从天然橡胶中提取白坚木皮醇的研究

目的：选择适合于工业化生产的从胶清中提取白坚木皮醇的方法。方法：运用普通的化工技术对胶清进行凝固、浓缩和净化处理,再采用化学拆分法（Ｒｅｓｏｌｕｔｉｏｎ）从肌醇衍生物中提取白坚木皮醇。结论：本项研究得出的提取方法,其提取率约占胶清重量的０．２％～０．３％。提取的产品纯度达９７％以上,ＦＷ（ＣＥ）１９５,ｍｐ．１９１℃,「α」Ｄ＾２９－８０．３。该提取方法可以进行工业化生产。     

高效液相色谱法测定大鼠血清染料木素浓度

目的:建立大鼠血清中染料木素浓度的HPLC测定方法.方法:大鼠血清以叔丁基甲醚萃取,萃取物用氮气吹干后,用甲醇溶解用于色谱分析.色谱条件:采用Thermo C18柱(250ram×4.6mm,5μm);以乙腈-0.02mol/L磷酸二氢钾(35:65,pH=4.3)为流动相;流速为1.0mL/min;检测波长为260hm;柱温为40℃;进样量为10μL.结果:染料木素最低检测浓度为0.01mg/L;标准曲线线性范围为0.01～10.00μg/mL(r=0.9998);相对回收率为(101.31±3.47)%;日内RSD与日间RSD均小于10.00%.结论:该方法简便、快速、灵敏度高,重现性及稳定性较好,适用于大鼠血清染料木素浓度测定和药代动力学的研究.     

制备型高效液相色谱法分离蛋白质的研究

生物工程的发展,特别是生化制品下游处理技术的兴起,对现代分离科学提出了更高的要求,研究和开发各类生化物质特别是活性生物大分子的分离纯化技术,已成为一项十分重要的研究课题。在现有的分离技术中,液相色谱,尤其是80年代在分析型高效液相色谱(HPLC)基础上兴起的制备型HPLC,在大规模分离纯化生物活性物质特别是蛋白质方面已显示出巨大的应用潜力,引起了各国研究者的高度重视^[1-5].本文利用自行设计的制备型HPLC分离装置,对牛血清白蛋白(BAS)和牛血清红蛋白(HG)的制备分离过程进行了实验研究,着重考虑了流动流速、柱超载方式、柱长等因素对BAS和HG分离度的影响。     

不同蔬菜品种的木聚糖含量分析

目的：测定不同蔬菜品种的木聚糖含量,分析不同蔬菜品种木聚糖含量的差异,为蔬菜高值化加工及人们对蔬菜木聚糖膳食纤维精准补充提供科学依据。方法：以南方常见41个蔬菜品种为研究对象,采用稀酸水解、高效液相色谱法测定蔬菜木聚糖的含量。结果：不同蔬菜品种木聚糖的含量差异显著,41种蔬菜品种中,每100g新鲜原料木聚糖含量排名前3的分别是豌豆（2.37g）、蚕豆（2.19g）、甜玉米（1.86g）,其他蔬菜品种木聚糖含量均小于1.6g。根据食用器官蔬菜木聚糖含量平均值排序：花菜类>果菜类>茎菜类>食用菌类>根菜类>叶菜类。结论：补充蔬菜木聚糖膳食纤维,优选果菜类中的豆类。     

高效液相色谱法分析吡咯喹啉醌

目的:建立一种通过高效液相色谱(HPLC)定量测定吡咯喹啉醌(PQQ)的分析方法。方法:将PQQ标准品及发酵制备的PQQ结晶粉末溶于10 mmol/L Na OH溶液,利用高效液相色谱仪进行测定。采用Waters XBridge C18(4.6 mm×150 mm,5μm)作为分离柱,用甲醇-水(用三氟乙酸调节p H值为1.0)梯度洗脱,流速为1.0 m L/min,于室温下检测PQQ,检测波长为365.8 nm。结果:检测得PQQ标准品的保留时间约为7.8 min,在0.031 25~1 mg/m L范围内线性关系良好,相关系数(r2)在0.9999以上,平均回收率为98.6%。结论:高效液相色谱法分析PQQ的灵敏度和准确度高,是一种可靠的PQQ定量分析方法。     

