一种胆固醇氧化酶高产菌株筛选方法的建立

用亚硝基胍(1 mg/mL)与超声波(200 W, 50 kHz)复合诱变的方法, 对产胆固醇氧化酶短杆菌Brevibacterium sp. DGCDC-82进行诱变处理, 得到一株桔红色突变株其产胆固醇氧化酶能力提高140%, 酶活达到1.24 U/mL, 又用同样的方法对桔红色突变株进行回复突变处理, 得到一株白色回复突变株和一株淡粉色回复突变株, 两株回复突变株产胆固醇氧化酶的能力又明显下降, 酶活分别为0.17 U/mL和0.69 U/mL。说明短杆菌Brevibacterium sp.产胆固醇氧化酶能力与其产红色素成正相关偶联关系, 这种相关性模型的建立可以作为以后诱变或定向进化研究的筛子。     

离子注入结合紫外线及~(60)Co-γ射线诱变选育碱性果胶酸裂解酶高产菌株的研究

以碱性果胶酸裂解酶产生菌芽孢杆菌WZ008为出发菌株,经形态鉴定和16S鉴定为类芽孢杆菌,命名为Paenibacillus sp.WZ008,通过N~+注入诱变、紫外线诱变、~(60)Co-γ射线诱变等多次反复诱变,选育得到一株产碱性果胶酸裂解酶性能稳定且酶活明显提高的突变株,其酶活为97.8U/mL,比出发菌株产碱性果胶酸裂解酶能力提高了1.04倍。     

用快中子法选育细菌脂肪酶高产菌株

研究了从土壤中筛选产脂肪酶的菌株,利用紫外线,快中子,快中子和磁场复合,γ射线,γ射线和磁场复合诱变,以酶活为筛子进行诱变育种,结果,出发菌酶活较低的一株得到了一株酶活为396．22U/mL的诱变株,此酶活比出发菌株高92倍,并发现比菌对紫外线和快中子比较敏感,而出发菌酶活较高的一株得到了酶活为424．60U/mL发酵液的诱变株,此酶活为出发菌株3．0倍,在此基础上,初步探讨了快中子,γ射线及磁场复合处理在产脂肪酶菌种诱变中的作用,并认为,在产脂肪酶菌株的诱变中快中子诱变更为有效。     

甾短杆菌胆固醇氧化酶基因在大肠杆菌中的表达

为了实现胆固醇氧化酶在大肠杆菌中的表达,将甾短杆菌Brevibacterium sp．DGCDC-82胆固醇氧化酶基因用PCR的方法去掉信号肽序列,连接到质粒pTrc99a,遗过筛选得到了表达胆固醇氧化酶的重组菌JMl09／pTrc99a—COD。经IPTG诱导后表达出相对分子质量约为5．5×10^4的蛋白质。分别考察了诱导温度、时间、IPTG浓度等因素对重组菌表达的胆固醇氧化酶的影响。在优化条件下,该胆固醇氧化酶的酶活可以达到700U／L。酶学特性分析表明其反应的最适pH为7．5,最适温度为40℃。     

His-tag对胆固醇氧化酶基因在大肠杆菌中表达的影响

为考察组氨酸标签(His-tag)对Brevibacterium sp.DGCDC-82中胆固醇氧化酶基因(ChoAb)在大肠杆菌中表达的影响,将PCR扩增后得到的结构基因与pET28a(+)连接,构建重组质粒pETChoAb(不带His-tag),pETChoAbn(His-tag位于N端)和pETChoAbc(His-tag位于C端)并在大肠杆菌中进行表达.对重组酶进行酶活检测,结果表明His-tag位于ChoAb的C端和N端,COD单位体积酶活由未带标签时的1.72 U/mL分别提高到4.03 U/mL和11.36 U/mL.利用软件Quantity One对SDS-PAGE电泳条带进行灰度分析,结果显示与不带His-tag的COD相比,His-tag位于ChoAb的C端和N端,COD表达量由8.8％增加到16.4％与72.3％.同时菌体浓度分别提高了1.2倍和3.2倍.作为纯化标签,该研究结果对His-tag用于诊断用酶COD的分离纯化可以提供一定的理论指导.     

