越冬和复苏时期太湖水体蓝藻群落结构的时空变化

为研究太湖蓝藻在越冬与复苏时期群落结构的时空变化规律,于2008年11月,2009年2月,2009年4月,在太湖富营养化较严重的湖区选取8个采样点 (梅梁湾、竺山湾、贡湖湾、大浦、西太湖、南太湖、湖心和湖湾交汇处),分3层采水样,过滤并提取样品DNA经PCR扩增蓝藻16S rDNA序列,采用T-RFLP(末端标记的限制性酶切片段长度多样性)技术分析蓝藻群落结构和多样性变化。共得到87个不同的T-RFs(末端限制性酶切片段),表明太湖蓝藻具有丰富的基因多样性。T-RF相对丰度和聚类分析结果表明,太湖蓝藻群落结构在垂直空间上相似性较高,相似度 > 50%;在水平空间,与Microcystis spp.对应的信号峰在8个采样点均为最强峰(相对丰度为17.7% 47.5%)。竺山湾蓝藻多样性最低,西太湖最高,但其余采样点间蓝藻群落和Shannon多样性指数没有显著差异(P>0.05)。Microcystis相对丰度与Shannon多样性指数呈显著负相关(皮尔逊相关系数为-0.958)。在时间尺度上,相似性分析(Analysis of similarity,ANOSIM)结果显示太湖蓝藻群落结构存在极显著差异( P<0.01) 。春季复苏时蓝藻多样性最高,秋季衰亡时最低。聚类分析表明样品聚成两大特征类群,秋季衰亡时样品独自聚为1支,而春季复苏期和冬季越冬期样品彼此混杂。     

蓝藻资源无害化利用技术的研究

近年来太湖蓝藻爆发频繁,大量蓝藻被打捞上来,蓝藻作为一种富含多种有益物质的生物质资源,其利用值得深入研究.该文简要概述了近年来国内外对蓝藻资源的综合利用情况,并简单介绍了作者实验室利用生物技术将蓝藻原料发酵转化酿酒酵母的研究情况,进一步探讨了蓝藻资源的其它利用途径.     

水华蓝藻何以肆虐？

曾几何时,秀美的太湖湖光山色,是多少文人墨客向往的天堂。如今,太湖严重的蓝藻水华却成为环太湖地区,包括其他国人的忧患所在。今年5月,太湖蓝藻大规模暴     

冬季太湖表层底泥产毒蓝藻群落结构和种群丰度

应用荧光定量PCR对冬季太湖不同湖区底泥表面有毒微囊藻和总微囊藻种群丰度进行调查,同时基于PCR-DGGE技术对底泥中有毒微囊藻群落结构进行分析。结果表明:微囊藻在太湖底泥表面分布广泛,所有采样点都检测到有毒微囊藻存在,且不同湖区有毒微囊藻和总微囊藻种群丰度存在显著差异,有毒微囊藻和微囊藻基因型丰度范围分别为1.23×10⁴-3.75×10⁶拷贝数/g干重和2.56×10⁴-1.07×10⁷ 拷贝数/g干重,有毒微囊藻与微囊种群丰度的比例为4.8％-35.2％;DGGE指纹图谱显示,冬季太湖不同湖区表层底泥中有毒微囊藻群落结构相似性较高,相似性系数为70.2％-96.0％。虽然不同湖区基因型组成存在差异,但所有样品中占优势的基因型是一致的。同时发现,优势基因型所占的比例与样品的香农多样性指数呈负相关。序列分析表明,mcyA序列长度为291bp,序列相似性超过97％。综合定量PCR结果和底泥中叶绿素a和藻蓝素浓度的测定结果,可以得出2010年冬季太湖蓝藻越冬主要集中在梅梁湾、竺山湾、贡湖湾和湖心。通过建立荧光定量PCR分析方法,为研究湖泊底泥中蓝藻种群丰度动态变化奠定了基础。     

