青海省鸟类新纪录——高山旋木雀

<正>2013年4月24日、25日及26日在青海省三江源国家级自然保护区玛可河保护分区内格日则沟(101°7'E,32°40'N,海拔3250 m)、美浪沟(100°56'E,32°47'N,海拔3450 m)和哑巴沟(101°4'E,32°41'N,3190 m)野外考察期间观察到11只雀形目鸟类,并拍摄到清晰数码照片,经鉴定为高山旋木雀Certhia himalayana。此种鸟喉白色,眉纹白色,上体黑褐色具明显点状白斑,嘴较其他旋木雀显长而下弯,尾上具明显横斑。发现时呈螺旋形环绕树干攀爬,边攀爬边啄食树皮上的昆虫。经查阅《中国鸟     

鸟类宏观分类和区系地理学研究概述

依据Dickinson,E.C.,主编,2003年出版的"The Howard and Moore Complete Checklist of the Birds of the World"一书和2000～2008年的有关文献的记载,在1958～2008年的50年期间,全世界所描述发表鸟类的新种,计有171种.以每10年中所发表的新种数进行统计比较,以1997～2007年期间所发表的新种为最多;按发现新种所属目级分类阶元的统计比较,以雀形目发现的新种为最多;按地区进行统计比较,以南美洲发现的新种数为最多,非洲中南部地区和太平洋诸岛为次;在中国境内描记的新种有台湾短翅莺Bradypterus alishannensis、峨嵋柳莺Phylloscopus emeiensis、海南柳莺Phylloscopus hainanus、峨嵋鹟莺Seicercus omeiensis、淡尾鹟莺Seicercus soror、弄岗穗鹛Stachyris nonggangensis、四川旋木雀Certhia tianquanensis等7种,其中由中国鸟类学者描记的有四川旋木雀和弄岗穗鹛两种.这说明鸟类的宏观分类研究,时至今日仍有研究的必要和发展空间.种下分类,是探讨同一个物种,随着分布区域的扩大,自然地理环境条件的变化,而产生地区性分布种群的变异,以致新物种形成的途径,是宏观分类学研究一个物种的演化发展.所以是当今鸟类分类研究的热点之一.据统计,1958～2008年的50年间,新描述发表的亚种数,约为1 129亚种.繁殖区域分布较为广泛的种类,所描记的亚种较多.如岛鸫Turdus poliocephalus分化有51亚种之多.中国鸟类的分类与区系地理学研究,大致可分为起步时期(1949年以前)、新中国建立之后的考察及宏观分类研究的总结整理时期(1950～2005)和宏观与微观相结合的发展研究时期(1999年以后)等3个时期.郑作新所出版的<中国鸟类分布名录>和<中国鸟类区系纲要>等专著,是中国鸟类宏观分类和区系地理学研究较为翔实的阶段性总结,为进一步研究奠定了坚实的基础.     

四川旋木雀一新亚种—天全亚种（雀形目：旋木雀科）

本文报道了旋木雀的一新亚种,命名为旋木雀天全亚种Ｃｅｒｔｈｉａ ｆａｍｉｌｉａｒｉｓ ｔｉａｎｑｕａｎｅｎｓｉｓ,并记述了新亚种同国内已知亚种区别的形态特征。     

黄喉噪鹛分类地位新议

著名鸟类学家N．J．Coilar在英国东方鸟类学会（The Oriental Bird Club）最新一期的Forktail上发表文章,对亚洲鹛类（文中用的是Timaliidae——画眉科）中一些种类的分类地位做了厘正,涉及多个在中国有分布的种类,其中包括将黄喉噪鹛东南亚种C．arrulax galbanus courtoisi重新升格为独立种G．courtoisi.     

