广东中山地区气单胞菌环境株的分离、鉴定及系统发生关系

从广东省中山市的池塘水样、底泥、健康鱼、肠道及稻田土样中用Aeromonas的选择培养基分离到10株气单胞菌。通过生理生化测试、16S rDNA序列测定、与气单胞菌典型菌株的16S rDNA序列进行比对和聚类分析,对它们进行了鉴定,并研究了它们之间的系统发生关系。结果显示该地区环境中气单胞菌的优势种除A.hydrophila(HG1组)外,还有A.caviae(HG4组)、A.jandaei(HG9组)和A.veronii(HG10组),其中后两种是国内新记录。这是国内首次对环境中气单胞菌多样性进行研究。     

海绵Pachychalina sp.体内细菌多样性的研究

通过非分离培养分析方法,直接从海绵体内提取细菌总DNA。以样品总DNA为模板进行PCR扩增获得细菌16S rDNA。用16S rDNA限制性酶切片段长度多态性（ARDRA）和测序方法对南海湛江海域海绵Pachychalina sp.体内的细菌多样性进行了研究。在细菌16S rDNA的ARDRA图谱中,大多数克隆的酶切带谱间存在差异;随机挑选22个克隆进行测序得到它们的16S rDNA部分序列,大部分序列属于γproteobacterium和αproteobacterium,但有少数克隆序列与RDP数据库中收录的16S rDNA序列间的相似性极小,不参与系统发育树的构建。研究结果表明海绵Pachychalina sp.体内细菌组成具有丰富的多样性。     

兼性厌氧纤维素菌的分离与系统发育分析*

从四川卧龙中国保护大熊猫研究中心提供的野外放归大熊猫“祥祥”的粪样中,分离到一株产纤维素酶的兼性厌氧菌株。该菌株经初步生理生化鉴定为肠杆菌科沙雷氏菌(Serratia),命名为Serratia JF-1116。用PCR技术扩增了该菌的16S rDNA全序列,并对其进行了克隆和测序,对该序列在GenBank中的BLAST结果表明,所有与该序列高度同源的序列均为肠杆菌科的16S rDNA基因序列,选取同源性高的菌株的16S rDNA基因序列进行系统发育分析,菌株与3株Serr     

斑点叉尾(鱼回)一株致病菌的分离鉴定及系统发育分析

从发生急性流行性传染病的斑点叉尾NFDA5肝、肾分离到一高致病性的菌株（CCF00024）,经人工感染实验证实其为该病的病原菌。对该菌的形态、生理生化及16S rDNA序列分析结果表明,其为非发酵型,严格需氧,革兰氏阴性杆菌,极生多鞭毛,对除麦芽糖和甘露糖以外的多种糖类不能利用产酸,氧化酶阴性,DNA酶、蛋白酶、脲酶、赖氨酸脱羧酶阳性,MR阴性。在以该菌16S rDNA序列（GenBank登录号AY970826）和GenBank及RDP数据库内同源性较高的细菌16S rDNA序列构建的系统发育树中,分离菌CCF00024与嗜麦芽寡养单胞菌（Stenotrophomonas maltophilia）聚在一簇,特别是与S. maltophilia M51的同源性最高,其序列相似性达99.6%,结合形态和生理生化特点将其鉴定为嗜麦芽寡养单胞菌（Stenotrophomonas maltophilia）。     

链状亚历山大藻共附生细菌多样性

采用非分离培养分析方法,直接提取链状亚历山大藻（Alexandrium catenella）共附生细菌总DNA,以之为模板进行PCR扩增获得细菌16S rDNA基因片段,并构建16S rDNA克隆文库。通过16S rDNA限制性酶切片段长度多态性（restriction fragment length polymorphism,RFLP）和测序方法对链状亚历山大藻共附生细菌的多样性进行了研究。84个16S rDNA克隆片段经限制性内切酶HaeⅢ酶切分析,得到30种不同的酶切指纹类型。挑选50个克隆子进行测序获得其16S rDNA部分序列,并对16S rDNA序列进行聚类分析构建了系统进化树。结果表明,链状亚历山大藻共附生的细菌多样性较强,优势细菌类群为变形菌α亚群（α-Proteobacteria）和拟杆菌（Bacteroidetes）,其中玫瑰杆菌（Roseobacter sp.）在α-Proteobacteria中占绝对优势。     