太湖蓝藻滤液的遗传毒性研究

蓝藻爆发是环境污染引发的重要事件之一,随之产生的蓝藻毒素又直接危及区域水安全.该论文采用蚕豆和大蒜根尖微核试验研究了太湖蓝藻暴发期间蓝藻滤液的遗传毒性.结果表明,同阴性对照相比,所有试验处理对蚕豆根尖细胞微核发生率的影响显著增加;对大蒜根尖细胞微核发生率而言除蓝藻滤液8倍稀释液的影响不显著外,其它水平效应显著高于阴性对照,而且表现出一定的剂量效应.暴发期蓝藻滤液原液对蚕豆根尖细胞微核发生率影响显著高于阳性对照(0.8mg·mL^-1环磷酰胺)的效应,从而说明蓝藻暴发时期蓝藻滤液具有较强的遗传毒性.通过微核试验效果分析,蚕豆作为植物监测系统的敏感性和稳定性都优于大蒜材料.     

海鞘与蓝藻的共生关系

互利共生是指两种不同生物之间所形成的紧密互利关系。文章以海鞘与蓝藻共生关系的典型实例为代表,介绍了蓝藻与海鞘共生关系的发现过程;蓝藻在海鞘间世代传递的机制;两者在共生关系中可能存在的生理功能,如蓝藻共生体通过碳固定、参与氮循环和产生代谢物等方式为海鞘提供营养并参与海鞘的防御活动,海鞘可供给共生体生长所需的一部分氮素营养和提供抗紫外线的保护等。对海鞘与蓝藻共生关系的研究将有助于理解生物进化过程,以及为进一步开发利用海洋生物之间的共生关系提供研究基础。     

异形胞与蓝藻的固氮

一些丝状蓝藻具有异形胞,它们是由丝状体中的营养细胞转化而来的,异形胞能够直接固定大气中的Ｎ２（分子态）,形成可为植物利用的氮素化合物,具异形胞的丝状蓝藻在保持自然界中的氮素循环,增加土壤肥力,提高农作物产量等方面均有重要意义。     

11000年以来太湖地区的植被与气候变化

根据太湖盆地３个钻孔、约自１１０００年以来的孢粉分析结果将其划分为３个阶段：１）１１０００—９０００ａＢ．Ｐ,该段虽以Ｐｉｎｕｓ为主的针叶植物占有一定的优势,但起主导作用的仍以壳斗科为主的阔叶乔木种类,尤其是其间尚含有不少的亚热带成分,推测当时该区地带性植被已为亚热带落叶常绿阔叶林,鉴于植被中尚含有少量耐寒的Ａｂｉｅｓ和Ｐｉｃｅａ,推测当时气温可能较今略低;２）９０００—５０００（５４００）ａＢ．Ｐ,该段为常绿阔叶林大发展时期,气候温暖适宜,为全新世最佳期,气温约较今高１—２Ｃ;３）５０００？ａＢ．Ｐ．－现在,孢粉组合特征显示,阔叶木本植物就总的来说呈下降趋势,尤其是亚热带成分,与其相反,针叶和一些暖温带成分的含量则略有上升,表明该段气温较前一阶段有所下降,但该阶段的植被受人类活动的影响较大。     

11000年以来太湖地区的植被气候变化

根据太湖盆地３个钻孔,约自１１０００年以来的孢粉分析结果将其划分为３个阶段;１）１１０００－９０００ａＢ．Ｐ．该段虽以Ｐｉｎｕｓ为主的针叶植物占有一定的优势,但起主导作用的仍以壳斗科为主的阔叶乔木种类,尤其是其间尚含有不少的亚热带成分,推测当时该区地带性植被已为亚热带落叶常绿阔叶林,鉴于植被中尚含有少量耐寒的Ａｂｉｅｓ和Ｐｉｃｅａ,推测当时气温可能较今略低;２）９０００－５０００（５４００）ａＢ．     

