清澜港红树林湿地典型群落类型沉积物活性有机碳组分分布特征

滩涂海岸红树林生态系统通常具有较高的土壤养分,尤其是沉积物有机碳含量。海南岛红树林种类丰富且生长较好,通过对红树林沉积物有机碳组分的基础研究有利于提高对红树林湿地固碳能力的评估精度,加深对海洋蓝碳的认识。以清澜港红树林5种典型群落类型为对象,比较分析表层土壤(0—10 cm)总有机碳(TOC)、微生物生物量碳(MBC)、易氧化有机碳(EOC)、可溶性有机碳(DOC)含量差异及其与土壤因子之间的相关性。结果表明：(1)不同群落类型间,土壤TOC、MBC、DOC和EOC含量均值分别为66.76 g/kg、177.08 mg/kg、25.49 mg/kg和2.34 g/kg。对比发现,土壤TOC在角果木群落中含量最高,但各群落间无显著差异;土壤MBC在不同群落间存在显著差异,其中角果木群落和杯萼海桑群落显著高于榄李群落;土壤DOC在不同群落间存在显著差异,其中海莲群落和角果木群落显著高于其余群落;土壤EOC在不同群落间存在显著差异,其中角果木群落显著高于海莲群落和正红树群落。(2)活性有机碳各个组分占总有机碳的比例均值大小依次为EOC>MBC>DOC。土壤EOC、MBC、DOC的...     

Impact of sampling methods on sulfate reduction rates and dissolved organic carbon (DOC) concentrations in vegetated salt marsh sediments

The impact of sediment coring on measured rates of sulfate reduction(SRR) by the whole core ³⁵S-injection technique was assessed inmarshsediment vegetated by Spartina anglica. Simultaneously,therole of extraction method (centrifugation vs. sippers) for determination ofporewater DOC in vegetated sediment was evaluated. SRR was measuredinsitu with radiotracer injected directly into the sediment and in atime series from 1 to 24 h after coring. SRR incubations carriedout within 6 h (June) or 12 h (August) of coringyielded up to an order of magnitude higher rates than measured insitu. The enhancement of SRR was instantaneous but temporary andcorrelated with measured porewater DOC concentrations. Cores sampled fromrootedsediments should therefore not be used for sulfate reduction incubations withinthe first 12 h due to the effect of DOC leaching from roots cutduring the coring procedure. The labile fraction of leached DOC appears to beexhausted after a pre-incubation period of at least 12 h.Measurement of porewater DOC is also problematic in vegetated sediment.Porewater extraction by centrifugation of sediment may result in up to oneorderof magnitude higher DOC concentrations than in porewater obtained by anondestructive sipper technique. DOC is probably forced out of roots duringcentrifugation resulting in erroneously high porewater DOC concentrations.     

海河流域水体沉积物碳、氮、磷分布与污染评价

从全流域尺度上研究海河流域水体沉积物碳、氮、磷元素含量与分布特征,对研究海河流域水环境污染现状具有重要意义.本研究采集海河流域河流与水库163个表层沉积物(0～10 cm)样品,测定沉积物有机碳(TOC)、总氮(TN)、总磷(TP)的含量,运用有机指数与有机氮方法评价沉积物污染状况.结果表明: 海河流域沉积物TOC、TN、TP含量具有较大的空间异质性,下游平原区明显高于山区,北四河下游平原、黑龙港及运东平原含量较高,永定河山区、北三河山区、滦河流域含量相对较低,河流沉积物TOC含量显著高于水库沉积物,而TN、TP含量与水库沉积物没有显著差异.TN与TOC、TP含量呈显著正相关(r=0.704,P<0.01;r=0.250,P<0.01).全流域有机指数总体属于“较清洁”水平,北四河下游平原总体已接近有机污染水平.全流域有机氮总体处在“尚清洁”水平,北四河下游平原、黑龙港及运东平原流域存在有机氮污染.海河流域河流、水库沉积物具有相似的污染强度.沉积物C/N平均值为12.71,表明TOC多来源于藻类等浮游动植物,其次是高等植物,水库C/N值比河流高,陆源物质输入对水库沉积物TOC的贡献比对河流大.     