产壳聚糖酶菌株的分离筛选及其诱变育种

利用以壳聚糖为唯一碳源的选择性培养基,从自然界中筛选得到一株壳聚糖酶活较高的菌株 ,其壳聚糖酶活为0.59U/mL.经初步鉴定,该菌株为芽孢杆菌属,以A表示.以该芽孢杆菌为出发菌株,经硫酸二乙酯(DES)诱变处理50 min后,筛选得到壳聚糖酶活明显提高的突变株DES-4,其壳聚糖酶活为1.60U/mL,是出发菌株的2.7倍.该突变株经连续传代5次后仍稳定产酶.研究表明,突变株DES-4的壳聚糖酶产生与芽孢形成之间关系密切,当芽孢充分形成后发酵液的壳聚糖酶活力不再增大.     

一株产胆固醇氧化酶的不动杆菌的筛选鉴定及特性研究

目的：筛选鉴定产胆固醇氧化酶的菌株并对其酶的性质及发酵条件进行初步的研究。方法：利用唯一碳源的胆固醇平板筛选,酶活测定比较得酶活力最高的菌株;生理生化试验结合16S rDNA序列分析鉴定其种属,单因素及正交实验优化培养基及发酵条件。结果：所得菌株H4与产不动杆菌（Acinetobacter）有最近的亲缘关系,其胆固醇氧化酶作用的最适温度和pH分别为37℃和8.0,金属离子Mg2＋、Zn2＋、Fe2＋对该酶具有一定激活作用,菌株产酶的最适培养基为（g/L）：胆固醇1.5,蔗糖5,蛋白胨7,硝酸铵3,吐温1.0,pH7.5;最适培养条件为33℃,15mL培养基/100mL三角瓶,摇床培养（200r/min）48h,优化后发酵液酶活达135.8U/L。结论：获得了1株产胆固醇氧化酶的菌株H4,并初步鉴定为不动杆菌（Acinetobacter）。     

菊粉酶产生菌的筛选及60Co诱变选育简

目的：从新疆石河子盐碱地菊芋生长根际土壤中分离筛选高产菊粉酶活力菌株。方法：通过稀释平板涂布法分离微生物;利用^60Co诱变选育,96孔板筛选突变菌株;采用3,5-二硝基水杨酸比色法测定菊粉酶酶活。结果：分离到12株具有菊粉酶活力的菌株,复筛得到1株高产菊粉酶活力菌株,将其命名为G-60;以此菌株为出发菌株进行^60Co诱变,利用96孔板对诱变菌株进行筛选,经摇瓶发酵酶活测定,得到1株高产菊粉酶酶活的突变株,酶活达46．62U/mL,是未诱变菌株酶活的2．72倍。结论：经诱变得到1株高产菊粉酶活力的突变菌株。     

等离子体法诱变淡紫拟青霉产几丁质酶菌种的筛选

采用菌株诱变技术,提高生防用淡紫拟青霉菌株产几丁质酶的能力。通过常温常压等离子体诱变技术(MPMS)对淡紫拟青霉进行诱变育种处理,对处理的菌种先采用透明圈法进行初筛,然后采用发酵方法进行复筛。采用MPMS法诱变淡紫拟青霉产几丁质酶菌种时,温度25℃,处理时间30 s,样品处理量60μL,诱变菌的致死率为30.33%时,正突变率为14%。采用摇瓶分批发酵培养,诱变菌种的几丁质酶活为0.17 U/mL。结果表明,经过对淡紫拟青霉的诱变处理,获得高活性几丁质酶产生菌株,几丁质酶酶活提高180%。     

原生质体诱变选育乳糖酶高产菌株*

采用紫外线诱变和⁶⁰Co-γ射线协同诱变的方法,对出发菌株Uco-3的原生质体进行诱变处理,通过正突变率与诱变剂量的相互关系,确定最佳诱变剂量。采用4min的紫外线照射和剂量为500Gy的γ射线对黑曲霉Uco-3的原生质体进行诱变,获得一株产高温乳糖酶的高产突变株,突变株产乳糖酶能力显著提高,产酶活力达44.37U/mL,是出发菌株Uco-3的2.73倍。     

胆固醇氧化酶基因的克隆及在E.coli中的表达

根据NCBI中报道的BrevibacteriumsterolicumATCC21387胆固醇氧化酶基因序列,采用PCR方法以Brevibacteriumsp.DGCDC-82的基因组为模板,扩增得到了编码胆固醇氧化酶的基因,该基因与来源于BrevibacteriumsterolicumATCC21387的胆固醇氧化酶基因(choB)同源性为98%。将得到的基因定向克隆到pET28a载体中,转化至含有编码argU和proL基因的大肠杆菌BL21-CodonPlus(DE3)-RP中表达。经过IPTG诱导后,经SDS-PAGE检测在约55kD处有一蛋白表达条带,目的蛋白表达量约占总蛋白的16%,经测定酶活为340U/L。     

Cholesterol heterogeneity in the plasma membrane of epithelial cells.