免培养法对一热泉细菌多样性的初步研究

应用免培养法（Cultureindependent）对云南腾冲热海大滚锅高温热泉中细菌的多样性进行初步的分析。经过克隆筛选,测定了5个克隆的16S rDNA插入片段的近全序列,系统发育分析的结果表明,它们分属于Bacillus、Hydrogenobacter和Pseudomonas,有一个克隆尚难确定其分类地位,它属于Thermodesulfobacteriaceae科,介于Geothermbacterium属和Thermodesulfobacteria属之间。经PCR扩增出上述5个克隆16S rDNA插入序列中及环境样品总DNA中的16S rDNA V8高变区约600bp片段,进行变性梯度电泳（DGGE）。所得电泳图谱和5个序列的系统发育树不仅表明该高温热泉存在着丰富的细菌多样性,还显示了它们是该高温热泉中细菌的优势物种。     

克氏原螯虾源致病性豚鼠气单胞菌的分离及其生物学特性

从患病的克氏原螯虾体内分离到一株致病菌L2M-A, 经生理生化鉴定和16S rDNA序列分析, 证实菌株L2M-A为豚鼠气单胞菌(Aeromonas caviae) (GenBank登录号: KF446251), 其16S rDNA序列与基因库中气单胞菌属菌株的16S rDNA序列有99%100%的同源性, 而且与豚鼠气单胞菌JXZ-3株(GenBank登录号: JF496552)的亲缘关系最近。此外, 菌株L2M-A在pH59内均能够生长良好, 最适生长温度为30℃, 最适生长转速为200 r/min, 但浓度6.25 g/mL的双氟沙星对其生长具有显著的抑制作用, 可作为防治用药的依据。       

南海东海岛沉积物分离细菌的鉴定及其抑菌活性

[背景] 海洋微生物在活性物质开发方面具有巨大的应用前景,而目前有关南海东海岛微生物的研究鲜少。[方法] 对从东海岛沉积物中分离纯化的海洋细菌,采用形态学观察、生理生化以及16S rRNA基因序列的系统发育分析方法进行鉴定;以大肠杆菌（Escherichia coli）、枯草芽孢杆菌（Bacillus subtilis）和金黄色葡萄球菌（Staphylococcus aureus）作为指示菌,测定其抑菌活性;对具有抑菌活性的菌株扩增聚酮合酶（Polyketide synthase I,PKSI）基因,并与已知的PKSI氨基酸序列比对;选择具有PKSI基因的代表菌株,检测菌株及其发酵抑菌物的稳定性。[结果] 分离纯化到25株海洋细菌,分属于不动杆菌属（Acinetobacter）、交替单胞菌属（Alteromonas）、芽孢杆菌属（Bacillus）、嗜冷杆菌属（Psychrobacter）、假交替单胞菌属（Pseudo-alteromonas）、海洋单胞菌属（Oceanimonas）、葡萄球菌属（Staphylococcus）、微球菌属（Micrococcus）和海杆菌属（Marinobacter）。12株菌株通过基因筛选检测到PKSI编码基因,其中6株菌株具有抑菌活性和PKSI编码基因,并分属于芽孢杆菌属和交替单胞菌属;PKSI氨基酸序列同源性分析推测菌株DHD-15和DHD-a可能产生新的I型聚酮合酶结构。菌株DHD-15和DHD-L生长温度范围为15-40℃,可耐受10% NaCl高盐以及pH 3和pH 11的酸碱条件,但不耐高温;菌株DHD-15产生的抑菌物质可耐受100℃和pH 11的高温碱性条件,在50℃、pH 9条件下制备和室温保藏条件下抑菌活性较高,其稳定性较好。[结论] 南海东海岛沉积物筛选的细菌种具有抑菌活性,具有产聚酮类活性物质的潜力。     

海绵Pachychalina sp.体内古菌多样性非培养技术分析

采用非分离培养分析方法,即16S rDNA限制性酶切片段长度多态性（ARDRA）和测序方法对南海湛江海域海绵Pachychalina sp.体内的古菌多样性进行了研究。从海绵体内直接提取古菌总DNA。以样品总DNA为模板,用古菌16S rDNA通用引物进行PCR扩增获得16S rDNA,回收、纯化16S rDNA产物并克隆到TVector。进行第二次PCR扩增反应,且对扩增产物进行ARDRA。在古菌16S rDNA的ARDRA图谱中,大多数克隆的酶切带谱上存在差异;随机挑选8个克隆子进行测序,获得古菌16S rDNA的部分序列,并对16S rDNA序列进行聚类分析构建了系统进化树,结果发现海绵体内的古菌主要属于Methanogenium organophilum、Methanoplanus petrolearius等古菌类。但它们与目前数据库中收录的古细菌间的相似性均不超过90%,它们极有可能是一些新的古菌。     