新疆焉耆盆地绿洲区农田土壤有机碳储量动态模拟

以焉耆盆地绿洲区丝路重镇——焉耆回族自治县长期定位监测的数据为基础,实地采集800个土样进行土壤有机碳(SOC)实验室测试,进行点位模拟校验模型,并拓展到区域模拟,采用BCCC-CSM1.1气候模式,研究农田土壤有机碳密度分布特征及有机碳储量空间分布格局,为气候变化条件下,绿洲区耕地SOC储量和SOC密度变化提供数据支持。结果表明:(1) DNDC模型能够较好地模拟研究区农田的SOC及其动态变化,相关系数大于0.96,模拟值与观测值的均方根误差(RMSE)在0.48%—13.08%之间,模拟值与实测值显著相关。(2)点位模拟不同处理间SOC变化显示,不同土壤质地土壤有机碳含量差异明显,5年来SOC增长趋势表现为粉砂质壤土壤土砂质壤土。(3) 2017年焉耆县农田表层土壤有机碳总储量为0.44 Tg C,在未来30年里,在相应农业措施下,研究区农田0—20 cm土层SOC密度和储量呈显著增加趋势,单位面积碳增量增幅为-7%—29%;新增固碳量3.708×10~8—1.978×10~9 t,增幅为-5%—48%,呈现出"碳汇"趋势,这对恢复农田SOC的平衡和绿洲农业的可持续发展至关重要。     

Particle size,percent organic carbon,phosphorus, mineralogy,and deposition of sediments in Ham's and Arbuckle lakes

Several sediment parameters were examined in a 40 ha lake with a maximum depth of 9 m and in a 950 ha lake, 26 m deep, from May through October, 1977. Particle size was finer at the deeper stations than at the shallower stations in both lakes. Sediments of the shallow stations generally had a more even grain size distribution. Variation in percent organic carbon and phosphorus among stations of different depths was not significant. However, temporal variation of phosphorus was significant as values increased during summer. Kaolinite was the dominant clay particle in both lakes, but the sediments also included quartz, mica, montmorillonite, and a montmorillonite-vermiculite interlayer. Sedimentation rate was inversely related to depth in the larger lake, while variation among stations in the smaller lake was slight.Research supported with funds from the Office of Water Research and Technology and the Bureau of Reclamation     

重金属污染对珠江口红树林表层沉积物碳含量的影响

湿地沉积物是红树林生态系统中重要的组成部分,其总有机碳储量的变化对红树林生态系统的固碳能力有着重要影响。现有对红树林湿地重金属的研究多集中于污染评价,鲜有涉及重金属含量对沉积物总有机碳（TOC）含量影响的研究。于2018-2019年期间4次前往珠江口典型红树林湿地,采集了0-30 cm表层土壤沉积物的样品,并测定其重金属含量和TOC含量,以探讨重金属含量变化对TOC的影响。结果表明,与广东地区的背景值相比,研究区沉积物重金属含量超标较为严重,重金属来源应是人类活动;沉积物的重金属含量能够显著影响TOC含量（P<0.01,R²=0.39）,间接对红树林湿地的固碳能力、甚至全球变暖产生一定影响;Cd、As、Zn含量高的沉积物环境有利于TOC的积累,Cu、Cr、Ni、Hg含量低的沉积物环境则不利于TOC的积累。沉积物的重金属对TOC的影响的机制是非常复杂的,它们可以通过影响土壤结构、土壤化学组分、土壤内微生物、上部植被群落的生长以及凋落物归还等一系列过程,导致沉积物TOC和固碳能力的变化。     

