光学神经成像研究进展

大脑功能的成像检测在认知神经科学领域具有极其重要的意义。现代光子学技术的发展为认知脑成像提供了新的研究手段,在神经系统信息处理机制研究中发挥重要作用。文章介绍了在神经元、神经元网络、特定脑皮层功能构筑以及系统与行为等不同层次开展神经系统信息处理机制研究的各种光学成像技术,包括多光子激发荧光显微成像、内源信号光学成像、激光散斑成像和近红外光学成像等,并评述了这些有特色的光学成像技术在多层次获取和分析神经信息中的研究进展。     

应用基于内源信号的光学成像技术的视觉脑研究现状

基于脑内源信号的光学成像技术是近来国际上出现的一种脑功能成像方法。该技术既无毒,又具有较高的空间分辨率,因而被迅速应用于动物的视觉、听觉、体感皮层功能构筑的研究中。本文综述了这种光学脑功能成像在视觉脑研究方面所取得的重要进展,并分析了该方法与其他脑成像技术、微电极单细胞技术的关系。报道了国内自行研制第、套脑功能光学成像系统的研究工作,该系统已在猫初级视觉皮层不同深度获得了清晰的方位功能图,并已经和     

基于内源信息的脑光学成像系统的研制

基于内源信号的脑光学成像技术是近年出现的研究脑功能的新技术。它因具有高空间分辨率,可连续长时间记录,使用简便,费用较低等特点,成为在视觉,听觉以及其他各种脑功能研究的有力工具。本文介绍了国内第一套脑光学成像系统的和研制,以及用于视觉研究皮层功能方位柱研究的初步结果。     

光学成像观测大鼠局灶性脑缺血的动态过程

采用 550 nm 内源信号光学成像 (optical intrinsic signal imaging , OISI) 监测左侧大脑中动脉栓塞 (middle cerebral artery occlusion , MCAO) 局灶性脑缺血大鼠顶叶皮层 . MCAO 后 4 h 内,观测到一系列自发扩散性抑制 (spreading depression , SD) 波 (10.3±4.6) 次 . 前 2 h 内的 SD 波通常会侵袭整个左侧顶叶皮层,但光信号有明显的区域差异 . 后 2 h 内的 SD 波局限于顶叶皮层中央区域,且传播面积逐次减少;旁侧区域光强基线逐步升高, 4 h 时,反射光强升高 (8.4±1.2) %. 随后 TTC 染色证明上述旁侧区域已经梗死 . 实验表明光学成像为确定缺血半暗带并监测其动态发展提供了一种有效方法 .     

自发光学信号成像系统在生物成像中的发展与应用

自发光学信号成像系统是近年来比较新颖的一项用于活体生物的基因或细胞活动的微观检测的光学技术,具有直观、操作简便以及分辨率高的特点。该技术主要分为生物发光成像技术和荧光成像技术,目前主要用于测定活体动物体内的细胞以及分子的活动或变化情况。由于该技术能够对动物体内的微观形态的变化进行精确的捕捉,对于癌症、基因表达、肿瘤以及其他病变均具有较好的监测作用。在本文中,将就自发光学信号成像系统在生物成像中的发展与应用进行详细的阐述。     

基于内源信号的脑光学成像系统的研制

基于内源信号的脑光学成像技术（ｏｐｔｉｃａｌ ｉｍａｇｉｎｇ ｂａｓｅｄ ｏｎ ｉｎｔｒｉｎｓｉｃ ｓｉｇｎａｌｓ） 是近年出现的研究脑功能的新技术。它因具有高空间分辨率,可连续长时间记录,使用简便, 费用较低等特点,成为在视觉,听觉以及其他各种脑功能研究的有力工具。本文介绍了国内第一套脑光学成像系统的设计和研制,以及用于视觉研究皮层功能方位柱研究的初步结果。     