加强蓝藻的研究

蓝藻属原核生物一大类,也有研究者把它列为蓝细菌（Cyanobacterium）,它与人类的关系非常密切,既有有益的一面,又有有害的一面。所谓害者,比如人们熟悉的造成湖泊水域“水华”的发生。它的疯长与繁衍,一是毒素蓝藻“水华”造成水域缺氧环境,使水产生物窒息而死;二是产毒素蓝藻,常见的有危害最重的微囊藻（Microcystisaeroginosa）;还有鱼腥藻（如Anabaenacireinalis及A．．flosaquae）、节球藻（Nodalaria）、鞘丝藻（Lyngbya）、水华束丝藻（Aphanizomenonflosaquae）、颤藻（Oscillatoria）等一些种类;三是水华藻体分解后产生大量恶臭有机物,污染环境。这一切会造成家畜、家禽、野生动物、鱼类等中毒致死,同时也给居民生活带来危害。为彻底解决有害水华蓝藻的问题,可以从以下几方面考虑：（1）首先要解决水环境富营养化即氮、磷等的污水流人问题。有关部门需采取综合防治措施,以防止污水流人,避免“水华”爆发。（2）就有害蓝藻本身而言,一是对产毒素蓝藻产毒产品和产毒机制作进一步研究,索取毒素产品以服务于民。     

Urea dynamics during Lake Taihu cyanobacterial blooms in China

Lake Taihu, the third largest freshwater lake in China, suffers from harmful cyanobacteria blooms caused by Microcystis spp., which do not fix nitrogen (N). Reduced N (i.e., NH₄⁺, urea and other labile organic N compounds) is an important factor affecting the growth of Microcystis. As the world use of urea as fertilizer has escalated during the past decades, an understanding of how urea cycling relates to blooms of Microcystis is critical to predicting, controlling and alleviating the problem. In this study, the cycling rates of urea-N in Lake Taihu ranged from non-detectable to 1.37 μmol N L⁻¹ h⁻¹ for regeneration, and from 0.042 μmol N L⁻¹ h⁻¹ to 2.27 μmol N L⁻¹ h⁻¹ for potential urea-N removal. The fate of urea-N differed between light and dark incubations. Increased ¹⁵NH₄⁺ accumulated and higher quantities of the removed urea-¹⁵N remained in the ¹⁵NH₄⁺ form were detected in the dark than in the light. A follow-up incubation experiment with ¹⁵N-urea confirmed that Microcystis can grow on urea but its effects on urea dynamics were minor, indicating that Microcystis was not the major factor causing the observed fates of urea under different light conditions in Lake Taihu. Bacterial community composition and predicted functional gene data suggested that heterotrophic bacteria metabolized urea, even though Microcystis spp. was the dominant bloom organism.     

Nitrogen dynamics and microbial food web structure during a summer cyanobacterial bloom in a subtropical,shallow, well-mixed,eutrophic lake (Lake Taihu,China)

Nitrogen dynamics and microbial food web structure were characterized in subtropical, eutrophic, large (2,338 km²), shallow (1.9 m mean depth), and polymictic Lake Taihu (China) in Sept–Oct 2002 during a cyanobacterial bloom. Population growth and industrialization are factors in trophic status deterioration in Lake Taihu. Sites for investigation were selected along a transect from the Liangxihe River discharge into Meiliang Bay to the main lake. Water column nitrogen and microbial food web measurements were combined with sediment–water interface incubations to characterize and identify important processes related to system nitrogen dynamics. Results indicate a gradient from strong phosphorus limitation at the river discharge to nitrogen limitation or co-limitation in the main lake. Denitrification in Meiliang Bay may drive main lake nitrogen limitation by removing excess nitrogen before physical transport to the main lake. Five times higher nutrient mineralization rates in the water column versus sediments indicate that sediment nutrient transformations were not as important as water column processes for fueling primary production. However, sediments provide a site for denitrification, which, along with nitrogen fixation and other processes, can determine available nutrient ratios. Dissimilatory nitrate reduction to ammonium (DNRA) was important, relative to denitrification, only at the river discharge site, and nitrogen fixation was observed only in the main lake. Reflecting nitrogen cycling patterns, microbial food web structure shifted from autotrophic (phytoplankton dominated) at the river discharge to heterotrophic (bacteria dominated) in and near the main lake.     