广东省北江流域河流有机碳浓度历史重建

根据河流颗粒有机碳浓度(CPOC)、溶解有机碳浓度(CDOC)与河流总悬浮物含量(CTSS)和流量(Q)的关系,构建广东省北江流域河流有机碳浓度估算模型分别为:CPOC=0.0195×CTSS+0.0589和CDOC = 0.0047×CTSS+0.0027×Q+0.9087.由上述模型重建了北江流域河流有机碳浓度变化历史,结果发现,北江流域河流有机碳主要以颗粒有机碳形式存在;年内分布表现为汛期高于平水期;年际变化多样,但总体上均表现出下降趋势;空间分布上表现为自上游往下有机碳浓度有所下降,但在三水站有所回升.     

塔里木盆地北缘盐土有机碳含量的贝叶斯地统计预测

准确预测土壤有机碳的空间分布,对于土壤资源开发和保护、应对气候变化和生态系统健康都具有重要意义.本文以塔里木盆地北缘盐土1300 m×1700 m样地为试验区,采集5～10 cm深度土壤样品144个,构建土壤有机碳含量的贝叶斯地统计空间预测模型,并以普通克里格、序惯高斯模拟和逆距离加权方法为对照,评价贝叶斯地统计对土壤有机碳含量的预测性能.结果表明: 研究区土壤有机碳含量处于1.59～9.30 g·kg^-1,平均值为4.36 g·kg^-1,标准偏差为1.62 g·kg^-1;半方差函数符合指数模型,空间结构比参数值为0.57;利用贝叶斯地统计方法,获得了土壤有机碳含量的空间分布图以及评价预测不确定性的预测方差、上95%分位数、下95%分位数分布图;与普通克里格、序惯高斯模拟和逆距离加权方法相比,贝叶斯地统计方法具有更高的土壤有机碳含量空间预测精度,显示出该方法对土壤有机碳含量预测的优越性.     

Enhanced biodegradation of diesel fuel through the addition of particulate organic carbon and inorganic nutrients in coastal marine waters

Diesel fuel pollution in coastal waters, resulting from recreational boating and commercial shipping operations, is common and can adversely affect marine biota. The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of additions of particulate organic carbon (POC) in the form of naturally-occurring marsh grass (Spartina alterniflora), inorganic nutrients (nitrogen and phosphorus), inert particles, and dissolved organic carbon (DOC) on diesel fuel biodegradation and to attempt to formulate an effective bioremedial treatment for small diesel fuel spills in marine waters. Various combinations of treatments were added to water samples from a coastal marina to stimulate diesel fuel biodegradation. Diesel fuel was added in concentrations approximating those found in a spill and biodegradation of straight chain aliphatic constituents was estimated by measuring mineralization of ¹⁴C hexadecane added to diesel fuel. All treatments that included POC showed stimulation of biodegradation. However, the addition of inert particles (glass fiber filters and nylon screening) caused no stimulation of biodegradation. The addition of nitrogen and phosphorus alone did not result in stimulation of biodegradation, but nitrogen and Spartina (although not phosphorus and Spartina) did result in stimulation above that of Spartina alone. Maximum biodegradation rates were obtained by the addition of the Spartina POC, ammonium, and phosphate. The addition of mannitol, a labile DOC source with POC and phosphate resulted in a decrease in diesel fuel biodegradation as compared to POC and phosphate alone. The seasonal pattern of diesel fuel biodegradation showed a maximum in the summer and a minimum in the winter. Therefore, of the treatments tested, the most effective for bioremediation of diesel fuel in marine waters is the addition of POC, nitrogen, and phosphorus.     