大鼠局灶性脑缺血后KCl诱导皮层扩散性抑制的体光学成像

采用线栓法制备大鼠大脑中动脉栓塞(middle cerebral artery occlusion,MCAO)模型,在额叶皮层用KCl诱导产生皮层扩散性抑制(cortical spreadingdepression,CSD).MCA04 h后,利用550 nm内源信号光学成像(optical intrinsic signalimaging,OISI)监测局灶性脑缺血后大鼠顶-枕叶皮层内源光信号变化.成像1 h内观测到一系列诱导CSD波(14±3次),CSD波局限于顶-枕叶皮层中央区域扩展,以光强的显著下降为特征;而旁侧区域光强无明显改变,不具备CSD波特征,表明CSD波未传播到该区域.随后TIC染色证明上述旁侧区域已经梗死.实验表明:MCAO后4h,皮层区域旁侧部分会梗死;CSD波的0IS变化可用来区分缺血梗死区和外周供血较为完整区域(未梗死区).     

活体动物体内光学成像技术的研究进展

生物发光和荧光成像作为近年来新兴的活体动物体内光学成像技术,以其操作简便及直观性成为研究小动物活体成像的一种理想方法,在生命科学研究中得以不断发展。利用这种成像技术,可以直接实时观察标记的基因及细胞在活体动物体内的活动及反应。利用光学标记的转基因动物模型可以研究疾病的发生发展过程,进行药物研究及筛选等。本文综述了现有活体动物体内光学成像技术的原理、应用领域及发展前景,比较了生物发光与几种荧光技术的不同特点和应用。     

高时空分辨的脑功能光学成像研究进展

脑功能成像技术对深入分析脑的信息加工过程,揭示脑的高级功能至关重要,是目前国际研究热点,已经在神经科学研究和神经系统疾病的临床诊断方面取得了很大的进展.已有脑功能成像技术如:功能磁共振成像(fMRI)、正电子断层成像(PET)、脑电图(EEG)、脑磁图(MEG)等等,虽然已被成功用于脑功能研究,但是目前这些方法也存在着时间或空间分辨率不够的局限.比较而言,光学成像方法表现出其独特魅力.激光散斑衬比成像和内源信号光学成像由于能提供空间取样、时间分辨率及空间分辨率三者的最佳组合和不需加入外源性标记物等特点,与其他脑功能成像技术相比其优势可能更为突出.具有较高的时间和空间分辨率的这两种脑功能光学成像技术及其应用都取得了重大发展,成为研究脑皮层功能构筑和脑病理生理的有力工具.但是目前这两种成像方法也面临着一些挑战.     

基于功能性近红外光谱技术的双人同步交互测量研究

多人同步交互式记录是认知神经科学的一种新的研究范式,它可以揭示两个或多个个体的大脑间在社交情境下神经活动的耦合。这一目标仅靠单个大脑活动的记录与测量是无法实现的。功能性近红外光谱成像在进行多人同步交互记录研究中有独特的优势。该方面的研究已经涵盖了社会认知神经科学的多个领域。本研究使用近红外光谱成像对社交情境下自我表露的双人大脑前额皮层的活动进行交互式测量,并使用小波相关来分析双人大脑互动时的神经同步性。研究结果表明在进行社交对话时,被试对的大脑间左侧额中回、右侧眶额皮层和右侧额下回下部的活动同步性显著增强。共情能力与社交情境下脑间同步性的强度呈正相关,这种关系主要体现在右侧额下回。本研究支持了采用近红外光谱成像技术研究多人同步交互记录大脑间神经耦合的可行性和有效性。     

Advances in nonlinear optical microscopy techniques for in vivo and in vitro neuroimaging

Understanding the mechanism of the brain via optical microscopy is one of the challenges in neuroimaging, considering the complex structures. Advanced neuroimaging techniques provide a more comprehensive insight into patho-mechanisms of brain disorders, which is useful in the early diagnosis of the pathological and physiological changes associated with various neurodegenerative diseases. Recent advances in optical microscopy techniques have evolved powerful tools to overcome scattering of light and provide improved in vivo neuroimaging with sub-cellular resolution, endogenous contrast specificity, pinhole less optical sectioning capability, high penetration depth, and so on. The following article reviews the developments in various optical imaging techniques including two-photon and three-photon fluorescence, second-harmonic generation, third-harmonic generation, coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering, and stimulated Raman scattering in neuroimaging. We have outlined the potentials and drawbacks of these techniques and their possible applications in the investigation of neurodegenerative diseases.     