太湖鱼类群落结构及多样性

为了解太湖鱼类群落结构和多样性的分布特征,于2009-2010年利用拖网等网具对该水域的鱼类资源进行了调查.结果表明:本次调查共采获鱼类50种,隶属10目15科40属,其中鲤形目种类最多,占总数的68％;鱼类生态类型以湖泊定居性种类为主,群落优势种为湖鲚(Coilia ectenes taihuensis)、间下鱵(Hyporhamphus intermedius)和陈氏短吻银鱼(Salangichthys jordani)等小型鱼类;与历史资料相比,太湖鱼类的物种数量下降,优势种组成发生较大变化,鱼类群落中体质量＜30 g的小型鱼类占绝对优势,渔业资源小型化趋势明显.由于过度捕捞和湖泊环境恶化,鱼类群落生物多样性指数均表现偏低,物种丰富度指数D为1.54,多样性指数H’N、H’w分别为0.21和0.46,均匀度指数J'N、.J'w分别为0.07和0.14;太湖各湖区间鱼类种群和多样性的差别一定程度上反映出鱼类群落结构与湖泊营养盐、透明度等环境特征相适应的特点.     

Response of bacterial communities to cyanobacterial harmful algal blooms in Lake Taihu,China

Cyanobacterial harmful algal blooms are prevalent around the world, influencing aquatic organisms and altering the physico-chemical properties in freshwater systems. However, the response of bacterial communities to toxic cyanobacterial blooms and associated microcystins (MC) remain poorly understood even though global concentrations of MC have increased dramatically in the past few decades. To address this issue, the dynamics of bacterial community composition (BCC) in the water column and how BCC is influenced by both harmful cyanobacterial blooms and environmental factors were investigated on a monthly basis from August 2013 to July 2014 in Lake Taihu, China. Non-metric multidimensional scaling (NMDS) revealed that seasonal variation in BCC was significant, and that the succession of BCC greatly depends on changes in environmental conditions. Redundancy analysis (RDA) results showed that the overall variation of BCC was explained mainly by dissolved oxygen (DO), nitrate nitrogen (NO₃⁻-N), and Microcystis. The alpha biodiversity of the bacterial community was different among months with the highest diversity in February and the lowest diversity in October. Furthermore, significant negative relationships were found between alpha biodiversity indices and Microcystis abundance as well as with intracellular MC concentrations, indicating that Microcystis and associated MC may influence the bacterial community structure by reducing its biodiversity. This study shows that potential associations exist between toxic cyanobacterial blooms and bacterial communities but more investigations are needed to obtain a mechanistic understanding of their complex relationships.     

无机氮磷添加对太湖来源浮游植物和附着生物生物量的影响术

为了探讨富营养对太湖来源水体浮游植物的影响,对来源于太湖梅梁湾的水体进行氮磷营养盐添加实验.实验共3个处理(T0、T1和T2),T0不进行营养盐添加,处理T1和T2添加无机氮磷,T1中总氮、总磷净增加分别为10和0.5 mg·L-1,T2添加的量为T1的2倍.结果表明:T0的浮游植物叶绿素a含量明显低于添加营养盐的2个处理,而添加营养盐的2个处理之间没有显著差异,说明氮磷营养盐的添加在一定程度上能够促进浮游植物的生长,但并非营养盐添加越高浮游植物生物量就越高;添加处理与对照中附着生物叶绿素a含量的比较结果与浮游植物生物量的相同;T2中浮游植物的生长可能受到除氮磷之外的因素的限制;T1和T2中均没有出现期望的蓝藻水华,表明蓝藻水华的形成不只是与充足的氮磷供应有关.     