湛江高桥红树林湿地有机碳分布及埋藏特征

红树林是世界上单位生产力最高的生态系统之一,其能够持续地固定有机碳,对全球碳平衡和生物地球化学循环有着深远影响。以广东湛江国家级红树林自然保护区高桥核心区为研究区,旨在分析我国典型红树林湿地的固碳潜力,为红树林湿地碳计量提供依据。在垂直于海岸线的两条样线上选取6个不同潮位的样点进行沉积柱取样分析,通过重铬酸钾氧化-外加热法测定有机碳含量,基于放射性同位素~(210)Pb定年推演沉积率,并对湿地有机碳密度和埋藏率进行计算。结果表明:研究区红树林湿地有机碳含量2.14—36.94 g/kg,平均(12.79±9.91)g/kg。红树林湿地有机碳密度为(0.0100±0.0056)g/cm3,空间上差异显著显著,水平方向上两条样线均以中带样点的有机碳密度最大,近陆侧(内带)样点的有机碳密度高于近海侧(外带);垂直方向上,内带和外带样柱的有机碳密度均以表层最高,而且随深度增加而减小。研究区红树林湿地百年尺度上沉积率为6.5—11mm/a,且外带样点沉积速率显著快于内带样点。有机碳埋藏率空间差异大,外带样点为(34.58±7.67)g m-2a-1,而中带样点可达150.56 g m-2a-1。红树林湿地有机碳的分布受潮位的影响大,更高潮位点和表层的有机碳含量和密度更高,而处于低潮位的外带样点的有机碳沉积更快。研究区红树林湿地有机碳含量和密度比更低纬度带低,但均高于地带性陆地植被,且其能够通过持续的沉积过程来捕捉和固定有机碳,固碳潜力大。     

重庆岩溶区土壤有机碳库的估算及其空间分布特征

基于重庆市第二次土壤普查和2007年测土配方施肥的1 412个土壤剖面数据,结合重庆岩溶区土壤图、土地利用现状图和行政区划图,在地理信息系统技术的支持下,对重庆岩溶区土壤有机碳密度及储量进行了估算,同时引入有机碳丰度指数这一指标,对有机碳在不同土壤和不同景观中的分布特征进行了分析.结果表明:重庆岩溶区20 cm和100 cm深度的土壤有机碳储量分别为1.43×1011 kg和3.29×1011 kg.不同土地利用方式下重庆岩溶区土壤有机碳密度分布不均匀,20 cm深度的土壤有机碳密度介于1.26～7.20 kg m-2之间,100 cm深度的土壤有机碳密度介于1.43～25.72 kg m-2之间.重庆岩溶区土壤有机碳库在不同土壤和不同景观中的分布具有高度的空间变异性,20 cm深度的土壤和景观有机碳丰度指数分别在0.73～1.74和0.39～1.20之间,100 cm深度的土壤和景观有机碳丰度指数分别在0.32～3.00和0.46～1.70之间.与全国的平均水平相比,单位面积上20 cm深度土壤有机碳储量重庆岩溶区高于全国的平均水平,但单位面积上100 cm深度土壤有机碳储量重庆岩溶区低于全国的平均水平,总体而言,重庆岩溶区是土壤有机碳储量相对贫乏的区域.     

Variability and transport of suspended sediment,particulate and dissolved organic carbon in the tidal freshwater Hudson River

Measurements of suspended matter, particulate organic carbon and dissolved organic carbon were made over a three year period at stations spanning 150 km of the tidal freshwater Hudson River. Suspended matter concentrations varied from year-to-year and were not related to freshwater discharge. The increase in suspended matter with depth in vertical profiles suggests that, during medium to low flow conditions, resuspension of bottom sediments was as important a source of sediment as loadings from tributaries. Particulate organic carbon showed significant variability among stations, and both autochthonous primary production and detrital organic matter are contributing to POC standing stocks. Dissolved organic carbon represented over half of the total organic carbon in the water column and showed little variation among stations.Examining downstream changes in transport showed that there was significant production of both suspended matter and POC within the study reach during the ice-free season. Tributary loadings within the study reach do not appear to be the cause of these increases in downstream transport. Dissolved organic carbon behaved conservatively in that there was no evidence for net production or net consumption within the river.The spatial/temporal patterns and analyses of transport suggest that suspended matter and POC, but not DOC, were controlled to a significant extent by processes occurring within the river and were not simply related to loadings from outside.     

