生物能源专刊序言

生物能源作为可再生能源,有望减少能源供给中对石油的依赖程度。近年来,我国生物能源的发展非常迅速,已经成为继巴西和美国后的第三大燃料乙醇生产国和消费国。为促进生物能源相关技术研究的发展,本期“生物能源”专刊收录了我国生物能源专家学者在燃料乙醇、生物柴油、微生物油脂、生物燃料系统分析等领域的最新研究进展。     

生物能源专刊序言

发展生物能源是减轻经济和社会发展对不可再生矿物质能源依赖程度,实现CO2减排的有效措施。本期专刊包括综述报告和研究论文两部分,涉及燃料乙醇、生物柴油、生物燃气、生物氢能、微生物燃料电池和微生物电解池等主要生物能源产品和系统,比较全面地分析其基础研究、关键技术开发和产业发展现状,讨论了存在的问题和挑战,展望了发展的前景。     

航空生物燃料制备技术及其应用研究进展

随着各国对温室气体排放要求的日益严格,以及化石能源的日益枯竭,近些年来航空生物燃料得到了快速发展.文中综述了航空生物燃料的发展背景、制备工艺、实际应用现状及存在的问题,重点介绍了合成气经费托合成、生物质油经催化加氢和催化裂解制备航空生物燃料的工艺路线,以及航空生物燃料的试飞和商业运营状况,论述了航空生物燃料存在的问题,并对发展航空生物燃料提出了建议.     

转基因技术与生物能源

随着传统化石能源的日益枯竭、环境污染的日益加重,世界各国都在积极寻求发展可再生能源。生物能源,尤其是包括生物乙醇和生物柴油在内的生物燃料,因其原料的可再生性和燃料使用的环境友好性,     

生物炼制技术及其产业发展

由于过度消耗化石资源引发的石油紧缺和温室效应问题,巳逐步影响到人类社会可持续发展的宗旨,开发能替代化石能源需求的新能源日渐急迫.生物质能源是化石能源的替代能源之一,对生物质能源炼制的研究成为很多人的关注热点.生物炼制产品的工业化,是形成可持续性的生物炼制品产业经济的关键.我国政府已经把发展生物质能源作为国家发展战略的一部分,确定了具体的发展目标,制定了相应的研发计划,出台了一系列法规以促进生物质能产业的健康发展.我国生物炼制技术在生物燃料、生物柴油、生物基化学品等领域取得了明显进步.本文主要综述生物炼制技术的研究进展及其产业发展情况.     

微生物在生物能源生产中的应用(英文)

生物可再生能源是最有前景的石油替代品之一.生物能源的生产原料包括:植物、有机废弃物和微生物.微生物在生物能源生产上有着广泛的应用,利用微生物制备的主要生物能源包括:生物柴油、生物乙醇、生物甲烷等.某些微生物如微藻和真菌可以生产大量油脂,这些油脂可以转化为生物柴油;有些微生物如酵母可以将糖类、淀粉以及纤维素转化为燃料乙醇,添加乙醇的汽油或柴油燃烧排放明显降低;还有些厌氧微生物可以将有机废弃物转化为甲烷,可用做家用燃气、车用燃气或发电.除此之外微生物还具有在生产能源的同时治理环境污染的优势.总之研究开发微生物在生物能源生产中的应用有利于世界可持续发展.     

能源植物研究现状和展望

综述了常见生物能源如燃料酒精和生物柴油所涉及高等能源植物的种类、特征和应用开发现状,并展望了将来的发展趋势。     

生物燃料用酶专利现状与分析

随着石油资源的日益枯竭和环境污染的日益严重,生物能源的研发引起了全球各界的广泛重视。生物能源包括燃料乙醇（玉米乙醇和纤维素乙醇）、生物柴油、生物制氢、生物发电、沼气等,     

大力发展醇类燃料以替代传统能源

这些年来,各国都在关注替代能源,其中包括生物能源的发展,它在替代能源中占有重要的地位,是未来能源发展的方向之一。在当前或未来的化石燃料中,石油等供给日趋紧张(原因是多方面的)。在这种形式下发展可替代燃料(生物燃料是一大类,其中包括醇类燃料)有重要战略意义,已引起世界     

