杜仲内生真菌DZ05的鉴定及抗菌生物活性研究

结合菌株的形态学特征和ITS序列分析结果,对1株分离自杜仲茎部的内生真菌菌株DZ05进行鉴定,并对其在PDA液体培养基摇床培养3 d获得的发酵液对多种测试菌进行抗菌活性研究。结果显示:(1)分离自杜仲茎部的内生真菌菌株DZ05经形态学特征和ITS序列分析,被鉴定为淡紫色拟青霉。(2)其发酵液的乙酸乙酯提取物对6种测试细菌和9种测试植物病原菌均具有明显的抑菌活性,抑菌圈直径在13～45 mm之间,其中对番茄灰霉病菌、番茄叶霉病菌和苹果炭疽病菌抑菌圈直径＞40 mm。研究表明,杜仲内生真菌DZ05的代谢产物具有广谱的抗菌活性,在植物病原菌的生物防治领域具有较大的应用前景。     

杜仲内生真菌DZJ03发酵液生物活性的研究

测定处于不同生长期的杜仲内生真菌DZJ03胞外多糖含量、发酵液中3种核苷含量,并对其菌株发酵液抑菌效果进行了研究,按50μg/mL的浓度测定了发酵液的石油醚、乙酸乙酯和甲醇等3种提取物对水稻恶苗病菌、棉花枯萎病菌2种植物病原菌以及烟草青枯病菌、金黄色葡萄球菌的抑制活性。结果表明:内生真菌DZJ03胞外多糖含量最高可达到2.0410g/L,其发酵液中所含腺苷、尿苷以及鸟苷的含量分别为1.2647 mg/g、0.8586 mg/g、1.0493 mg/g;发酵液乙酸乙酯相具有较强的抑菌活性,其对水稻恶苗病菌的抑制率为71.92%,抗烟草青枯病菌的抑菌圈直径达到19.21 mm。     

一株蓝麻黄内生放线菌的分离、鉴定和活性研究

目的:分离对农作物致病菌具有拮抗作用的株内生放线菌,并对其进行系统鉴定.方法:经表面消毒采用研磨法从蓝麻黄中分离内生放线菌;再通过琼脂扩散法筛选具有抗农作物致病菌活性的内生放线菌;利用菌株形态特征、培养特征、生理生化特性和16S rRNA序列分析对拮抗菌进行鉴定;并对代谢产物做了生物碱的检测.结果:从蓝麻黄中分离到菌7株内生放线菌而其中的XJEG-GA-16具有较好拮抗作用,该菌对7种植物病原菌具有较好的拮抗作用,尤其是对玉米大斑病菌的拮抗作用显著抑菌圈大于20mm.经形态学观察,培养特征、生理生化特和分子分类学分析鉴定与Streptomyces albus subsp.albus在同一个分支上,同源性为99%.该菌株代谢产物中含有生物碱.结论:蓝麻黄内生放线菌XJEG-GA-16对农作物致病菌有明显的拮抗作用,最终鉴定为链霉菌Streptomyces albus subsp.Albus.     

木本曼陀罗内生真菌抗菌活性的筛选研究

从木本曼陀罗植物内生真菌中筛选高效抗菌活性的菌株。选择与人类和植物相关的36株病原微生物,分别对分离自木本曼陀罗(Datura arborea L.)植物的内生真菌77株进行了发酵代谢产物的抗菌活性筛选研究。结果显示:对细菌病原菌、皮肤致病真菌、植物致病真菌有抑制作用的内生真菌分别有24,9,17株,其中5株内生真菌对10种以上的供试病原菌有明显的抑制作用,活性最好的1株对20种病原菌有较强抑制活性,最大抑菌圈直径达48mm。这说明木本曼陀罗植物内生真菌抗菌能力较强,抗菌谱较广。     