反相高效液相色谱法分析聚乙二醇修饰的水蛭素

目的：采用反相高效液相色谱法（RP-HPLC）对聚乙二醇（PEG）修饰的水蛭素进行分析分离,用以分析修饰产物中不同修饰度水蛭素的组成和比例。方法：色谱柱为Hypersil C18,5μm,4.6mm×150mm;流动相A为H2O＋0.01％的三氟乙酸,流动相B为乙腈＋0.01％的三氟乙酸。40min内由10％-50％流动相B进行梯度洗脱,洗脱流速1mL／min,上样量50μL,检测波长为214nm。结果：在单甲基化PEG-丙酸琥珀酰亚胺和水蛭素摩尔比不同的的反应产物中,PEG1-水蛭素、PEG2-水蛭素均可以达到基线分离,且不同批次的反应产物进行RP-HPLC的重复性良好。结论：RP-HPLC可以有效地对PEG修饰的水蛭素产物进行分析分离,为PEG化水蛭素的长效、缓释剂型的开发提供技术支持。     

高效液相色谱法同时测定保健食品中低聚果糖和低聚木糖

目的 建立高效液相色谱法同时测定保健食品中低聚果糖(包括蔗果三糖、蔗果四糖及蔗果五糖)和低聚木糖（包括木二糖、木三糖、木四糖、木五糖、木六糖及木七糖）的含量。方法 采用键合有酰胺官能团杂化填料的色谱柱,以乙腈和水为流动相,利用亲水保留色谱机制（HILIC）实现对低聚果糖和低聚木糖各单体的有效分离,结合示差检测以外标法定量。该方法同时利用木糖对低聚木糖各单体转换系数进行定量。结果 低聚果糖和低聚木糖各单体线性关系良好,相关系数均大于0.998,平均加标回收率为95%以上,具有较高的准确度和良好的重现性。结论 高效液相色谱法由于采用木糖对照品转换定量低聚木糖含量,减少低聚木糖各单体标准品在日常工作中的使用量,进而降低检测成本。该方法经济可靠,测定结果准确,适合于添加有低聚果糖和低聚木糖的功能性产品检测。     

高效液相色谱法同时测定17种磺胺类药物的研究

建立了高效液相色谱-紫外法同时测定17种磺胺类药物的分析方法.主要研究了色谱柱、流动相配比对磺胺类药物分离的影响.通过研究,确定了最佳液相色谱分析条件.分离条件为:YMC ODS-C18柱;以2%乙酸溶液、乙腈和甲醇作为流动相,进行梯度洗脱;检测波长为270 nm.该方法的检测限为:磺胺胍和磺胺为2.0 ng/ml,磺胺二甲氧哒嗪、磺胺二甲基嘧啶、磺胺多辛、磺胺胍、磺胺甲基嘧啶、磺胺甲噻二唑、磺胺甲基异噁唑、磺胺甲氧哒嗪、磺胺6-甲氧嘧啶、磺胺二甲基噁唑、磺胺、磺胺吡啶、磺胺喹噁啉、磺胺噻唑和磺胺异噁唑均为5.0 ng/ml.各组分的回收率在81.3%～97.9%,相对标准偏差在0.1%～4.3%.     