功能磁共振和脑电神经成像技术与大脑刺激相结合的研究进展

随着对神经机制问题阐述水平的迅速提高,所应用的神经成像技术、方法及各种工具的复杂程度也在不断提高．一方面是神经成像技术本身的不断发展,另一方面则是大脑直接刺激与神经成像技术同步记录方法的发展．经颅磁刺激-功能磁共振成像同步技术(TMS-fMRI)和经颅磁刺激-脑电技术(TMS-EEG)能为研究大脑网络的功能和有效连通性提供技术手段,该技术在多种认知领域的发展和应用,为神经科学、认知心理学、神经信息学等学科的研究者对人脑的研究开启了多条通道,更加有利于深入地理解人类大脑的工作机制．     

Large-scale automated synthesis of human functional neuroimaging data

The rapid growth of the literature on neuroimaging in humans has led to major advances in our understanding of human brain function but has also made it increasingly difficult to aggregate and synthesize neuroimaging findings. Here we describe and validate an automated brain-mapping framework that uses text-mining, meta-analysis and machine-learning techniques to generate a large database of mappings between neural and cognitive states. We show that our approach can be used to automatically conduct large-scale, high-quality neuroimaging meta-analyses, address long-standing inferential problems in the neuroimaging literature and support accurate 'decoding' of broad cognitive states from brain activity in both entire studies and individual human subjects. Collectively, our results have validated a powerful and generative framework for synthesizing human neuroimaging data on an unprecedented scale.     

Brain Signature of Chronic Orofacial Pain: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis on Neuroimaging Research of Trigeminal Neuropathic Pain and Temporomandibular Joint Disorders

Brain neuroimaging has been widely used to investigate the bran signature of chronic orofacial pain, including trigeminal neuropathic pain (TNP) and pain related to temporomandibular joint disorders (TMD). We here systematically reviewed the neuroimaging literature regarding the functional and structural changes in the brain of TNP and TMD pain patients, using a computerized search of journal articles via PubMed. Ten TNP studies and 14 TMD studies were reviewed. Study quality and risk of bias were assessed based on the criteria of patient selection, the history of medication, the use of standardized pain/psychological assessments, and the model and statistics of imaging analyses. Qualitative meta-analysis was performed by examining the brain regions which showed significant changes in either brain functions (including the blood-oxygen-level dependent signal, cerebral blood flow and the magnetic resonance spectroscopy signal) or brain structure (including gray matter and white matter anatomy). We hypothesized that the neuroimaging findings would display a common pattern as well as distinct patterns of brain signature in the disorders. This major hypothesis was supported by the following findings: (1) TNP and TMD patients showed consistent functional/structural changes in the thalamus and the primary somatosensory cortex, indicating the thalamocortical pathway as the major site of plasticity. (2) The TNP patients showed more alterations at the thalamocortical pathway, and the two disorders showed distinct patterns of thalamic and insular connectivity. Additionally, functional and structural changes were frequently reported in the prefrontal cortex and the basal ganglia, suggesting the role of cognitive modulation and reward processing in chronic orofacial pain. The findings highlight the potential for brain neuroimaging as an investigating tool for understanding chronic orofacial pain.     

神经功能成像及其在重大脑疾病中的应用

根据第101期双清论坛"神经功能成像及其在重大脑疾病中的应用"的报告内容,简述了功能神经成像技术与方法的现状与发展趋势,介绍了近年来基于成像技术的重要脑科学研究成果和临床转化研究面临的挑战,并提出了神经功能成像及其在重大脑疾病应用中的主要研究方向和科学问题的设想.     

The adolescent brain: insights from functional neuroimaging research

With the development of functional neuroimaging tools, the past two decades have witnessed an explosion of work examining functional brain maps, mostly in the adult brain. Against this backdrop of work in adults, developmental research begins to gather a substantial body of knowledge about brain maturation. The purpose of this review is to present some of these findings from the perspective of functional neuroimaging. First, a brief survey of available neuroimaging techniques (i.e., fMRI, MRS, MEG, PET, SPECT, and infrared techniques) is provided. Next, the key cognitive, emotional, and social changes taking place during adolescence are outlined. The third section gives examples of how these behavioral changes can be understood from a neuroscience perspective. The conclusion places this functional neuroimaging research in relation to clinical and molecular work, and shows how answers will ultimately come from the combined efforts of these disciplines.     