抗水稻白叶枯病菌植物内生真菌的筛选、鉴定

从多种植物叶片内分离、纯化出31株植物内生真菌,活性筛选表明分离自健康水稻叶片内生真菌Bo-1菌的乙酸乙酯粗提物对水稻白叶枯病菌具有较强的抑菌活性。当供试浓度为100μg/mL时,Bo-1菌乙酸乙酯粗提物对水稻白叶枯病菌抑菌圈为22.4 mm,与同浓度的氯霉素对水稻白叶枯病菌的抑菌效果相当。通过形态学特征观察和ITS rDNA测序分析,Bo-1菌被鉴定为淡色生赤壳菌(Bionectria ochroleuca)。抗菌谱实验表明,Bo-1菌对多种细菌类病原体具有较强的拮抗能力。     

黄连内生真菌的分离鉴定及抑菌活性研究CSCD

为研究四川省峨眉地区黄连内生真菌多样性及菌株抑菌活性和机制,发掘黄连内生真菌资源,本研究从川黄连植株分离鉴定14株黄连内生真菌,分属于2纲,5目,7科,11属。根状茎、茎、叶和须根中的内生真菌定殖率分别是27.8%、56.7%、52.5%和39.6%。14株黄连内生真菌对金黄色葡萄球菌均有抑菌效果,Cop S01、Cop L01、Cop FR01的抑菌圈直径超过35 mm,纸片扩散法测得3株内生真菌发酵液对金黄色葡萄球菌均有效,Cop L01抑菌圈直径大于20 mm,抑菌效果最好,其发酵产物最低抑菌浓度(MIC)为10 mg/mL,最低杀菌浓度(MBC)为11 mg/mL。初步探究Cop L01抑菌机制发现该菌株发酵产物破坏金黄色葡萄球菌细胞膜,引起胞内核酸及蛋白外泄,造成金黄色葡萄球菌死亡。本研究表明川黄连内生真菌具有丰富的多样性,部分菌株及其发酵产物对金黄色葡萄球菌均表现出较好的抑菌效果,预示着黄连内生真菌Cop L01具有产生新型抗菌活性物质的潜力,为后续深入开发这一资源宝库提供了新的菌种和思路。     

具抑菌活性连翘内生真菌的分离与鉴定

【目的】从药用植物连翘内生真菌中筛选抑菌活性菌株, 并对其主要活性成分进行检测分析。【方法】采用常规组织分离法分离内生真菌, 滤纸片法测定其发酵产物对3种指示细菌的抑菌活性。TLC、HPLC和HPLC-MS检测活性菌株代谢产物中连翘苷成分。根据形态学特征和ITS序列分析鉴定目的菌株。【结果】分离得到的24株内生真菌中抑菌圈直径超过10 mm的菌株, 发酵液组有11株(45.8%), 菌丝体组有19株(79.2%), 活性菌株主要集中在果实内生真菌中, 其中G5、G7和G10表现出较强的抑菌活性。从菌株G10的胞内产物中发现活性成分连翘苷, 将其鉴定为胶孢炭疽菌Colletotrichum gloeosporioides。【结论】连翘内生真菌是天然抗菌活性物质的重要筛选来源。     

濒危植物七子花内生真菌的分离鉴定及抗菌活性筛选

首先从濒危植物七子花中分离到38株内生真菌,综合运用形态特征和分子生物学技术,明确其分类地位。38株植物内生真菌分属于6个属和1个无孢子群,其中交链孢属和刺盘孢属为优势菌群,葡萄座腔菌属、镰刀菌属、赤霉菌属、拟茎点霉属和无孢子群为常见属。以大肠埃希菌、白色念珠菌、金黄色葡萄球菌为靶标菌对获得菌株发酵液粗提物进行抑菌试验,发现95%以上的菌株对试测细菌具有一定的抗菌活性,表明七子花内生真菌的抗菌活性十分普遍;其中QZHⅡ10对大肠埃希菌具有较好的抑菌活性,抑菌圈直径为12.0 mm;而QZHⅡ07则对金黄色葡萄球菌的抑菌活性较强,抑菌圈达到15.5 mm。这表明七子花内生真菌具有开发为微生物源杀菌剂的价值。     