腾格里沙漠东南缘荒漠草地不同群落类型土壤有机碳分布及储量特征

荒漠生态系统环境的复杂性及其高度的空间异质性是土壤碳储量估算结果不确定性的重要因素。通过调查取样和室内分析, 研究了腾格里沙漠东南缘10种主要荒漠草地群落各土壤层(0-5、5-10、10-20、20-30、30-50、50-70和70-100 cm土层)的土壤有机碳(SOC)含量、垂直分布特征和影响因素, 以及0-5、0-20、0-50和0-100 cm土层剖面的土壤有机碳密度(SOCD)。结果显示, 灌木群落是SOC含量的重要影响因素, 各土层SOC含量在10种群落间均存在显著差异。从土壤表层到深层, SOC含量主要表现为由高至低和先升高后降低两种特征。SOC含量与黏粉粒含量、全氮(N)、全磷(P)和电导率呈显著的正相关关系, 与砂粒含量呈显著的负相关关系。各群落之间, 0-5、0-20、0-50和0-100 cm土层剖面的SOCD均存在显著差异, 其平均值分别为0.118、0.478、1.159和1.936 kg·m ^-2。这一结果低于全球和全国草地SOCD的平均值, 利用全国数据或该研究的平均值可能会高估或低估区域土壤有机碳储量, 因此利用不同群落的SOCD能增加荒漠地区土壤有机碳储量估算的确定性。     

撂荒年限对陕北黄土区山地枣林深层土壤有机碳的影响

以陕西省延安市延川县齐家山红枣试验示范基地不同撂荒年限山地枣林(Ziziphus jujuba Mill.)为研究对象,采用空间代替时间的方法,研究该地区0～340 cm土壤有机碳的分布特征以及撂荒年限对有机碳分布的影响.结果显示:研究区土壤有机碳含量及有机碳储量具有明显的表聚现象;不同撂荒年限土壤有机碳储量差异显著,...     

不同退耕年限对菜子湖湿地表土有机碳组分与质量的影响

退耕还湿后土壤有机碳不同组分变化和有机碳质量的评价是退耕湿地生态恢复研究的重要内容。对安徽菜子湖湿地不同退耕年限(2、5、8、10和20a)的湿地土壤总有机碳(TOC)、颗粒态有机碳(POC)和矿物结合态有机碳(MOC)的含量与有机碳质量进行了研究。结果表明,随着退耕年限增加,土壤TOC、POC、MOC含量均有显著增加,且退耕后土壤有机碳增加过程中,以POC为代表的活性有机碳优先恢复,而以MOC为代表的稳定有机碳恢复相对滞后。随着退耕年限增加,POC/MOC、TOC和POC的层化比(SR)增加,反映有机碳的活性明显提高。退耕期间所增加的有机碳在组成上以易降解的POC为主,在分布上以易降解的表层有机碳居多,因此有机碳库的稳定性并未明显提高。通过计算碳库管理指数(CPMI),发现土壤质量随着退耕年数增加而提高,根据CPMI变化趋势线,土壤质量大约需要13a才能恢复到对照水平;退耕湿地生态恢复过程中,有机碳数量(碳库指数CPI)恢复较快,而有机碳质量(碳库活度指数AI)恢复需要较长的时间,二者分别需7.6和22.7a恢复到对照水平。     

Chemical and seasonal controls on the dynamics of dissolved organic matter in a coniferous old-growth stand in the Pacific Northwest,USA

