Pygeum) and Padus as well as the genus Maddenia and another of subgenera Amygdalus, Cerasus, and Prunus. The ITS data, on the other hand, support a clade composed of subgenera Amygdalus and Prunus and Prunus sect. Microcerasus in addition to a paraphyletic grade of subgenera Laurocerasus and Padus (and the genus Maddenia) taxa. In general, the subgeneric classifications of Prunus s.l. are not supported. The ITS and ndhF phylogenies differ mainly in interspecific relationships and the relative position of the Padus/Laurocerasus group. Both ITS and ndhF data sets suggest that the formerly recognized genus Pygeum is polyphyletic and that the distinction of the subgenera Padus and Laurocerasus is not supported. The biogeographic interactions of the temperate and tropical members in the Padus/Laurocera- sus/Maddenia alliance including Pygeum are shown to be highly dynamic and complex.     

鸡的瞬膜

瞬膜(nictitating membrane),又称第三眼睑,是一种保护眼球、防止灰尘的结构.鸟类的瞬膜位于眼眶的前眼角,为半透明的膜,其内缘具有一种羽毛上皮,借以刷洗角膜上的灰尘.在飞行时能遮覆眼球,以避免干燥气流和灰尘对眼球的伤害.由于瞬膜在鸟类睁眼的一瞬间迅速缩回前眼角,很难拍摄到.最近费了好大的周折,终于拍到了理想的鸡瞬膜照片,现予以发表供生物学界的同行共享(友情提示:如引用请注明原作者).     

途经甘肃的3种水鸟新纪录

2007年10月13日至11月5日进行敦煌市湿地鸟类调查时,分别在南湖湿地与候鸟自然保护区及党河水库使用Leica apo77高倍望远镜观察到3种水鸟,在以往的文献资料中未见其分布于甘肃的报道,应为甘肃鸟类新纪录。笔者用500mm镜头分别拍下3种水鸟的照片。1.赤颈(Podiceps grisegena)2007年10月13日13:30时,在南湖湿地与候鸟自然保护区的阳关水库(渥洼池)记录到2只赤颈。当时水面上同时有凤头(P.cristatus)、黑颈(P.nigricollis)以及大量鸭类、潜鸭类游禽活动,赤颈体形较凤头小,而又明显比黑颈大。其中一只赤颈的…     

小麦胞质突变型雄性不育系85EA与其保持系线粒体DNA的比较研究

８５ＥＡ是通过电子束辐照获得的胞质突变型小麦不育要用ＲＦＬＰ和ＲＡＰＤ技术对８５ＥＡ及春保持系的线粒体ＤＮＡ进行了比较研究。ＲＦＬＰ分析表明８５ＥＡ线粒体基因组中ｃｏｘⅡ基因的位置结构与保持系发生了变化；ＲＡＰＤ分析中引物ＯＰＤ－１５扩增产物在不育系和保持系间有明显差异，不育系的扩增产物比保持系多１条分子量为０．６ｋｂ的特展览 要带，用Ｔ－ｅａｓｙ ｖｅｃｔｏｒ克隆该不育系特异条带并命名为ＯＰＤ－     

Somatic hybridization in Petunia

Summary Two types of cytoplasmic hybrids were obtained by protoplast fusion. These contained either one or the other original parental nucleus and heteroplasmon, a mix of plasmons inducing cytoplasmic male sterility and fertility. In subsequent generations, following selfing, stable male sterile and male fertile lines segregated from single fertile cytoplasmic hybrid plants. These data demonstrated the existence of a heteroplasmic state in the somatic hybrids and the occurrence of cytoplasmic segregation of the heteroplasmon into homoplasmons following the first and the second meiotic cycles.Contribution from the Agricultural Research Organization, The Volcani Center, Division of Plant Genetics & Breeding, Bet Dagan, Israel. No. 275-E, 1979 series     

小鼠基因组研究进展

小鼠基因组研究进展李善如１,２王冬平１陈永福２（１．军事医学科学院实验动物中心,北京１０００７１）（２．中国农业大学生物学院,北京１０００９４）ＴｈｅＤｅｖｅｌｏｐｍｅｎｔｏｆＭｏｕｓｅＧｅｎｏｍｅＲｅｓｅａｒｃｈＬＩＳｈａｎｒｕ１,２ＷＡＮＧＤｏｎ...     