螺旋霉素3-O-酰基转移酶基因的删除和主要产生螺旋霉素组分Ⅰ菌株的获得

螺旋霉素（SP）为16元环大环内酯类抗生素,含有螺旋霉素Ⅰ、Ⅱ和Ⅲ个组分,其结构的差异为16元内酯环的C₃上分别连接羟基（SPⅠ）、乙酰基（SPⅡ）和丙酰基（SPⅢ）;SPⅡ和SPⅢ是在相同的3-O-酰基转移酶催化下SPⅠ进一步酰化的产物。SPⅠ、SPⅡ和SPⅢ在生物学活性方面无大差异。为简化螺旋霉素组分,便于今后对其结构进行进一步改造,根据碳霉素和麦迪霉素生物合成中的3-O-酰基转移酶序列,设计了简并性PCR引物,并采用SON-PCR（single oligonucleotide nested PCR）方法,从螺旋霉素产生菌S. spiramyceticus F21中进行特异性扩增,获得了螺旋霉素3-O-酰基转移酶基因（sspA）及其侧翼序列,共约4.3kb（其中的3457nt DNA序列已被Genbank收录,DQ642742）。采用DNA同源双交换技术对S. spiramyceticusF21中的sspA进行了删除。对螺旋霉素原株和sspA缺失变株进行发酵产物提取和HPLC分析表明：原株中SPⅠ、SPⅡ和SPⅢ的相对含量分别为7.8%、67%和25%,变株中则分别为72％、18%和9.6%;变株主要组分为SPⅠ。螺旋霉素sspA缺失变株的获得为螺旋霉素组分简化及其衍生物的结构改造奠定了基础。     

Biochemical and Molecular Characterization of Tetracycline-Resistant Aeromonas veronii Isolates from Catfish

Eighty-one tetracycline-resistant Aeromonas sp. strains were isolated from farm-raised catfish. Morphological and biochemical characteristics indicated that 23 of the 81 aeromonads were Aeromonas hydrophila, 7 isolates were Aeromonas trota, 6 isolates were Aeromonas caviae, 42 isolates were Aeromonas veronii, and 3 isolates were Aeromonas jandaei. However, the AluI and MboI restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) patterns of the PCR-amplified 1.4-kb 16S rRNA gene from all 81 tetracycline-resistant aeromonads from catfish were identical to the RFLP banding patterns of A. veronii ATCC 35626, indicating that all 81 isolates were strains of A. veronii. A multiplex PCR assay successfully amplified the 5 tetracycline-resistant genes (tetA to E) from the genomic DNA of all 81 isolates. The assay determined that tetE was the dominant gene occurring in 73/81 (90.0%) of the aeromonads. Plasmids (2.0 to 20 kb) were isolated from 33 of the 81 isolates. Dendrogram analysis of the SpeI pulsed-field gel electrophoresis identified 15 distinct macrorestriction patterns among the isolates. Our results indicate the need for use of 16S rRNA in the identification of Aeromonas spp. and the prevalence of catfish as a reservoir of tet genes.     

Characterization of Aeromonas strains isolated from Indian foods using rpoD gene sequencing and whole cell protein analysis

Aeromonas are responsible for causing gastroenteritis and extra-intestinal infections in humans. Twenty-two Aeromonas strains isolated from different food sources were re-identified up to species level using rpoD gene sequence analysis. Biochemical tests and 16S rRNA gene sequencing were insufficient to identify Aeromonas till species level. However, incorporation of additional biochemical tests lead to correct identification of 95.5 % strains up to species level. The 16S rRNA gene sequencing was useful to identify Aeromonas isolates at the genus level only. Sequences of the rpoD gene showed greater discriminatory power than 16S rRNA gene and provided conclusive discrimination of the strains for which the phenotypic species identification was uncertain. All these 22 strains were accurately identified up to species level by rpoD gene as A. salmonicida (6), A. veronii bv. veronii (4), A. caviae (3), A. hydrophila (2), A. veronii bv. sobria (2), A. jandaei (1), A. trota (1), A. sobria (1), A. allosaccharophila (1) and A. bivalvium (1). All these strains were also characterized using whole cell protein (WCP) analysis by gradient SDS-PAGE and showed different whole cell protein (WCP) profile [22–28 polypeptide bands (~10 to >97 kDa)], indicating high genetic diversity. The present work emphasizes the use of molecular methods such as rpoD gene sequencing along with comprehensive biochemical tests for the rapid and accurate identification of Aeromonas isolates till species level. The WCP profile can be subsequently used to characterize Aeromonas isolates below species level.     

