共查询到20条相似文献,搜索用时 15 毫秒
1.
2.
Assoc. Prof. É. B. Bodzsár 《International Journal of Anthropology》1999,14(2-3):171-180
This study supplies further data to the question of influence of social background in body development. There are a great
number of studies concerning the influence of socio-economic factors on growth. On the other hand, there are very few investigations
into the factors of body composition though these factors give more information about the developmental stage of the children's
skeleton, muscle and fat mass than any absolute measurement.
The social status was established on the basis of the parents' occupation, educational level, the per capita income, per capita
room-quota and sibling number. Beyond these factors the effects of maternal age at childbirth and birth order were investigated
in a sample of 3553 boys and 3371 girls aged between 7–14. Body composition was studied by a two-component model.
Results of body composition have shown that children living under better social circumstances are not only heavier, because
they have more developed skeleton and musculature, but have more body fat mass too. The excess of their body fat mass is caused
in part by the unaltered habits of nutrition, in part by sedentary life style. These results stress the necessity for a more
efficient somatic and environmental education. 相似文献
3.
Dapeng Zhao Yonglan Li Lianbin Zheng Keli Yu 《American journal of physical anthropology》2013,152(2):294-299
Human obesity is a growing epidemic throughout the world. Body mass index (BMI) is commonly used as a good indicator of obesity. Body adiposity index (BAI = hip circumference (cm)/stature (m)1.5 ? 18), as a new surrogate measure, has been proposed recently as an alternative to BMI. This study, for the first time, compares BMI and BAI for predicting percent body fat (PBF; estimated from skinfolds) in a sample of 302 Buryat adults (148 men and 154 women) living in China. The BMI and BAI were strongly correlated with PBF in both men and women. The correlation coefficient between BMI and PBF was higher than that between BAI and PBF for both sexes. For the linear regression analysis, BMI better predicted PBF in both men and women; the variation around the regression lines for each sex was greater for BAI comparisons. For the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis, the area under the ROC curve for BMI was higher than that for BAI for each sex, which suggests that the discriminatory capacity of the BMI is higher than the one of BAI. Taken together, we conclude that BMI is a more reliable indicator of PBF derived from skinfold thickness in adult Buryats. Am J Phys Anthropol 152:294–299, 2013. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. 相似文献
4.
5.
间断下体负压暴露方式对下体负压耐力的影响 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
目的:探讨不同方式反复下体负压锻炼对下体负压耐力的影响,以期筛选最佳的负压锻炼方式。方法:27名男性健康受试者随机分成3组,分别进行-5.33kPa8min(A组)、6.67kPa4min(B组)、6.67kPa8min(C组)的下体负压锻炼后累积应激指数(CSI)、总耐受时间(DNP)较锻炼前显著提高,A、B组上述指标无显著变化,下体负压暴露时的心率较平静状态显著升高,收缩压显著降低,舒张压无显著变化。结论:经过-6.67kPa/d8min连续8d的间断下体负压可以显著提高下体负压耐力。 相似文献
6.
Wang J Gallagher D Thornton JC Yu W Weil R Kovac B Pi-Sunyer FX 《Obesity (Silver Spring, Md.)》2007,15(11):2688-2698
Objective: This study presents total body volume (TBV) and regional body volume, and their relationships with widely used body composition indices [BMI, waist circumference (WC), and percentage body fat (% fat)] in severely obese adults (BMI ≥35 kg/m2). Research Methods and Procedures: We measured TBV, trunk volume (TV), arm volume (AV), leg volume (LV), and WC and estimated % fat in 32 severely obese persons with BMI 36 to 62 kg/m2 (23 women; age, 19 to 65 years; weight, 91 to 182 kg) and in 58 persons with BMI <35 kg/m2 (28 women; age, 18 to 83 years; weight, 48 to 102 kg) using a newly validated 3‐day photonic image scanner (3DPS, Model C9036–02, Hamamatsu Co., Japan) and calculated TV/TBV, AV/TBV, and LV/TBV. Results: Men had significantly larger TBV and higher TV/TBV and AV/TBV, but significantly lower LV/TBV than women, independently of BMI. TV/TBV increased while AV/TBV and LV/TBV decreased with increasing BMI, WC, and % fat, and the rate of increase in TV/TBV per % fat was significantly greater in severely obese individuals than in individuals with BMI <35 kg/m2. The relationships for TBV with % fat were much lower than with BMI or WC. Conclusion: Body volume gains were mainly in the trunk region in adults, irrespective of sex or BMI. For a given BMI, WC, or % fat, men had a significantly larger TV than women. The implication is that men could have higher health risks due to having higher trunk body weight as a proportion of total body weight compared with severely obese or less severely obese women. 相似文献
7.