水稻雄性不育新质源的研究──新型水稻细胞质雄性不育系马协A与野败型珍汕97A不育性的遗传学比较

采用套袋自交结实率和自然结实率为主,花粉育性和田间目测整株育性为辅的综合性状,判定新型细胞质雄性不育系马协Ａ以及它与明恢６３的杂种Ｆ_１、Ｆ_２和ＢＦ_１的植株育性,并以野败型珍汕９７Ａ作对照,比较研究了其不育性的遗传规律。结果表明,马协Ａ与珍汕９７Ａ不育性的遗传均由两对基因控制,但新型细胞质雄性不育系马协Ａ两对基因的作用方式与珍汕９７Ａ不同。前者Ｆ_２群体的育性分离符合９：３：３：１的比例,ＢＦ_１符合１：２：１的比例;后者相应群体则符合１２：３：１和２：１：１的比例,两对基因间表现为显性上位。斯米尔诺夫检验也表明马协Ａ／明恢６３和珍汕９７Ａ／明恢６３的Ｆ_２群体的结实率频率分布差异显著（Ｐ＜０．０１）。并讨论了细胞质雄性不育的遗传机理及分子基础。     

水稻雄性不育新质源的研究──新型水稻细胞质雄性不育系马协A与野败型珍汕97A不育性的遗传学比较

采用套袋自交结实率和自然结实率为主,花粉育性和田间目测整株育性为辅的综合性状,判定新型细胞质雄性不育系马协Ａ以及它与明恢６３的杂种Ｆ１,Ｆ２和ＢＦ１的植株育性,并以野败型珍汕９７Ａ作对照,比较研究了其有性的遗传规律,结果表明,马协Ａ与珍汕９７Ａ不育性的遗传均由两对基因控制,但新型细胞质雄性不育系马协Ａ两对基因的作用方式与珍汕９７Ａ不同,前者Ｆ２群体的育性分离符合９：３：３：１的比例,ＢＦ１符合１：     

红麻不育系和保持系中cob基因的克隆与分析

开展红麻的CMS机理的研究有利于更好地利用其杂种优势。分别提取红麻CMS系和保持系线粒体DNA,Southern blot分析表明,cob基因的组织形式存在差异。根据不同物种cob基因的保守序列设计引物,在红麻CMS系和保持系中克隆到了cob基因,GenBank序列号分别为HM535786和HM535787。基因长度均为1179bp,编码392个氨基酸残基,分子量约为43kD。序列比较发现cob基因在CMS系和保持系同源性达99.8%,和其他物种中cob基因的同源性大于92.3%。研究结果为下一步克隆cob基因的侧翼序列,进而揭示红麻的CMS机理提供了很好的研究基础。     

旋花科植物雄性细胞的细胞质DNA存在状况及其系统学意义

用DAPI荧光染色方法检测了旋花科4属4种植物——空心菜Ipomoea aquatica Forsk. 、茑萝 Qua- moclit pennata (Desr．)Boj．、月光花 Calonyction aculeatum(L．)House和日本菟丝子Cuscuta japonica Choisy 中生殖细胞和精细胞中细胞质DNA存在的状况。证明除日本菟丝子外,其余3种植物的雄性细胞中都 存在细胞质DNA。此外,在我们曾研究过的5种旋花科种植物的生殖细胞和精细胞中亦显示含有细胞质 DNA,因而可认为这是旋花科较普遍的特性,日本菟丝子精细胞中缺少细胞质DNA,可作为—个新的胚胎学证据,支持此属从旋花科分出独立为菟丝子科。     

Partial purification and properties of the cytoplasmic factors modulating adenylate cyclase activity in rat lung plasma membranes

The adult rat lung supernatant contains some factors which markedly enhance adenylate cyclase activity in membranes (Nijjar, M.S. (1979) Biochim. Biophys. Acta 584, 43–50). These factors were separated into two less active components (peaks 1 and 2) by DEAE-cellulose chromatography. However, their recombination restored the full activation of adenylate cyclase. Further purification and characterization of these factors revealed that the activation in peak 1 contained two proteins of low (14 500) and high (65 000) molecular weight whereas the activator in peak 2 contained only one protein of 65 000. The kinetics of adenylate cyclase activation revealed that both the K_m and V values were affected. The data also demonstrate that calmodulin was not involved in the cytoplasmic activation of adenylate cyclase in rat lungs.