Gastrointestinal Colonization Rates for Human Clinical Isolates of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Aeromonas Veronii</Emphasis> Using a Mouse Model

A variety of environment-associated gastrointestinal infections have been associated with the Aeromonas group of bacteria which contain both non-virulent strains as well as virulent strains within a particular species. This study monitors the colonization rates of colon tissue in a mouse-streptomycin dose/response model involving isolates of Aeromonas veronii biovar sobria obtained from human clinical specimens. The ability to successfully colonize mouse colon tissues by the human clinical isolates was then compared with the rates achieved in a previous study of Aeromonas isolates obtained from environmental drinking water samples. Results suggest that strains of Aeromonas isolated from drinking water environmental samples contain pathogenic and virulence capabilities similar to those seen in Aeromonas veronii clinical isolates from human infections.     

Aeromonas piscicola sp. nov., isolated from diseased fish

Four Aeromonas strains (S1.2^T, EO-0505, TC1 and TI 1.1) isolated from moribund fish in Spain showed a restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) pattern related to strains of Aeromonas salmonicida and Aeromonas bestiarum but their specific taxonomic position was unclear. Multilocus sequence analysis (MLSA) of housekeeping genes rpoD, gyrB, recA and dnaJ confirmed the allocation of these isolates to an unknown genetic lineage within the genus Aeromonas with A. salmonicida, A. bestiarum and Aeromonas popoffii as the phylogenetically nearest neighbours. Furthermore, a strain biochemically labelled as Aeromonas hydrophila (AH-3), showing a pattern of A. bestiarum based on 16S rDNA-RFLP, also clustered with the unknown genetic lineage. The genes rpoD and gyrB proved to be the best phylogenetic markers for differentiating these isolates from their neighbouring species. Useful phenotypic features for differentiating the novel species from other known Aeromonas species included their ability to hydrolyze elastin, produce acid from l-arabinose and salicin, and their inability to produce acid from lactose and use l-lactate as a sole carbon source. A polyphasic approach using phenotypic characterization, phylogenetic analysis of the 16S rRNA gene and of four housekeeping genes, as well as DNA–DNA hybridization studies and an analysis of the protein profiles by MALDI-TOF-MS, showed that these strains represented a novel species for which the name Aeromonas piscicola sp. nov. is proposed with isolate S1.2^T (=CECT 7443^T, =LMG 24783^T) as the type strain.     

Identity and virulence properties of Aeromonas isolates from diseased fish, healthy controls and water environment in China

Aims: To investigate the species distribution in Aeromonas isolates from diseased fish, healthy controls and water environment in China; to evaluate the frequency of the aerolysin (aer), cytotonic enterotoxin (alt), cytotoxic enterotoxin (act), temperature‐sensitive protease (eprCAI) and serine protease (ahp) genes in Aeromonas isolates; and to determine the potential pathogenicity of these isolates. Methods and Results: Two hundred and two Aeromonas isolates from diseased fish (n = 42), healthy fish (n = 120) and water environment (n = 40) in China were identified to species levels based on sequencing of the housekeeping gene gyrB, while the distribution of five virulence factors, including aer, alt, act, eprCAI and ahp, was investigated by PCR. Aeromonas veronii (25/42; 60%) and Aeromonas hydrophila (14/42; 33%) were the species most commonly isolated from diseased fish, while Aer. veronii was the most common species in healthy fish (90/120; 75%) and water samples (25/40; 62·5%). All the five virulence genes were present in 9% (19/202), among which 10 strains were from diseased fish and nine were identified as Aer. hydrophila. For the strains carrying five virulence genes, the average 50% lethal doses (LD_50s) of strains from diseased fish were lower when compared with the strains from healthy fish and water environment. Conclusions: Aeromonas veronii is the most common species, but no significant difference exists in the isolates obtained from diseased fish and from healthy fish. However, Aer. hydrophila isolates were significantly more frequent from diseased fish than from healthy fish. aer⁺alt⁺act⁺eprCAI⁺ahp⁺ was more frequent virulence genotype in Aeromonas isolates from diseased fish than from healthy fish and water environment, and the aer⁺alt⁺act⁺eprCAI⁺ahp⁺ isolates were more virulent to zebrafish comparing to the other genetic profiles. Significant and Impact of the Study: Aeromonas species in aquatic environments are various and have considerable virulence potential, and therefore, there is a need for more careful and intensive epidemiology studies.     