太湖环棱螺(Bellamya sp.)及其与沉水植物的相互作用

选用太湖常见的环棱螺及沉水植物,研究了不同状态下环棱螺营养盐的释放特征,探讨了环棱螺对水体营养盐、透明度和浮游藻类的影响,及其与沉水植物的相互作用.结果表明:在一定温度范围内,环棱螺营养盐的释放速率随温度升高而增加,且进食状态下释放速率高于饥饿状态;环棱螺能在短时间内提高水体透明度,但其营养盐释放又引起局部水体溶解态氮磷含量的增加;适宜的条件下,水体中藻类的再生能力超过环棱螺对其的抑制力;水体营养盐含量增加,促进与环棱螺共存的伊乐藻和轮叶黑藻的生长.在太湖的不同湖区,草型湖区螺类的生物量远高于藻型湖区,这表明沉水植物可能是影响螺类分布的重要生态因子之一.     

太湖水体叶绿素a含量与氮磷浓度的关系

基于太湖水体1993—2002年5—9月监测资料,进行了叶绿素a含量与总氮(TN)、总磷(TP)浓度关系的分区统计分析,探讨了太湖藻类生长的TN、TP适宜浓度。结果表明:太湖叶绿素a含量与TN、TP浓度的关系存在显著的空间差异;在梅梁湾和西北区,当TN、TP浓度较低时,叶绿素a含量与TN、TP浓度呈正相关;当TN、TP浓度较高时(梅梁湾TN、TP浓度分别超过5.4和0.31mg.L-1;西北区分别超过4.5和0.27mg.L-1),叶绿素a含量与TN、TP浓度呈负相关;在湖心区和贡湖区,叶绿素a含量与TN、TP浓度呈正相关,尤其当TP浓度超过0.1mg.L-1时,叶绿素a含量随TP浓度增加而上升;在东太湖和湖东滨岸区,随TN、TP浓度的升高,叶绿素a含量变化较小;在西南区,叶绿素a含量与TN浓度无显著相关关系,与TP浓度呈正相关;太湖藻类生长的适宜浓度是TN<5.4mg.L-1,TP为0.1～0.31mg.L-1。     

Phosphorus release from cyanobacterial blooms in Meiliang Bay of Lake Taihu, China

To investigate the relationship between cyanobacterial density and phosphorus release into a lake aquatic environment, in situ experiments with 2.5 L microcosms were conducted in Meiliang Bay, located in the northern part of Lake Taihu, China. The effects of different environmental factors on phosphorus release and the ways changes of water quality indexes are involved in phosphorus release were further examined. It was found that total dissolved phosphorus (TDP) concentration kept to low levels (around 0.488 mg L⁻¹) in the microcosm with the low cyanobacterial density (8.85 × 10⁷ cell L⁻¹) throughout the experimental period, whereas first-order kinetics of TDP release was observed in microcosms with intermediate (7.60 × 10⁸ cell L⁻¹) and high cyanobacterial density (3.65 × 10⁹ cell L⁻¹). Accordingly their TDP release rate constants were both approximately 0.8930 d⁻¹ in the latter two treatments. The dissolved inorganic phosphorus (DIP) concentrations also increased with the increase of cyanobacterial density in 4 days. However, the DIP decreased from 35.52 mg L⁻¹ on day 4 to 6.72 mg L⁻¹ on day 6 in microcosm with the high cyanobacterial density during the experiments. Temperature could remarkably improve phosphorus release, while disturbance and illumination had negative effects on it. In addition, both TDP and DIP concentrations were positively correlated with electronic conductivity, salinity and total dissolved solid, but negatively correlated to chlorophyll-a and cyanobacterial density when cyanobacterial density was more than 7.60 × 108 cell L⁻¹. Thus, more phosphorus can be released from cyanobacterial blooms at higher cyanobacterial densities in Meiliang Bay, which is also determined by high temperature. Higher dissolved phosphorus concentration in cyanobacteria-dominated lakes (regions) is mainly due to the decomposition of cyanobacteria during the outbreak of cyanobacterial bloom in Lake Taihu, especially in Meiliang Bay.