常见谷物的生糖指数及阿拉伯糖木聚糖含量分析

目的：分析常见谷物品种生糖指数和阿拉伯糖木聚糖含量的差异,为快速查找到低生糖指数和高阿拉伯糖木聚糖膳食纤维谷物食源提供科学依据。方法：以常见18种谷物为研究对象,采用酸法水解,利用高效液相色谱法分析常见谷物的生糖指数和阿拉伯糖木聚糖含量。结果：不同谷物品种生糖指数和阿拉伯糖木聚糖的含量差异显著。18种谷物中,每100g绝干原料生糖指数（以葡萄糖的量计）排名前五位的谷物（低至高）分别是：黑芝麻1.75g、黑豆2.70g、花生3.26g、黄豆4.20g、红芸豆22.72g,其他杂粮品种生糖指数都均大于22.72 g;每100g绝干原料阿拉伯糖木聚糖含量 （高至低）排名前五的分别是：红豆8.22g、黄豆7.71g、黑豆7.53g、绿豆6.55g、红芸豆6.05g,其他谷物阿拉伯糖木聚糖含量均小于6.05g。结论：补充低生糖指数的谷物,推荐优选黑芝麻、黑豆和花生,补充高含量阿拉伯糖木聚糖膳食纤维优选豆类,且含量大于6.05g/100g绝干原料。     

Glycosylation Site Analysis of Human Platelets by Electrostatic Repulsion Hydrophilic Interaction Chromatography

Introduction

Glycosylations range among the most common posttranslational modifications with an estimated 50% of all proteins supposed to be glycosylated. These modifications are required for essential cellular processes including cell–cell recognition, protein structure and activity, e.g., of surface receptors, as well as subcellular localization of proteins. Beside the elucidation of the carbohydrate structures, the annotation of glycosylation sites is of primary interest as a basis for subsequent functional characterization. Although mass spectrometry is the method of choice for large-scale analysis of glycosylation sites, it requires initial enrichment of glycopeptides prior mass spectrometric detection in most cases.

Materials and Methods

In this paper, we present a novel approach for glycopeptide enrichment by electrostatic repulsion hydrophilic interaction chromatography (ERLIC). Glycopeptides were separated from the bulk of non-modified peptides and gradually eluted from the stationary phase with potential for isoform resolution. Applied to human platelets, 125 glycosylation sites on 66 proteins were identified including major platelet glycoproteins responsible for cellular function.

Conclusion

These sites add a major contribution to the now more than 250 glycosylation sites annotated for platelets, which enable the clinically relevant design of quantification assays for platelet glycoproteins.     

Validation of Metabolic Alterations in Microscale Cell Culture Lysates Using Hydrophilic Interaction Liquid Chromatography (HILIC)-Tandem Mass Spectrometry-Based Metabolomics

By standard convention, in order to increase the efficacy of metabolite detection from cell culture lysates, metabolite extracts from a large quantity of cells are utilized for multiple reaction monitoring-based metabolomic studies. Metabolomics from a small number of cell extracts offers a potential economical alternative to increased cell numbers, in turn increasing the utility of cell culture-based metabolomics. However, the effect of reduced cell numbers on targeted metabolomic profiling is relatively unstudied. Considering the limited knowledge available of the feasibility and accuracy of microscale cell culture metabolomics, the present study analyzes differences in metabolomic profiles of different cell numbers of three pancreatic cancer cell lines. Specifically, it examines the effects of reduced cell numbers on metabolite profiles by obtaining extracts either directly from microscale culture plates or through serial dilution of increased numbers of cellular metabolite extracts. Our results indicate reduced cell numbers only modestly affect the number of metabolites detected (93% of metabolites detected in cell numbers as low as 10⁴ cells and 97% for 10⁵ cells), independent of the method used to obtain the cells. However, metabolite peak intensities were differentially affected by the reduced cell numbers, with some peak intensities inversely proportional to the cell numbers. To help eliminate such potential inverse relationships, peak intensities for increased cell numbers were excluded from the comparative analysis. Overall, metabolite profiles from microscale culture plates were observed to differ from the serial dilution samples, which may be attributable to the medium-to-cell-number ratios. Finally, findings identify perturbations in metabolomic profiling for cellular extracts from reduced cell numbers, which offer future applications in microscale metabolomic evaluations.     