A link between neuroscience and informatics: large-scale modeling of memory processes

Utilizing advances in functional neuroimaging and computational neural modeling, neuroscientists have increasingly sought to investigate how distributed networks, composed of functionally defined subregions, combine to produce cognition. Large-scale, biologically realistic neural models, which integrate data from cellular, regional, whole brain, and behavioral sources, delineate specific hypotheses about how these interacting neural populations might carry out high-level cognitive tasks. In this review, we discuss neuroimaging, neural modeling, and the utility of large-scale biologically realistic models using modeling of short-term memory as an example. We present a sketch of the data regarding the neural basis of short-term memory from non-human electrophysiological, computational and neuroimaging perspectives, highlighting the multiple interacting brain regions believed to be involved. Through a review of several efforts, including our own, to combine neural modeling and neuroimaging data, we argue that large scale neural models provide specific advantages in understanding the distributed networks underlying cognition and behavior.     

Neuroelectric measurement of cognition during aerobic exercise

The application of neuroimaging techniques to assess changes in brain and cognition during exercise has received little attention due to issues related to artifact associated with gross motor movement inherent in physical activity behaviors. Although many neuroimaging techniques have not yet progressed to a point where movement artifact may be controlled, event-related brain potentials (ERPs), which measure neuroelectric responses to specific events, can account for such issues in controlled environments. This paper discusses the deviations from standard neuroelectric recording procedures and signal processing that are necessary for the collection and analysis of ERPs during gross motor movement. Considerations include the properties of the exercise behavior, task instructions, and the position of materials in the stimulus environment, as well as issues related to electrode impedance, additional reduction techniques, and the plotting of single trials to identify movement artifacts. These techniques provide a means for collecting clean data from the neuroelectric system to provide further understanding of changes in brain and cognition that occur online during exercise behavior, and serves as a novel application of neuroimaging to the kinesiological sciences.     

Neuroimaging of psychiatric and pedopsychiatric disorders

Over the last two decades, imaging techniques have allowed to establish the cerebral neurophysiologic correlates of psychiatric disorders and have highlighted the impact of psychopathologic events, therapeutic drugs, addictions, on the growth and plasticity of brain. In this review, we intend to illustrate how neuroimaging has improved our knowledge of such alterations in brain maturation (schizophrenia, autistic disorders), fronto-limbic (depressive syndromes) or fronto-striatal (compulsive disorders) regions in psychiatric illnesses, but also in psychopharmacology, or pedopsychiatry. Statistically significant alterations in the structure and/or function of brain are detected in all psychiatric disorders and these are often detectable already during childhood or teenage. Furthermore, neuroimaging has allowed to underline the importance of cerebral networks specific to each disorder, but also to uncover those which are common to different diseases provided that they share common clinical or cognitive features. Besides their value in basic research, neuroimaging findings have been key in changing the perception that society has of these diseases which contributed to their therapeutic approach.     

The cognitive neuroscience of memory distortion

Memory distortion occurs in the laboratory and in everyday life. This article focuses on false recognition, a common type of memory distortion in which individuals incorrectly claim to have encountered a novel object or event. By considering evidence from neuropsychology, neuroimaging, and electrophysiology, we address three questions. (1) Are there patterns of neural activity that can distinguish between true and false recognition? (2) Which brain regions contribute to false recognition? (3) Which brain regions play a role in monitoring or reducing false recognition? Neuroimaging and electrophysiological studies suggest that sensory activity is greater for true recognition compared to false recognition. Neuropsychological and neuroimaging results indicate that the hippocampus and several cortical regions contribute to false recognition. Evidence from neuropsychology, neuroimaging, and electrophysiology implicates the prefrontal cortex in retrieval monitoring that can limit the rate of false recognition.