几种药用植物内生真菌抗真菌活性的初步研究

从三尖杉,南方红豆杉及香榧中分离出172株内生真菌,对其进行抗菌活性检测,结果表明共90株内生真菌对一种或多种植物病原真菌,如红色面孢霉（Neurospora sp.）,木霉(Trichoderma sp.）,镰刀菌（Fusarium sp.）等有抑制作用,来自三尖杉、南方红豆杉和香榧的抗菌活性菌株比例分别为40％,54.2%及57.1%。其中平板抑菌圈直径大于15mm的高抗菌株有35株。按Ainsworth等鉴定系统和方法进行鉴定,具有抗菌活性的内生真菌主要分布于心青霉属、镰孢菌属等18个属中。     

黄花夹竹桃内生真菌抗病原细菌的初步研究

从植物黄花夹竹桃 (Thevetiaperuviana)的根、茎、叶、果实中分离出内生真菌 10 1株。以鼠伤寒沙门氏菌 (Salmonellatyphimurium)、肺炎链球菌 (Streptococcuspneumoniae)、乙型溶血链球菌 (Streptococcushemolyticus)、金黄色葡萄球菌 (Staphyllococcusaureus) 4种人类病原菌为指示菌 ,对其进行抑菌活性筛选 ,结果有 17株内生真菌对 1株或 1株以上人类病原菌有抑菌活性 ,其中平板抑菌圈直径大于 2 0mm的菌株有9株。具有抗菌活性的内生真菌分别来自木霉属 (Trichoderma)、曲霉属 (Aspergillus)等 9个属。     

Antagonistic Coevolution and Sex

One of the leading hypotheses for the maintenance of sexual reproduction is the Red Queen hypothesis. The underlying premise of the Red Queen hypothesis is that parasites rapidly evolve to infect common host genotypes. This response by parasites could result in the long-term maintenance of genetic variation and may favor sexual reproduction over asexual reproduction. The underlying ideas present a wonderful microcosm for teaching evolution. Here I present the reasons for why sex is anomalous for evolutionary theory, the rationale underlying the Red Queen hypothesis, and some empirical studies of the Red Queen hypothesis using a freshwater snail. The empirical results are consistent with the Red Queen hypothesis. In addition, the distribution of sexual and asexual reproduction in the snail leads naturally to thinking about coevolution in a geographic mosaic of parasite-mediated natural selection.     

拮抗Bacillus subtilis的筛选及发酵条件对拮抗能力的影响

筛选了3株对大肠埃希菌具有拮抗活性的枯草芽胞杆菌,并对这3个菌株的拮抗能力最强的Bf菌株的发酵条件进行了初步研究。先将不同枯草芽胞杆菌菌株与株大肠埃希菌进行拮抗试验,根据抑菌率,筛选出对大肠埃希菌拮抗效果较好的枯草芽胞杆菌Bf。然后,在不同pH值、温度以及不同的培养时间下观察记录Bf对大肠埃希菌的拮抗作用。根据实验结果分析得到:筛选到的枯草芽胞杆菌在pH值为7.0,37℃下培养40 h后抑菌效果最好。     

Antagonistic Parent-Offspring Co-Adaptation

Background

In species across taxa, offspring have means to influence parental investment (PI). PI thus evolves as an interacting phenotype and indirect genetic effects may strongly affect the co-evolutionary dynamics of offspring and parental behaviors. Evolutionary theory focused on explaining how exaggerated offspring solicitation can be understood as resolution of parent-offspring conflict, but the evolutionary origin and diversification of different forms of family interactions remains unclear.

Methodology/Principal Findings

In contrast to previous theory that largely uses a static approach to predict how “offspring individuals” and “parental individuals” should interact given conflict over PI, we present a dynamic theoretical framework of antagonistic selection on the PI individuals obtain/take as offspring and the PI they provide as parents to maximize individual lifetime reproductive success; we analyze a deterministic and a stochastic version of this dynamic framework. We show that a zone for equivalent co-adaptation outcomes exists in which stable levels of PI can evolve and be maintained despite fast strategy transitions and ongoing co-evolutionary dynamics. Under antagonistic co-adaptation, cost-free solicitation can evolve as an adaptation to emerging preferences in parents.