生物燃料乙醇发展现状、问题与政策建议

生物燃料乙醇是可再生能源的重要组成部分,在替代能源、改善环境,促进农业产业化,实现农业增效、农民增收等方面具有重要作用。目前,我国生物燃料乙醇产业发展还处于起步阶段,其发展尚面临诸多困难和问题。需要坚持非粮为主,鼓励原料多元化;坚持市场化运作,敞开收购生物燃料乙醇;利用好国内国外两个市场、两种资源;制定并实施生物燃料乙醇发展规划;加强生物燃料技术研发和产业体系建设;加强部门之间配合,创造良好的市场环境。     

The US Department of Energy Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center: Midwestern Biomass as a Resource for Renewable Fuels

The Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center is one of three Bioenergy Research Centers establish by the US Department of Energy and the only one based at an academic institution. The Center’s mission is to perform basic and applied science to enable economically and environmentally sustainable production of liquid fuels derived from biomass. The research is focused on converting plant biomass into soluble sugars and the sugars into fuels. A large group focused on sustainability informs and guides the applied research to ensure that new technology will provide the required environmental benefits.     

Direct capture and conversion of CO2 from air by growing a cyanobacterial consortium at pH up to 11.2

Bioenergy with carbon capture and storage (BECCS) is recognized as a potential negative emission technology, needed to keep global warming within safe limits. With current technologies, large-scale implementation of BECCS would compromise food production. Bioenergy derived from phototrophic microorganisms, with direct capture of CO₂ from air, could overcome this challenge and become a sustainable way to realize BECCS. Here we present an alkaline capture and conversion system that combines high atmospheric CO₂ transfer rates with high and robust phototrophic biomass productivity (15.2 ± 1.0 g/m ²/d). The system is based on a cyanobacterial consortium, that grows at high alkalinity (0.5 mol/L) and a pH swing between 10.4 and 11.2 during growth and harvest cycles.     

杜氏盐藻β-酮酯酰-ACP合酶(DsKASⅡ)基因的分离及功能分析

酮脂酰-ACP合成酶Ⅱ(KASⅡ)是催化棕榈酸(16∶0-ACP)延伸为硬脂酸(18∶0-ACP)的关键酶,其活性强弱决定着18碳脂肪酸含量的高低。本文以杜氏盐藻(Dunaliella salina)为试材,分离鉴定杜氏盐藻DsKASⅡ基因编码序列,采用生物信息学工具解析DsKASⅡ酶蛋白的亚细胞定位、高级结构、理化性质及系统发育等特性。检测氮胁迫下的DsKASⅡ表达量,以及藻细胞脂肪酸、叶绿素和β-胡萝卜素的含量。结果表明,DsKASⅡ编码的酶蛋白长度为476 aa,pI为6. 99,含叶绿体靶向肽和较多亲水区。二级结构主要由α-螺旋(22. 48%),β-片层(22. 06%)和无规则卷曲(55. 46%)组成。三级结构预测表明该蛋白整体呈紧密的心形结构,活性酶蛋白为同源二聚体。系统发育分析表明,DsKASⅡ氨基酸序列与莱茵衣藻CrKASⅡ同源性达99%,可能二者有着共同的进化祖先。qRT-PCR揭示,与正常培养的杜氏盐藻相比,DsKASⅡ在氮胁迫条件下的表达量明显上调,第3天时的表达量比正常培养的高4. 5倍。氮胁迫下藻细胞总油脂、油酸(C18∶1)和类胡萝卜素含量显著提高,然而棕榈酸(C16∶0)和叶绿素的含量明显降低。这表明,氮胁迫诱导杜氏盐藻DsKASⅡ基因上调表达,将更多的棕榈酸催化为硬脂酸,进而提高了单不饱和油酸的富集以及类胡萝卜素的积累。本研究为后续进一步解析杜氏盐藻氮胁迫条件下,油脂与胡萝卜素合成积累及藻细胞响应胁迫机制和优质富油藻种培育提供了科学参考。     

Energy crop and biotechnology for biofuel production

Selection of energy crops is the first priority for large-scale biofuel production in China.As a major topic, it was extensively discussed in the Second International Symposium on Bioenergy and Biotechnology, held from October 16-19(th), 2010 in Huazhong Agricultural University(HZAU), Wuhan, China, with more than one hundred registered participants(Figure 1).     