Hiroyuki Sagayama Yu Jikumaru Akiko Hirata Yosuke Yamada Eiichi Yoshimura Mamiko Ichikawa Yoichi Hatamoto Naoyuki Ebine Akira Kiyonaga Hiroaki Tanaka Yasuki Higaki 《Journal of physiological anthropology》2014,33(1):29
Background
Obesity and overweight are increasing in prevalence in developed countries as a result of changing dietary habits and a lack of physical activity. The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the changes in body composition during short-term overfeeding using the three-component model, which is composed of fat mass (FM), total body water (TBW), and fat-free dry solids (FFDS).Methods
Ten healthy men completed 3 days of overfeeding during which they consumed 1,500 kcal/day more energy than consumed in their normal diets. Body composition was evaluated at three time points: the day before and after their normal diets and the day after the 3-day overfeeding diet.Results
Before and after their normal diets, there were no significant differences in body weight and composition, but after 3 days of overfeeding, body weight, TBW, and FFDS increased 0.7, 0.7, and 0.2 kg, respectively (P <0.0001). There was no significant difference in FM between the normal and overfeeding diets.Conclusion
This study suggests that TBW gain contributes to weight gain following a short-term overfeeding. 相似文献8.
9.
Age and body weight affected the extent of metal retention in larval chironomids. Elements differed with respect to age- and size-dependent metal uptake. The slopes of the regressions of metal burdens against age and size varied depending on the range in body size considered. Among fourth instar larvae, younger chironomids had higher concentrations of Cd, Mn, Ca, Ni, Fe, and Cu than older instars. When all instars were included, only concentrations of Cd and Ni were greater in young as compared to older larvae. Concentrations of Fe, Mn, Ca, and Ni were greater in larger chironomids than smaller larvae of similar age, but the effect of body weight on metal content was significant only when a wide range in biomass was considered. For the design of biological monitoring programs that use information on tissue residues of contaminants to assess contaminant bioavailability, individuals of different ages and sizes should be collected from each site in order to validate intersite comparisons. The advantages of considering metal burdens in addition to metal concentrations are emphasized. 相似文献
10.
Gwen Robbins Paul W. Sciulli Samantha H. Blatt 《American journal of physical anthropology》2010,143(1):146-150
Methods for estimating body mass from the human skeleton are often required for research in biological or forensic anthropology. There are currently only two methods for estimating body mass in subadults: the width of the distal femur metaphysis is useful for individuals 1–12 years of age and the femoral head is useful for older subadults. This article provides age‐structured formulas for estimating subadult body mass using midshaft femur cross‐sectional geometry (polar second moments of area). The formulas were developed using data from the Denver Growth Study and their accuracy was examined using an independent sample from Franklin County, Ohio. Body mass estimates from the midshaft were compared with estimates from the width of the distal metaphysis of the femur. Results indicate that accuracy and bias of estimates from the midshaft and the distal end of the femur are similar for this contemporary cadaver sample. While clinical research has demonstrated that body mass is one principle factor shaping cross‐sectional geometry of the subadult midshaft femur, clearly other biomechanical forces, such as activity level, also play a role. Thus formulas for estimating body mass from femoral measurements should be tested on subadult populations from diverse ecological and cultural circumstances to better understand the relationship between body mass, activity, diet, and morphology during ontogeny. Am J Phys Anthropol 143:146–150, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc. 相似文献
11.
Catherine E. Merritt 《American journal of physical anthropology》2015,156(1):35-57
Accurate age estimations are essential to archaeological and forensic analyses. However, reliability for adult skeletal age estimations is poor, especially for individuals over the age of 40 years. This is the first study to show that body size influences skeletal age estimation. The ??can et al., Lovejoy et al., Buckberry and Chamberlain, and Suchey‐Brooks age methods were tested on 764 adult skeletons from the Hamann‐Todd and William Bass Collections. Statures ranged from 1.30 to 1.93 m and body masses ranged from 24.0 to 99.8 kg. Transition analysis was used to evaluate the differences in the age estimations. For all four methods, the smallest individuals have the lowest ages at transition and the largest individuals have the highest ages at transition. Short and light individuals are consistently underaged, while tall and heavy individuals are consistently overaged. When femoral length and femoral head diameter are compared with the log‐age model, results show the same trend as the known stature and body mass measurements. The skeletal remains of underweight individuals have fewer age markers while those of obese individuals have increased surface degeneration and osteophytic lipping. Tissue type and mechanical loading have been shown to affect bone turnover rates, and may explain the differing patterns of skeletal aging. From an archaeological perspective, the underaging of light, short individuals suggests the need to revisit the current research consensus on the young mortality rates of past populations. From a forensic perspective, understanding the influence of body size will impact efforts to identify victims of mass disasters, genocides, and homicides. Am J Phys Anthropol 156:35–57, 2015 © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. 相似文献
12.