Soil organic matter (SOM) is the largest terrestrial C pool, and retention and release of dissolved organic matter (DOM) cause formation and loss of SOM. However, we lack information on how different sources of DOM affect its chemical composition, and how DOM chemical composition affects retention. We studied seasonal controls on DOM production and chemical controls on retention in soils of a temperate coniferous forest. The O horizon was not usually the dominant source for dissolved organic C (DOC) or N (DON) as has been reported for other sites. Rather, net production of both DOC and DON was often greater in the shallow mineral soil (0–10 cm) than in the O horizon. DOM production in the shallow mineral soil may be from root exudation as well as turnover of fine roots and microflora in the rhizosphere. In the field, the two acid fractions (hydrophobic and hydrophilic acids) dominated the soil solution at all depths. A major portion of net production and removal of total DOC within the soil column was explained by increases and decreases in these fractions, although a shift in chemical composition of DOM between the O and mineral soil horizons suggested different origins of DOM in these layers. A larger loss of the free amino fraction to deep soil water at this study site than at other sites suggested lower retention of labile DON. Field DOM removal measurements suggest that field-measured parameters may provide a good estimate for total DOM retained in mineral soil.     

亚热带典型林分对表层和深层土壤可溶性有机碳、氮的影响

林分类型是影响土壤可溶性有机碳、氮库大小的重要因素,但目前对其研究主要集中在表层土壤(0～10 cm).本研究以亚热带地区天然林、毛竹林、格式栲人工林和杉木人工林为对象,用3种不同的浸提方式(冷水、热水和KCl溶液)提取表层(0～10 cm)和深层(40～60 cm)土壤中可溶性有机碳(DOC)和有机氮(DON),研究林分类型对表层和深层土壤可溶性有机碳、氮库的影响.结果表明: 林分类型对表层土壤DOC及其占土壤总有机碳(TOC)的比重有显著影响,深层土壤受林分类型的影响不显著;不同林分土壤DON含量仅在表层土壤存在显著差异,在深层土壤差异不显著.林分间土壤微生物生物量碳的差异仅在表层土壤达到显著水平.DON占土壤总氮(TN)的比重在各林分表层和深层土壤间差异均不显著.3种浸提方法得到的DOC和DON库大小顺序为热水>KCl>冷水,不同浸提方法得到的DOC库及DON库的相关性均达到显著水平,表明冷水、热水和KCl溶液浸提得到的有机碳、氮库含有相似组分.冷水和热水浸提方法得到的表层土壤DOC和DON含量及DOC占TOC比重在天然林和毛竹林均显著大于格式栲和杉木人工林,表明天然林和毛竹林土壤可溶性有机碳、氮含量高于格式栲和杉木人工林,更有利于土壤肥力的恢复.     

长江下游平原区乡村景观的结构、管理和土壤有机碳研究

通过实地研究主要位于宜兴市域的区域乡村景观代表性样方,评价并阐明了人口密集的长江下游平原区乡村景观的结构,土地管理与土壤有机碳储量的关系。景观绘图是基于1m分辨率的IKONOS影像并采用生态立地分类及绘图标准,通过直接解译和实地检验对边界清晰的均质景观缀块进行分类和绘图;依据区域权重分层取样设计方法,在生态立地斑块中随机设定取样点进行土壤和淤泥取样;利用区域权重系数进行区域土地利用/覆被和土壤有机碳储量评价计算。结果表明:在2.13×106hm2的长江下游平原区乡村景观面积范围内,0~30cm土壤有机碳储量为76.97Tg。该区域土地利用/覆被的主要类型为水田,水产养殖,非渗漏性建筑用地,旱地1年生作物和水浇地多年生作物,这5种类型的面积百分数和土壤有机碳储量百分数分别为83%和85%。其中平原稻田面积为0.89×106hm2,占总面积的42%;其0~30cm土壤有机碳储量高达36.60Tg,占总储量的48%。通过区域分层取样和小尺度景观斑块的区域权重推绎分析,揭示了人口密集的乡村景观中土地利用/覆被方式对当地和区域土壤有机碳的影响模式。这种在小尺度下对土地管理调查,土壤有机碳和其它生态特征研究的方法明显优于传统的基于30~1000m分辨率遥感影像的土地覆被研究和基于土壤类型的区域土壤有机碳储量评价方法。