一种强力霉素诱导型白念珠菌基因敲除与筛选标记再循环工具包（英文）

【目的】在白念珠菌中建立一个快捷方便经济的基因敲除与筛选标记再循环的DNA操作系统。【方法】通过ExoIII介导的不依赖于连接酶的克隆策略,在异源筛选标记基因CmLEU2、CdHIS1和CdARG4基因的两侧分别插入了loxP位点,成为筛选标记基因盒扩增的模板。全基因合成了经过白念珠菌密码子优化的rTetR元件,并组装成Tet-on启动子。将密码子优化的重组酶Cre基因置于该启动子控制下。然后将他们插入筛选标记基因CdHIS1和CdARG4的CDS区域,形成筛选标记基因再循环载体。【结果】构建了3个用于白念珠菌基因敲除的侧翼含有loxP位点的筛选标记基因载体,以及2个含有Tet-on启动子控制的Cre酶的载体用于筛选标记基因的再循环。【结论】成功构建了一个白念珠菌中可诱导的基因敲除和筛选标记再循环的载体系统并成功应用于多个基因缺失株构建。这个系统有助于快速构建白念珠菌的单基因和多基因敲除菌株。     

BLOEM: A spatially explicit model of bioenergy and carbon capture and storage,applied to Brazil

Bioenergy could play a major role in decarbonizing energy systems in the context of the Paris Agreement. Large-scale bioenergy deployment could be related to sustainability issues and requires major infrastructure investments. It, therefore, needs to be studied carefully. The Bioenergy and Land Optimization Spatially Explicit Model (BLOEM) presented here allows for assessing different bioenergy pathways while encompassing various dimensions that influence their optimal deployment. In this study, BLOEM was applied to the Brazilian context by coupling it with the Brazilian Land Use and Energy Systems (BLUES) model. This allowed investigating the most cost-effective ways of attending future bioenergy supply projections and studying the role of recovered degraded pasture lands in improving land availability in a sustainable and competitive manner. The results show optimizing for limiting deforestation and minimizing logistics costs results in different outcomes. It also indicates that recovering degraded pasture lands is attractive from both logistics and climate perspectives. The systemic approach of BLOEM provides spatial results, highlighting the trade-offs between crop allocation, land use and the logistics dynamics between production, conversion, and demand, providing valuable insights for regional and national climate policy design. This makes it a useful tool for mapping sustainable bioenergy value chain pathways.     

Survey of Genomics Approaches to Improve Bioenergy Traits in Maize,Sorghum and Sugarcane

Bioenergy crops currently provide the only source of alternative energy with the potential to reduce the use of fossil transportation fuels in a way that is compatible with existing engine technology,including in developing countries.Even though bioenergy research is currently receiving considerable attention,many of the concepts are not new,but rather build on intense research efforts from 30 years ago.A major difference with that era is the availability of genomics tools that have the potential to acceler...     

Cover Picture: Engineering in Life Sciences 5'12

Engineering in Life Sciences covers all technological aspects of Industrial, Environmental, Plant and Food Biotechnology, especially those related to the new, emerging fields of interest: White Biotechnology and Bioenergy. Cover image: Bioprocess structure (foreground), © Reiner Luttmann (HAW Hamburg, Germany), Photo‐bioreactor (right), Green alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii (background), © Clemens Posten (KIT, Karlsruhe, Germany), Gears (front left), © Gettyimages     

Cover Picture: Engineering in Life Sciences 1'13

Engineering in Life Sciences covers all technological aspects of Industrial, Environmental, Plant and Food Biotechnology, especially those related to the new, emerging fields of interest: White Biotechnology and Bioenergy. Cover image: Bioprocess structure (foreground), © Reiner Luttmann (HAW Hamburg, Germany), Photo‐bioreactor (right), Green alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii (background), © Clemens Posten (KIT, Karlsruhe, Germany), Gears (front left) © Gettyimages