13.
By analyzing a homogenous dataset we show, in contradiction to a previous study, that the scaling of body frontal area (S(b)) with body mass (m(b)) does not differ between passerine and nonpasserine birds. It is likely that comparison of data collected from live passerines with data collected from frozen nonpasserines had led to the incorrect conclusion that the scaling of S(b) varied between the taxa. We suggest that body dimensions collected from frozen specimens, or specimens stored in alcohol, are not applicable to live birds, and that both the current equations presented in the literature for predicting S(b) from m(b) may lead to inaccurate estimates. Using data from preserved specimens, we found that S(b) scales isometrically with m(b) (S(b) proportional, variant m(b) (0.66)), and therefore we found no evidence for larger birds being more streamlined than smaller birds. S(b) scales with negative allometry against wingspan (b), however, and b scales with positive allometry against m(b), so larger birds have smaller S(b) relative to b. In addition, it appears that dorsoventral flattening of the body is a general characteristic of bird's bodies but that it is more pronounced in larger birds, suggesting perhaps a function in terms of increased lift during forward flight. It appears that bird's bodies obey the surface-to-area geometric scaling law, but bird body shape may vary in relation to aerodynamic function. We suggest that a large-scale study, simultaneously measuring S(b) and m(b) in live passerines and nonpasserines, is required to improve the predictive power of S(b) upon m(b) scaling equations, which play a key role in the estimation of mechanical power consumption in flight in birds. Furthermore, the relations between bird body shape and axial skeleton dimensions, with reference to aerodynamic adaptation, warrant further investigation. 相似文献
14.
Age variations in the relation of body mass indices to estimates of body fat and muscle mass 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
In some chronic disease studies, distinctions have been made regarding the importance of body mass index (BMI) as a risk factor in younger versus older men and women. In order to determine the significance of these differences in BMI-disease associations, we determined the extent of age-dependent variations in the relation of BMIs to body composition in large probability samples of U.S. men and women from the First and Second U.S. National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys (NHANES I and II). BMIs are more highly correlated with estimates of body fat in younger than in older men and women, and with muscle mass in older than in younger adults. Caution should be exercised in interpreting the significance of BMI as a risk factor for chronic disease, particularly in comparison of age groups. 相似文献
15.
目的:通过测量军校毕业学员的人体成分,探讨军校毕业学员与普通居民的区别,并为建立相关标准提供依据。方法:按飞行院校、分流院校、合训院校、技术院校和士官学校分层抽取5968名毕业学员,分别进行人体成分检测,根据结果划定5%-95%分布上下限。并就军校毕业学员的体脂百分比、体质指数(BMI)、肌肉百分比、骨质百分比指标与同年龄、同性别城乡居民进行比较。结果:1军队院校毕业学员体脂百分比的参考值范围为10.3%-20.7%(男)和19.2%-30.1%(女);BMI参考值范围为19.30-25.70(男)和18.00-23.99(女);瘦体重百分比参考值范围为79.3%-86.7%(男)和69.9%-80.7%(女);肌肉百分比参考值范围为74.2%-84.0%(男)和65.2%-75.3%(女);骨质百分比参考值范围为5.0%-5.8%(男)和4.7%-5.5%(女)。2与同年龄、同性别城乡居民比较,军队院校毕业学员的体脂百分比明显较少,肌肉百分比、骨质百分比明显较高。结论:1军队院校毕业学员的身体成分数据明显优于同年龄、同性别城乡居民,总体表现为体脂较少,肌肉和骨质较多。2军队院校毕业学员的体质状况不能简单采用民用标准,需建立一套符合军校毕业学员的标准。 相似文献
16.
S. R. Ganihar 《Journal of biosciences》1997,22(2):219-224
The relationship between body length and biomass (dry weight) was investigated for nineteen taxa of terres trail arthropods
and for the combined sample that included all insect taxa. The specimens were collected from forests of Bicholim taluk of
Goa. Four models were evaluated, a linear function, a logarithmic function, a power function and an exponential function.
The linear function best describes dry weights in the order Isopoda of class Crustacea and dictyopteran, coleopteran larvae
of class Insecta. The logarithmic function fits well for only one group namely Opiliones of class Arachnida. The power functions
fits best for Scutigeromorpha and Scolopendromorpha of class Chilopoda, Araneae of class Arachnida, Collembola, Thysanura,
Orthoptera, Hemiptera, Homoptera, coleopteran adults, Diptera, lepidopteran adults and Hymenoptera of class Insecta and the
combined data on adult insects. An exponential function fits well for the dermapteran and lepidopteran larvae of class Insecta.