The distribution of cholesterol in the plasma membrane of epithelial cells has been determined using renal brush border vesicles as a model. In brush borders treated with Brevibacterium sp. or Nocardia erythropolis cholesterol oxidases, a significant fraction of the free cholesterol was oxidized rapidly, without glutaraldehyde fixation, and the remaining cholesterol was oxidized at a slower rate. The size of the readily accessible cholesterol pool, however, depended on the enzyme used, varying from 16% of the total in membranes treated with N. erythropolis oxidase, to 27% using the Brevibacterium sp. enzyme. The slowly accessible pool detected by the Brevibacterium oxidase was suppressed upon sphingomyelinase addition. On the other hand, the restricted activity of the Nocardia oxidase might depend on phosphatidylcholine/cholesterol interactions. These results indicate that cholesterol distribution is heterogeneous in intact renal brush border vesicles. They suggest that, as proposed for model system [Demel, R.A. Jansen, J.W.C.M., van Dijck, P.W.M., & van Deenen, L.L.M. (1977) Biochim. Biophys. Acta 465, 1-10], preferential interactions between some classes of phospholipids and cholesterol define cholesterol pools in the plasma membrane of epithelial cells.     

Affinity purification of a cholesterol oxidase expressed in Escherichia coli

A cholesterol oxidase (COD) gene from Brevibacterium sp. (DQ345780) was expressed in Escherichia coli BL21 (DE3), an affinity protocol was developed for the preparation, and industrial application of this method was of great potential. Riboflavin was chosen as the affinity ligand, and it was coupled with Sepharose 4B through some spacers. With the affinity medium, the purification process consisted of only one affinity chromatography step to capture the target protein. The purified cholesterol oxidase was 99.5% pure analyzed on HPLC Vydac C4 column, and 98% with SDS-PAGE analysis. The yield of the expressed enzyme was 9.8% of crude extracted proteins; the recovery of typical cholesterol oxidase activity was 90.1%, higher than that of other reported traditional protocols. Reducing SDS-PAGE analysis showed that the enzyme was a single polypeptide with the mass of ～50 kDa. The desorption constant K(d) and the theoretical maximum absorption Q(max) on the affinity medium were 1.0 μg/g medium and 74.5 mg/g medium in absorption analysis. K(m) and V(max) of cholesterol oxidase activity for the purified enzyme were 25.5 μM and 16.4 μmol/(min mg), respectively.     

信号肽对短杆菌胆固醇氧化酶基因在大肠杆菌中表达的影响

从Brevibacterium sp．DGCDC-82染色体DNA中扩增出含信号肽序列的胆固醇氧化酶结构基因,插入大肠杆菌表达载体pET28a（＋）中,构建重组质粒pET28a—COD（s＋）。以pET28a-COD（s＋）为底物,扩增出不含信号肽的胆固醇氧化酶结构基因,构建成重组质粒pET28a-COD（s-）。两种重组载体转化大肠杆菌BL21（DE3）通过IPTG诱导均获得活性表达,SDS-PAGE分析,目的产物表达量都占到了细胞总蛋白的50％以上,Brevibacterium sp．DCR2DC-82胆固醇氧化酶的信号肽对重组酶的空间构象和表达量并没有太大的影响。     

Characterization of cholesterol oxidase from a marine Streptomyces sp. and its cytotoxicity