高效液相色谱测定鱼体组织中鱼静安的浓度

利用高效液相色谱(HPLC)建立了测定鱼体的鱼血,鱼脑,鱼肉和鱼肝中的鱼静安(MS222)的浓度方法,样品用重蒸水匀浆,离心15min(12000r/min),将上清液用045μm过滤膜过滤,用YWGC18分析柱,流动相为02mol/min磷酸缓冲液(pH31)∶甲醇=85∶15,紫外测试波长223nm,平均回收率鱼血8778%,鱼脑9530%,鱼肉9230%,鱼肝7700%。     

Simultaneous Glycan-Peptide Characterization Using Hydrophilic Interaction Chromatography and Parallel Fragmentation by CID,Higher Energy Collisional Dissociation,and Electron Transfer Dissociation MS Applied to the N-Linked Glycoproteome of Campylobacter jejuni

Campylobacter jejuni is a gastrointestinal pathogen that is able to modify membrane and periplasmic proteins by the N-linked addition of a 7-residue glycan at the strict attachment motif (D/E)XNX(S/T). Strategies for a comprehensive analysis of the targets of glycosylation, however, are hampered by the resistance of the glycan-peptide bond to enzymatic digestion or β-elimination and have previously concentrated on soluble glycoproteins compatible with lectin affinity and gel-based approaches. We developed strategies for enriching C. jejuni HB93-13 glycopeptides using zwitterionic hydrophilic interaction chromatography and examined novel fragmentation, including collision-induced dissociation (CID) and higher energy collisional (C-trap) dissociation (HCD) as well as CID/electron transfer dissociation (ETD) mass spectrometry. CID/HCD enabled the identification of glycan structure and peptide backbone, allowing glycopeptide identification, whereas CID/ETD enabled the elucidation of glycosylation sites by maintaining the glycan-peptide linkage. A total of 130 glycopeptides, representing 75 glycosylation sites, were identified from LC-MS/MS using zwitterionic hydrophilic interaction chromatography coupled to CID/HCD and CID/ETD. CID/HCD provided the majority of the identifications (73 sites) compared with ETD (26 sites). We also examined soluble glycoproteins by soybean agglutinin affinity and two-dimensional electrophoresis and identified a further six glycosylation sites. This study more than doubles the number of confirmed N-linked glycosylation sites in C. jejuni and is the first to utilize HCD fragmentation for glycopeptide identification with intact glycan. We also show that hydrophobic integral membrane proteins are significant targets of glycosylation in this organism. Our data demonstrate that peptide-centric approaches coupled to novel mass spectrometric fragmentation techniques may be suitable for application to eukaryotic glycoproteins for simultaneous elucidation of glycan structures and peptide sequence.Campylobacter jejuni is a Gram-negative, microaerophilic, spiral-shaped, motile bacterium that is the most common cause of food- and water-borne diarrheal illness worldwide (1). Typical infections are acquired via the consumption of undercooked poultry where C. jejuni is found commensally (2). Symptoms in humans range from mild, non-inflammatory diarrhea to severe abdominal cramps, vomiting, and inflammation (3). Prior infection with C. jejuni is a common antecedent of two chronic immune-mediated disorders: Guillain-Barré syndrome (4) and immunoproliferative small intestine disease (5). A unique molecular trait of C. jejuni is the ability to post-translationally modify proteins by the N-linked addition of a 7-residue glycan (GalNAc-α1,4-GalNAc-α1,4-(Glcβ1,3)- GalNAc-α1,4-GalNAc-α1,4-GalNAc-α1,3-Bac-β1 where Bac is bacillosamine (2,4-diacetamido-2,4,6-trideoxyglucopyranose)) (6) at the consensus sequon (D/E)XNX(S/T) where X is any amino acid except proline (7).The N-linked C. jejuni heptasaccharide is encoded by the pgl (protein glycosylation) gene cluster (8–10), and the glycan is transferred to proteins by the PglB oligosaccharyltransferase (11) at the periplasmic face of the inner membrane (12). Removal of the N-glycosylation gene cluster (or indeed pglB alone) results in C. jejuni that displays poor adherence to and invasion of epithelial cell lines (13) and reduced colonization of the chicken gastrointestinal tract (14). Although this demonstrates a requirement for glycosylation in virulence, the proteins that mediate this are still unknown, and the overall role of glycan attachment remains to be elucidated. Our current understanding of the structural context of glycosylation in C. jejuni suggests that it does not play a role in steric stabilization by conferring structural rigidity as seen in eukaryotes (15) but occurs preferably on flexible loops and unordered regions of proteins (16–18). To investigate the role of glycosylation in protein function, recent studies have utilized mutagenesis to remove the N-linked sequon from three glycoproteins: Cj1496c (19), Cj0143c (20), and VirB10 (21). Removal of glycosylation from Cj1496c and Cj0143c had little effect on protein function; however, glycan attachment was required for correct localization of VirB10. Although the exact role of the glycan remains largely unknown, it