Conclusions/Significance

We show that antagonistic selection across the offspring and parental life-stage of individuals favors co-adapted offspring and parental behavior within a zone of equivalent outcomes. This antagonistic parent-offspring co-adaptation does not require solicitation to be costly, allows for rapid divergence and evolutionary novelty and potentially explains the origin and diversification of the observed provisioning forms in family life.     

内生拮抗放线菌

正植物内生菌是一种潜在的重要微生物资源,它能促进宿主植物生长、增强植物抗逆性及增强其抗病虫害能力等,具有开发成植物生长促进剂和生物农药的巨大潜力[1-2]。相对于植物内生真菌和其他内生细菌的广泛深入研究,有关植物内生放线菌生物学作用及其活性物质的研究相对滞后,仍然有许多领域值得进一步深入研究。随着各生物学领域的不断发展,近年来国内相关研究较活跃[3-6],植物内生放线菌更多独特的生物学特性将会被发现,也将作为新兴的     

拮抗菌抗菌谱及发酵液拮抗能力测定的新方法

目的:确定测定拮抗细菌枯草芽孢杆菌A的抗菌谱及发酵液拮抗能力的方法。方法:平板对峙法测定抗菌谱,三明治法、管碟法、滤纸片法和双层打孔法测定发酵液的拮抗能力。结果:用点接拮抗细菌单菌落的平板对峙法测得菌株A对玉米小斑病菌等10种病原真菌均有拮抗作用;用双层打孔法测定菌株A发酵液拮抗能力,发现在培养条件为温度32℃,溶氧量为300mL三角瓶培养基装量为30mL,接种量5%,初始pH值7.5时发酵液拮抗能力最强。结论:点接拮抗细菌单菌落的平板对峙法适合用来测定菌株A的抗菌谱,双层打孔法适合用来测定菌株A发酵液的拮抗能力。     

向日葵菌核病根际拮抗菌的筛选与鉴定及其拮抗机理的初步研究

利用梯度稀释和对峙试验的方法,从向日葵根际土壤筛选到18株对向日葵菌核病病原菌—核盘菌(Sclerotiniasclerotiorum)有拮抗效果的细菌,其中1株具有较强的拮抗效果,命名为XRK4。经过形态观察及16S rDNA序列分析,将XRK4鉴定为地衣芽孢杆菌(Bacillus licheniformis)。研究表明XRK4具有β-1,3-1,4-葡聚糖酶活性。设计引物以XRK4的基因组DNA为模板扩增得到长度为732 bp的β-1,3-1,4-葡聚糖酶的完整基因,其开放阅读框架编码243个氨基酸。XRK4可能因产生葡聚糖酶,降解病原菌细胞壁而具有拮抗活性。     

Antagonistic and Synergistic Interactions Among Predators

The structure and dynamics of food webs are largely dependent upon interactions among consumers and their resources. However, interspecific interactions such as intraguild predation and interference competition can also play a significant role in the stability of communities. The role of antagonistic/synergistic interactions among predators has been largely ignored in food web theory. These mechanisms influence predation rates, which is one of the key factors regulating food web structure and dynamics, thus ignoring them can potentially limit understanding of food webs. Using nonlinear models, it is shown that critical aspects of multiple predator food web dynamics are antagonistic/synergistic interactions among predators. The influence of antagonistic/synergistic interactions on coexistence of predators depended largely upon the parameter set used and the degree of feeding niche differentiation. In all cases when there was no effect of antagonism or synergism (a _ij =1.00), the predators coexisted. Using the stable parameter set, coexistence occurred across the range of antagonism/synergism used. However, using the chaotic parameter strong antagonism resulted in the extinction of one or both species, while strong synergism tended to coexistence. Whereas using the limit cycle parameter set, coexistence was strongly dependent on the degree of feeding niche overlap. Additionally increasing the degree of feeding specialization of the predators on the two prey species increased the amount of parameter space in which coexistence of the two predators occurred. Bifurcation analyses supported the general pattern of increased stability when the predator interaction was synergistic and decreased stability when it was antagonistic. Thus, synergistic interactions should be more common than antagonistic interactions in ecological systems.