旋木雀的繁殖生态观察

在庞泉沟自然保护区,旋木雀多在针阔混交林的大树树皮缝隙、树洞和夹缝内作巢。其窝卵数、孵化期、孵化率和亲鸟繁殖力等随之作了记载和分析。     

介绍根据飞羽的长度确定鸟类年龄

很多形态的特征被鸟类学家所运用,但很少研究形态上的变化和年龄之间的关系。虽然大多数鸟类学家认为确定鸟类年龄有着重要的意义,但这方面的实际工作做得不多,尤其是在方法上尚缺乏足够的科学依据。现介绍苏联鸟类学家根据飞羽的长度确定鸟类年龄的方法。     

鸟类学家吐槽大会(下)

<正>听说有吐槽鸟类学家的大聚会,对鸟类学家心存抱怨的鸟儿们,纷纷从四面八方赶来,加入其中。地面上,一只不知内情的小野猪见状,不禁问妈妈:"妈妈,这是百鸟朝凤吗?""不,"野猪妈妈摇摇头,"这是百鸟抽风,或者百鸟嘲讽,又或者算是百鸟炫耀……"爱"强拆"欧洲白鹳暂时放下正在搭建的"豪宅",不辞辛苦地飞来吐槽:"哎呀,我太有资格吐槽鸟类学家了!他们这些人呀,都是闲得慌,爱‘强拆’的坏蛋!"这可是鸟类学家的新吐槽点,那些爱听八卦的鸟儿们     

恩斯特·迈尔:当代进化生物学的权威学者

恩斯特·迈尔(Ernst Mayr)是美国科学院院士,哈佛大学名誉教授。曾任世界进化生物学会主席,创办并主编世界著名的《进化》杂志。他是杰出的进化生物学家,系统分类学家,鸟类学家,科学史家和科学哲学家。1904年7月15日,迈尔生于德国的一个医学世家。1926年获柏林大学博士学位。在校期间,曾经受过严格、系统的训练,其中包括9年的拉丁文和7年的希腊文。他有广泛的兴趣,扎实的学术功底,以及敏锐的思维能力。1923年,在医学院完成基础医学学业的同时,一次偶然的机会,结识了当时德国首屈一指的鸟类学家斯特雷斯曼(E.Stresemann)。虽然迈尔的家人希…     

4D电影《白垩纪公园》的创编及剧情简介

2008年春的一个晚上,＂直道映象＂的编剧打通了中科院古脊椎动物与古人类研究所古鸟类学家周忠和的电话,商谈将热河生物群的研究成果搬上荧屏。＂直道映象＂是一个依托上海理工大学新闻出版总署重点实验室——现代传播科学实验中心、     

人工落叶松林中冬季鸟类混合群的相互关系研究

通过对人工落叶松林中冬季鸟类混合群的观察表明,主要由沼泽山雀、长尾山雀、普通鳾和旋木雀等四种鸟构成冬季混合群,并以沼泽山雀为主体。每种鸟在混合群中出现频次不同、取食生态位宽度和重叠不同。构成了对资源的分割,从而减少了竞争,使之能共存于混合群中。这种生态位的分化与形态特征有关,特别与嘴大小有关系。     

On the origin of the Hirudinea and the demise of the Oligochaeta

The phylogenetic relationships of the Clitellata were investigated with a data set of published and new complete 18S rRNA gene sequences of 51 species representing 41 families. Sequences were aligned on the basis of a secondary structure model and analysed with maximum parsimony and maximum likelihood. In contrast to the latter method, parsimony did not recover the monophyly of Clitellata. However, a close scrutiny of the data suggested a spurious attraction between some polychaetes and clitellates. As a rule, molecular trees are closely aligned with morphology-based phylogenies. Acanthobdellida and Euhirudinea were reconciled in their traditional Hirudinea clade and were included in the Oligochaeta with the Branchiobdellida via the Lumbriculidae as a possible link between the two assemblages. While the 18S gene yielded a meaningful historical signal for determining relationships within clitellates, the exact position of Hirudinea and Branchiobdellida within oligochaetes remained unresolved. The lack of phylogenetic signal is interpreted as evidence for a rapid radiation of these taxa. The placement of Clitellata within the Polychaeta remained unresolved. The biological reality of polytomies within annelids is suggested and supports the hypothesis of an extremely ancient radiation of polychaetes and emergence of clitellates.     