appears to be site-specific with a single site, Asn⁹⁷, influencing localization of VirB10, whereas a second site, Asn³², is dispensable (21). It is clear that a more comprehensive analysis of the C. jejuni glycoproteome is required. A further complication in the elucidation of N-linked glycosylation is the use of the NCTC 11168 strain, which because of laboratory passage (22, 23) may not be the most appropriate model in which to study the virulence properties of glycan attachment. For example, we have recently shown that a surface-exposed virulence factor, JlpA, is glycosylated at two sites (Asn¹⁴⁶ and Asn¹⁰⁷) in all sequenced C. jejuni strains except NCTC 11168, which contains only Asn¹⁴⁶ (24).Glycoproteomics in C. jejuni is also a major technical challenge. Unlike eukaryotic N-linked glycans, the C. jejuni glycan is resistant to removal by protein N-glycosidase F (24) and chemical liberation via β-elimination (6) possibly because of the structure of the unique linking sugar, bacillosamine (25). Analysis therefore requires complementary methodology to elucidate the sites of glycosylation in the presence of the glycan. Preferential fragmentation of the glycan itself during collision-induced dissociation (CID) generally results in poor recovery of peptide fragment ions, and thus identification of the underlying protein and site of attachment remains problematic. MS³ has been attempted for site identification (6, 26); however, the data are limited by the requirement for sufficient ions for two rounds of tandem MS. We have also shown previously that C. jejuni encodes several hydrophobic integral membrane and outer membrane proteins possessing multiple transmembrane-spanning regions that are not amenable to gel-based approaches (27), particularly those using lectins for glycoprotein purification (28). We hypothesize that N-linked glycosylation is more widespread than previously demonstrated (6, 7, 26) because these studies examined only soluble proteins (6, 26) or used lectin affinity (6, 7), which limits the amount and type of detergents that can be used. Recent work (26) has demonstrated the potential of exploiting the hydrophilic nature of the C. jejuni glycan to enable glycopeptide enrichment.The ability to generate product ions useful for the identification of a glycosylated peptide is governed by three factors: the peptide backbone, the glycan, and the fragmentation approach. Multiple strategies exist to separately exploit the first two of these parameters (29, 30), but it is only recently that selective fragmentation of modified peptides has been available through electron transfer dissociation (ETD)¹ and electron capture dissociation (31, 32). ETD/electron capture dissociation enable the selective cleavage of the peptide while maintaining the carbohydrate structure, and this has been demonstrated using eukaryotic glycopeptides (33, 34) and more recently glycopeptides isolated from the pathogen Neisseria gonorrhoeae (35). A more recent fragmentation approach is higher energy collisional (C-trap) dissociation (HCD), which uses higher fragmentation energies than standard CID and enables identification of modifications, such as phosphotyrosine (36), via diagnostic immonium ions and high mass accuracy over the full mass range in MS/MS. HCD has not previously been applied to glycopeptides.We applied several enrichment and MS fragmentation approaches to the characterization of the glycoproteome of C. jejuni HB93-13. Sequence analysis determined that the HB93-13 genome contains 510 N-linked sequons ((D/E)XNX(S/T)) in 382 proteins of which 261 (with 371 potential N-linked sites) are predicted to pass through the inner membrane and are therefore the subset that may be glycosylated. We examined trypsin digests of whole cell and membrane protein preparations using zwitterionic hydrophilic interaction chromatography (ZIC-HILIC) and graphite enrichment of gel-separated proteins using several mass spectrometric techniques (CID, HCD, and ETD). This is the first study to demonstrate the potential of using the high energy fragmentation of HCD to overcome the signal disruption caused by labile glycan fragmentation and to provide peptide sequencing within a single step. Manual data analysis was also simplified as the GalNAc fragment ion (204.086 Da) provides a signature that can be used to highlight glycopeptides within a complex mixture. We identified 81 glycosylation sites, including 47 not described previously in the literature and a single site that cannot be unambiguously assigned. The majority of these are present on proteins not amenable to traditional gel-based analyses, such as hydrophobic transmembrane proteins. Our work more than doubles the previously known N-linked C. jejuni glycoproteome and provides a clear rationale for other studies where the peptide and glycan need to remain associated.     