Experimental Pathogenicity of Aeromonas spp. for the Zebra Mussel, Dreissena polymorpha

Experiments were conducted to determine whether species of Aeromonas were pathogenic to the zebra mussel Dreissena polymorpha. A. jandaei, A. veronii, and A. media, identified with Biolog, were originally isolated from dead zebra mussels. When inoculated into living mussels, these bacteria resulted in the mortality of the bivalves. Two additional species, A. salmonicida salmonicida (ATCC 33678) and A. hydrophila (ATCC 7966), were also demonstrated to be pathogenic to the mussels. In addition to the pathogenicity, the data also suggest that the zebra mussels may be an important reservoir for these bacteria in freshwater environments. Received: 26 March 1997 / Accepted: 7 July 1997     

Virulence and antimicrobial resistance potential of Aeromonas spp. associated with shellfish

Aeromonas spp. are associated with seafood-related outbreaks worldwide. In seafood industry, shellfish play a major role in global seafood production. With this emerging trend of shellfish consumption, shellfish-related bacterial infections are being reported frequently. Aeromonas spp. are natural contaminants found in shellfish. Although 36 species have been identified, some species including Aeromonas hydrophila, Aeromonas caviae and Aeromonas veronii biotype sobria have dragged major attention as foodborne pathogenic bacteria. The ability to elaborate a variety of virulence factors of Aeromonas spp. contributes to the pathogenic activities. Also, emerging antimicrobial resistance in Aeromonas spp. has become a huge challenge in seafood industry. Furthermore, multidrug resistance increases the risk of consumer health. Studies have supplied pieces of evidence about the emerging health risk of Aeromonas spp. isolated from seafood. Therefore, the present review was intended to highlight the prevalence, virulence and antimicrobial resistance of Aeromonas spp. isolated from various types of shellfish.     

Aeromonas hydrophila and Aeromonas veronii Predominate among Potentially Pathogenic Ciprofloxacin- and Tetracycline-Resistant Aeromonas Isolates from Lake Erie

Members of the genus Aeromonas are ubiquitous in nature and have increasingly been implicated in numerous diseases of humans and other animal taxa. Although some species of aeromonads are human pathogens, their presence, density, and relative abundance are rarely considered in assessing water quality. The objectives of this study were to identify Aeromonas species within Lake Erie, determine their antibiotic resistance patterns, and assess their potential pathogenicity. Aeromonas strains were isolated from Lake Erie water by use of Aeromonas selective agar with and without tetracycline and ciprofloxacin. All isolates were analyzed for hemolytic ability and cytotoxicity against human epithelial cells and were identified to the species level by using 16S rRNA gene restriction fragment length polymorphisms and phylogenetic analysis based on gyrB gene sequences. A molecular virulence profile was identified for each isolate, using multiplex PCR analysis of six virulence genes. We demonstrated that Aeromonas comprised 16% of all culturable bacteria from Lake Erie. Among 119 Aeromonas isolates, six species were identified, though only two species (Aeromonas hydrophila and A. veronii) predominated among tetracycline- and ciprofloxacin-resistant isolates. Additionally, both of these species demonstrated pathogenic phenotypes in vitro. Virulence gene profiles demonstrated a high prevalence of aerolysin and serine protease genes among A. hydrophila and A. veronii isolates, a genetic profile which corresponded with pathogenic phenotypes. Together, our findings demonstrate increased antibiotic resistance among potentially pathogenic strains of aeromonads, illustrating an emerging potential health concern.     

Virulence and antibiotic susceptibility of Aeromonas spp. isolated from drinking water

Aeromonas isolates from tap water, mineral water, and artesian well water were investigated for their ability to produce different potential virulence factors or markers such as hemolysins, cytotoxins, phospholipase, DNase, hydrophobicity and their ability to adhere to epithelial cells and to abiotic surfaces. The susceptibility to antibiotics of Aeromonas isolates was also examined. Majority of the isolates displayed hemolytic activity against sheep erythrocytes, while only 7 of the 23 Aeromonas strains displayed DNase activity and 4 of the 23 Aeromonas strains tested were regarded as positive for phospholipase production. Most of the isolates showed cytotoxic activities in culture filtrate dilutions at titer of 1/8 or lower. No general relation between the strain isolated and the ability to interact with epithelial cells could be established. Using the bacterial adherence to hydrocarbons method, most of the strains were classified as highly hydrophilic. All five Aeromonas jandaei strains isolates, 9 of the 12 Aeromonas sp strains and four of the five Aeromonas hydrophila were multidrug resistant. The most active antimicrobial was ciprofloxacin (susceptible in 100% of the isolates), and the least active antibiotic was ampicillin (resistance in 92% of the isolates). The majority of the isolates tested were not killed by chlorine at 1.2 mg/l. Whether the high tolerance to chlorine of Aeromonas isolates can be linked to greater virulence is not know.