On the ontogeny of the haptor and the evolution of the Monogenea

Data on the ontogeny of the posterior haptor of monogeneans were obtained from more than 150 publications and summarised. These data were plotted into diagrams showing evolutionary capacity levels based on the theory of a progressive evolution of marginal hooks, anchors and other attachment components of the posterior haptor in the Monogenea (Malmberg, 1986). 5 + 5 unhinged marginal hooks are assumed to be the most primitive monogenean haptoral condition. Thus the diagrams were founded on a 5 + 5 unhinged marginal hook evolutionary capacity level, and the evolutionary capacity levels of anchors and other haptoral attachement components were arranged according to haptoral ontogenetical sequences. In the final plotting diagram data on hosts, type of spermatozoa, oncomiracidial ciliation, sensilla pattern and protonephridial systems were also included. In this way a number of correlations were revealed. Thus, for example, the number of 5 + 5 marginal hooks correlates with the most primitive monogenean type of spermatozoon and with few sensillae, many ciliated cells and a simple protonephridial system in the oncomiracidium. On the basis of the reviewed data it is concluded that the ancient monogeneans with 5 + 5 unhinged marginal hooks were divided into two main lines, one retaining unhinged marginal hooks and the other evolving hinged marginal hooks. Both main lines have recent representatives at different marginal hook evolutionary capacity levels, i.e. monogeneans retaining a haptor with only marginal hooks. For the main line with hinged marginal hooks the name Articulon-choinea n. subclass is proposed. Members with 8 + 8 hinged marginal hooks only are here called Proanchorea n. superord. Monogeneans with unhinged marginal hooks only are here called Ananchorea n. superord. and three new families are erected for its recent members: Anonchohapteridae n. fam., Acolpentronidae n. fam. and Anacanthoridae n. fam. (with 7 + 7, 8 + 8 and 9 + 9 unhinged marginal hooks, respectively). Except for the families of Articulonchoinea (e.g. Acanthocotylidae, Gyrodactylidae, Tetraonchoididae) Bychowsky's (1957) division of the Monogenea into the Oligonchoinea and Polyonchoinea fits the proposed scheme, i.e. monogeneans with unhinged marginal hooks form one old group, the Oligonchoinea, which have 5 + 5 unhinged marginal hooks, and the other group form the Polyonchoinea, which (with the exception of the Hexabothriidae) has a greater number (7 + 7, 8 + 8 or 9 + 9) of unhinged marginal hooks. It is proposed that both these names, Oligonchoinea (sensu mihi) and Polyonchoinea (sensu mihi), will be retained on one side and Articulonchoinea placed on the other side, which reflects the early monogenean evolution. Except for the members of Ananchorea [Polyonchoinea], all members of the Oligonchoinea and Polyonchoinea have anchors, which imply that they are further evolved, i.e. have passed the 5 + 5 marginal hook evolutionary capacity level (Malmberg, 1986). There are two main types of anchors in the Monogenea: haptoral anchors, with anlages appearing in the haptor, and peduncular anchors, with anlages in the peduncle. There are two types of haptoral anchors: peripheral haptoral anchors, ontogenetically the oldest, and central haptoral anchors. Peduncular anchors, in turn, are ontogenetically younger than peripheral haptoral anchors. There may be two pairs of peduncular anchors: medial peduncular anchors, ontogentically the oldest, and lateral peduncular anchors. Only peduncular (not haptoral) anchors have anchor bars. Monogeneans with haptoral anchors are here called Mediohaptanchorea n. superord. and Laterohaptanchorea n. superord. or haptanchoreans. All oligonchoineans and the oldest polyonchoineans are haptanchoreans. Certain members of Calceostomatidae [Polyonchoinea] are the only monogeneans with both (peripheral) haptoral and peduncular anchors (one pair). These monogeneans are here called Mixanchorea n. superord. Polyonchoineans with peduncular anchors and unhinged marginal hooks are here called the Pedunculanchorea n. superord. The most primitive pedunculanchoreans have only one pair of peduncular anchors with an anchor bar, while the most advanced have both medial and lateral peduncular anchors; each pair having an anchor bar. Certain families of the Articulonchoinea, the Anchorea n. superord., also have peduncular anchors (parallel evolution): only one family, the Sundanonchidae n. fam., has both medial and lateral peduncular anchors, each anchor pair with an anchor bar. Evolutionary lines from different monogenean evolutionary capacity levels are discussed and a new system of classification for the Monogenea is proposed.In agreeing to publish this article, I recognise that its contents are controversial and contrary to generally accepted views on monogenean systematics and evolution. I have anticipated a reaction to the article by inviting senior workers in the field to comment upon it: their views will be reported in a future issue of this journal. EditorIn agreeing to publish this article, I recognise that its contents are controversial and contrary to generally accepted views on monogenean systematics and evolution. I have anticipated a reaction to the article by inviting senior workers in the field to comment upon it: their views will be reported in a future issue of this journal. Editor