蛋白质层析用离子交换和疏水作用层析介质的发展概况

层析是蛋白质纯化的关键技术之一 ,作为层析技术的核心———层析介质一直以来是层析技术研究的一个热点。近年来 ,越来越多的新型层析介质被开发出来 ,如粒度均匀的交联多糖、人工合成的大孔聚合物、触角型吸附剂、软胶包裹在硬胶表面等介质。主要介绍应用较为广泛的IEC和HIC介质的组成、特性及其在蛋白质纯化中的应用 ,还研究了与HIC技术相关的两种新技术 :亲硫层析和疏水电荷诱导层析 (HCIC) ,重点介绍了HCIC的介质及其应用 ,同时也讨论了在蛋白质纯化中应用的三相纯化策略 (富集、中间纯化和精制 )。结合我国的实际情况 ,就当前蛋白质纯化的离子交换和疏水层析介质面临的挑战和未来的发展进行讨论并提出了建议     

疏水作用层析纯化脂肪酶

报道了以对β-硫酸酯己砜基苯胺（SESA）为活化剂制备疏水作用层析剂方法及其柱层析纯化脂肪酶的工艺条件。实验结果表明：活化剂对-β-硫酸酯己砜基苯胺（SESA）最适用量为1．0g／g湿纸纤维素。笨胺：丙酮比为1：4．以0．2mol／L磷酸缓冲液（pH8.0）=1mol／LNaCl为淋洗剂,以0．2mol／L磷酸缓冲液（pH8．0）＋8％吐温80为洗脱刘纯化脂肪酶具有较好的分辨率,酶活回收率64．0％,比活提高6．70倍。     

Determination of Fibrosis from Cryostat Sections Using High Performance Liquid Chromatography: Skeletal Muscle

Analysis of hydroxyproline (collagen) and pyridinoline (collagen cross-links) in biopsies prepared for routine histological evaluation with OCT compound was performed. Frozen sections (250µm-thick) were cut from cardiac muscle, diaphragm, liver, and soleus muscle from the rat. After removal of OCT compound by rinsing, the samples were dried, weighed and hydrolyzed in 6N HCl. A portion of the hydrolysate was analyzed for hydroxyproline using high performance liquid chromatography with collagen type I as the standard. Collagen concentrations ranged from 6.6µg/mg dry weight (liver) to 74.7µg/mg dry weight (diaphragm). From the remainder of the hydrolyzate, pyridinoline cross-links of collagen were separated and analyzed similarly by high performance liquid chromatography. The concentration of pyridinoline ranged from 2.6ng/mg dry weight (liver) to 35.6ng/mg dry weight (diaphragm). These techniques were adequate to analyze both collagen and pyridinoline (i.e. collagen cross-links) in small biopsy samples (<1mg dry weight) routinely used in clinical pathology. The method proved useful in the quantitation of focal fibrosis in a partially denervated rat soleus. Denervation was confirmed using fast myosin immunohistochemistry which revealed large areas of small myofibres containing fast myosin. Collagen concentration increased by five-fold and collagen cross-links by more than 7-fold consistent with fibrotic changes known to occur with denervation.