The usefulness of these estimates of Arthropod biomass in community ecology is discussed. 相似文献
17.
Summary Chief cells of the carotid and aortic body chemoreceptors possess numerous cytoplasmic dense-core vesicles which are known to contain primarily dopamine. Following fixation in solutions containing 50 mM CaCl2, a 20–30 nm electron-dense particle (EDP) is often observed eccentrically located in many of the vesicles. Approximately 44 % of the carotid body and 16 % of the aortic body vesicles contain an EDP. The EDP probably represents the Ca+ + binding site critical to the stimulus-secretion coupling events culminating in exocytosis of these vesicles. The presence of Ca+ + in the cytoplasmic vesicles was verified by electron probe X-ray microanalysis.Supported by a Grant-in-Aid from the American Heart Association (77630) and by funds contributed in part by the Texas Affiliate. The authors wish to thank Ms. Teri Heitman for her excellent technical assistance 相似文献
18.
《Animal : an international journal of animal bioscience》2012,6(7):1143-1151
The aim of this study was to assess the influence of age, body weight (BW) and body condition score (BCS) of maiden Holstein–Friesian heifers before mating start date (MSD) on the rate of puberty, subsequent production and longevity and their implications with regard to farm profitability. Data were available on 871 Holstein–Friesian heifers from 48 herds. BW was recorded electronically and BCS was recorded by a single operator on a scale of 1 to 5. Heifer age was calculated as the number of days from birth to the day of visit. All of the independent variables of interest were grouped into three or four categories. Three age categories (thirtiles), four BW categories (quartiles) and four BCS categories (⩽2.75, 3.00, 3.25 and ⩾3.50) were formed. Heifers with an identifiable corpus lutuem (CL) in the presence or absence of large follicles and peri-ovulatory signs and with a plasma progesterone (P4) concentration ⩾1 ng/ml were classified as pubertal. In addition, heifers without an identifiable CL in the presence or absence of large follicles and peri-ovulatory signs but with a P4 concentration ⩾1 ng/ml were also classified as pubertal. Age, BW and BCS at MSD were all found to be significantly associated with pubertal rate (P < 0.05). Age was shown to have no practical implications on subsequent cow performance. BW at MSD was favourably associated with subsequent calving date (P < 0.05), subsequent cow BW (P < 0.001) and potential (305 days) milk fat plus protein yield (P < 0.001). BCS at MSD was found to be favourably associated with milk fat plus protein yield potential (P < 0.05) and BCS (P < 0.001) during lactation. The economic analysis undertaken indicated that larger, well-grown heifers will be more profitable because of superior production potential, all else being equal. However, because of the finding of poorer reproductive efficiency in heifers grown to more than 343 kg at MSD, heifers at ∼330 kg at MSD are deemed optimal. This will correspond to mature cow BW of ∼550 kg. 相似文献
19.
G. J. Burton 《International journal of primatology》1981,2(4):351-368
Data from 25 male and 44 female free-ranging dusky leaf monkeys, Presbytis obscura,are analyzed. In a male the mean total testicular weight, 5.82 g, represents 0.078% of the mean adult body weight, 7.39 kg.
The mean total ovarian weight, 0.52 g, represents 0.008% of the mean female adult body weight, 6.47 kg. A moderate degree
of sexual dimorphism thus exists in this species, female body weight representing 88% that of the male. No seasonal variation
in the adult body weight or total gonadal weight of either sex occurs. Only in males is there a strong positive correlation
between left and right gonadal weight, and no correlation exists between the total gonadal weight and the estimated age of
either male or female adults. Among adults, only females evince a significant positive correlation between total gonadal weight
and body weight. No marked change in total ovarian weight occurs during the menstrual cycle, pregnancy, or lactation. 相似文献
20.
Human body fluid proteome analysis 总被引:6,自引:0,他引:6
The focus of this article is to review the recent advances in proteome analysis of human body fluids, including plasma/serum, urine, cerebrospinal fluid, saliva, bronchoalveolar lavage fluid, synovial fluid, nipple aspirate fluid, tear fluid, and amniotic fluid, as well as its applications to human disease biomarker discovery. We aim to summarize the proteomics technologies currently used for global identification and quantification of body fluid proteins, and elaborate the putative biomarkers discovered for a variety of human diseases through human body fluid proteome (HBFP) analysis. Some critical concerns and perspectives in this emerging field are also discussed. With the advances made in proteomics technologies, the impact of HBFP analysis in the search for clinically relevant disease biomarkers would be realized in the future. 相似文献