Optimizing the substrate specificity of a group I intron ribozyme

Group I ribozymes can repair mutant RNAs via trans-splicing. Unfortunately, substrate specificity is quite low for the trans-splicing reaction catalyzed by the group I ribozyme from Tetrahymenathermophila. We have used a systematic approach based on biochemical knowledge of the function of the Tetrahymena ribozyme to optimize its ability to discriminate against nonspecific substrates in vitro. Ribozyme derivatives that combine a mutation which indirectly slows down the rate of the chemical cleavage step by weakening guanosine binding with additional mutations that weaken substrate binding have greatly enhanced specificity with short oligonucleotide substrates and an mRNA fragment derived from the p53 gene. Moreover, compared to the wild-type ribozyme, reaction of a more specific ribozyme with targeted substrates is much less sensitive to the presence of nonspecific RNA competitors. These results demonstrate how a detailed understanding of the biochemistry of a catalytic RNA can facilitate the design of customized ribozymes with improved properties for therapeutic applications.     

人IL-2/IFNα2b融合基因在肝癌细胞中靶向表达

 根据细胞因子之间协同作用的特点,采用重组 Ｄ Ｎ Ａ 技术设计并构建了人 Ｉ Ｌ ２ 与 Ｉ Ｆ Ｎα融合基因,并用肝癌组织特异的 Ａ Ｆ Ｐ增强子／ Ａ Ｌ Ｂ启动子调控融合基因在肝癌细胞中的靶向表达．实验结果表明,克隆的 Ｅ Ａ Ｆ Ｐ Ｐ Ａ Ｌ Ｂ联合转录调控序列能调控细胞因子基因在 Ａ Ｆ Ｐ阳性人肝癌细胞中靶向表达, Ｉ Ｌ ２／ Ｉ Ｆ Ｎα２ｂ 融合基因的表达水平与感染肝癌细胞的 Ａ Ｆ Ｐ表达水平呈正相关性．实验证明表达的融合蛋白具有 Ｉ Ｌ ２ 和 Ｉ Ｆ Ｎ 两种生物学活性的细胞因子．这可能为肝癌基因治疗开辟新途径．     

Molecular imaging of endogenous mRNA expression in a mouse tumor model by adenovirus harboring trans-splicing ribozyme

We previously showed that a trans-splicing ribozyme reprograms tumor-related genes at the mRNA level, resulting in the expression of therapeutic genes and that this approach can be efficiently employed to target specific molecules. Here, we show that trans-splicing ribozyme technology can be applied in molecular imaging of specific RNA expression in living animals. We exemplify this concept successfully by imaging mouse cytoskeleton-associated protein 2 (mCKAP2) expression in intrahepatic tumor nodules using systemically delivered adenovirus harboring mCKAP2-specific trans-splicing ribozyme.     

Identification of the most accessible sites to ribozymes on the hepatitis C virus internal ribosome entry site

The hepatitis C virus (HCV) is a major causative agent of chronic hepatitis and hepatocellular carcinoma. The development of alternative antiviral therapies is warranted because current treatments for the HCV infection affect only a limited number of patients and lead to significant toxicities. The HCV genome is exclusively present in the RNA form; therefore, ribozyme strategies to target certain HCV sequences have been proposed as anti-HCV treatments. In this study, we determined which regions of the internal ribosome entry site (IRES) of HCV are accessible to ribozymes by employing an RNA mapping strategy that is based on a trans-splicing ribozyme library. We then discovered that the loop regions of the domain IIIb of HCV IRES appeared to be particularly accessible. Moreover, to verify if the target sites that were predicted to be accessible are truly the most accessible, we assessed the ribozyme activities by comparing not only the trans-splicing activities in vitro but also the trans-cleavage activities in cells of several ribozymes that targeted different sites. The ribozyme that could target the most accessible site identified by mapping studies was then the most active with high fidelity in cells as well as in vitro. These results demonstrate that the RNA mapping strategy represents an effective method to determine the accessible regions of target RNAs and have important implications for the development of various antiviral therapies which are based on RNA such as ribozyme, antisense, or siRNA.     

利用反式剪接核酶修复突变绿色荧光蛋白mRNA

为构建修复突变绿色荧七蛋白（GFP）基因的反式剪接核酶,分别构建包含突变的GFP基因的XYQ5／10-pGEM重组质粒、XYQ5／10—pEGFP—C2重组质粒及用于修复该突变基因的反式剪接核酶载体trans—rib—CMV2。通过对体外共转录XYQ5／10—pGEM和trans—rib—CMV2重组质粒的RNA产物进行RT—PCR检测核酶细胞外剪接效果;通过XYQ5／10-pEGFP-C2和trans—rib—CMV2重组质粒共转染HeLa细胞检测核酶细胞内的剪接效果。结果显示,XYQ5／10—pGEM、XYQ5／10-pEGFP-C2及trans—rib—CMV2重组质粒构建成功,反式剪接核酶在细胞外及细胞内都可以修复突变基因。虽然效率不高,但为今后更大规模地研究设计反式剪接核酶打下了基础。     

Alpha fetoprotein is more than a hepatocellular cancer biomarker: from spontaneous immune response in cancer patients to the development of an AFP-based cancer vaccine

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the fifth most common cancer worldwide, with a poor prognosis and limited therapeutic options. Due to its overexpression in the majority of HCCs, alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) represents one of the most useful markers for hepatocarcinomas and for monitoring patients' response to therapy. Although it was earlier reported that AFP has immunosuppressive properties, it has been recently demonstrated that AFP induces spontaneous T and B cells responses in HCC patients. The characterization of AFP-immunogenic epitopes gives the opportunity to design AFP-based cancer vaccines for human HCC. The activity of AFP-based vaccines has been investigated in HCC mouse models in order to develop novel strategies to treat patients with HCC. This review will discuss the rationale for using the AFP-based vaccination strategy and recent results corroborating the usefulness of AFP vaccines as a potential tool for cancer therapy.     

截短绿色荧光蛋白突变体反式剪接修复核酶

Ⅰ型内含子核酶经过设计特定的信号引导序列（IGS）,可特异性地定点剪接目的基因RNA,从而在RNA水平达到修复病变基因的目的。以四膜虫材料,克隆了其26S rRNA内含子核酶基因,体外转录证实该I型内含子核酶具有完全的自我剪接的功能。为检测该核酶的反式剪接功能,构建了缺失后半段564bp基因序列的绿色荧光蛋白（GFP）的截短突变体重组质粒XYQ5/XYQ10pEGFP-C-2,并证实其失去了发射绿色荧光的活性。利用PCR和分子克隆技术,构建了以上EGFP突变体的反式剪接修复核酶ptrans-rib-CMV2,该核酶载体以克隆的26S RNA内含子为核心,选择EGFP编码区194位TG为剪接位点,以188-193位设计IGS序列,核酶3′端携带195-890bp的EGFP基因序列,连接于pRC-CMV2真核表达载体中。体外转录突变EGFP的原核表达载体XYQ5/10-pGEM和ptrans-rib-CMV₂,以混合转录产物为模板进行RT-PCR,电泳及测序证实产物中含有反式剪接修复的野生型EGFP mRNA,从而证实构建的反式剪接核酶具有体外反式剪接功能。将截短突变重组质粒XYQ5/XYQ10- pEGFP-C₂与核酶质粒ptrans-rib-CMV₂共转染Hela细胞,用荧光显微镜观察转染结果,发现有少量共转染的Hela细胞发出绿光;RT-PCR检测出野生型EGFP mRNA,证明构建的反式剪接核酶具有体内反式剪接的功能,但其反式剪接效率低。