A marine actinobacterial strain (designated as AKHSS) capable of producing cholesterol oxidase on the enzyme indicator plates was identified as Streptomyces sp. The cell-free lysate of the strain was used for monitoring the production of cholesterol oxidase and the maximal enzyme yields were recorded at 72 h post inoculation. The cholesterol oxidase was purified using polyethylene glycol 4000 precipitation, diethylaminoethyl Sephacel anionic column chromatography and Superdex-200 gel filtration to near homogeneity. Through electron-spray ionization mass spectrometry, molecular mass of the purified enzyme was recorded as 42.84 kDa. The optimum pH of the enzyme was found to be 9 and it was stable up to 60 °C. Metal salts like MgSO₄ and ZnSO₄ stimulated the enzyme activity. The V_max and K_m of the purified enzyme with cholesterol as substrate were found to be 1.22 μmoles/min/mL and 0.54 mM respectively. The enzyme showed significant cytotoxicity on breast (MCF-7), nasopharyngeal (KB) and ovarian (OVCAR) cancer cell lines at very low concentrations ranging from 0.093 to 0.14 μM, as evident from MTT [3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide] cell viability assay. Besides, the enzyme exhibited relatively less cytotoxicity on primary mouse embryonic fibroblast (3T3) cells. Thus, cholesterol oxidase of Streptomyces sp. AKHSS could be a potential anticancer agent.     

Bacterial cholesterol oxidases are able to act as flavoprotein-linked ketosteroid monooxygenases that catalyse the hydroxylation of cholesterol to 4-cholesten-6-ol-3-one

A new metabolite of cholesterol was found in reaction mixtures containing cholesterol or 4-cholesten-3-one as a substrate and extra- or intracellular protein extracts from recombinant Streptomyces lividans and Escherichia coli strains carrying cloned DNA fragments of Streptomyces sp. SA-COO, the producer of Streptomyces cholesterol oxidase. The new metabolite was identified as 4-cholesten-6-ol-3-one based on comparisons of its high-performance liquid chromatography, gas chromatography/mass spectrometry, infrared and proton-nuclear magnetic resonance spectra with those of an authentic standard. Genetic analyses showed that the enzyme responsible for the production of 4-cholesten-6-ol-3-one is cholesterol oxidase encoded by the choA gene. Commercially purified cholesterol oxidase (EC 1.1.3.6.) of a Streptomyces sp., as well as of Brevibacterium sterolicum and a Pseudomonas sp., and a highly purified recombinant Streptomyces cholesterol oxidase were also able to catalyse the 6-hydroxylation reaction. Hydrogen peroxide accumulating in the reaction mixtures as a consequence of the 3β-hydroxysteroid oxidase activity of the enzyme was shown to have no role in the formation of the 6-hydroxylated derivative. We propose a possible scheme of a branched reaction pathway for the concurrent formation of 4-cholesten-3-one and 4-chotesten-6-ol-3-one by cholesterol oxidase, and the observed differences in the rate of formation of the 6-hydroxy-ketosteroid by the enzymes of different bacterial sources are also discussed.     

Isolation, molecular identification and statistical optimization of culture condition for a new extracellular cholesterol oxidase-producing strain using response surface methodology

The current work details the screening of about 100 isolates from various soil samples, from which 1 isolate was finally selected based on the productivity of cholesterol oxidase. Further biochemical identification tests and 16S rRNA gene sequencing identified this isolate as Streptomyces badius. A preliminary culture media optimization was carried out using the initial screening method of Plackett-Burman. Then, a Box-Behnken design was employed to investigate the optimum concentrations of medium components and interactive effects of main variables on cholesterol oxidase production. The regression analysis showed a significant coefficient of determination (R ²) value (91 %), which was in close agreement ensuring a satisfactory adjustment of the proposed model. Maximal enzyme production (2.38 U/mL, i.e., approximately more than 100 % activity in the basal medium) was obtained at: temperature 35 °C; Tween 20 0.1 %; pH 6.5 and yeast extract 0.15 %. This two-stage statistical approach provided rapid identification and integration of key medium parameters for Streptomyces sp., resulting in high cholesterol oxidase production.     

黑曲霉原生质体诱变选育果胶酶高产菌株

通过UV和NTG诱变筛选获得了2株高产果胶酶突变株。以果胶酶产生菌黑曲霉EIM6为诱变材料,采用1．5％的溶壁酶和1．5％的纤维素酶处理其对教生长期菌丝体2h获得高质量的原生质体。采用UV25S或50μg／mL NTG诱变30min,构建原生质体突变库,经刚果红果胶平板筛选获得果胶酶突变株,通过液体深层培养复筛获得高产突变株EIM6-U11、EIM6-N5,酶活力分别从46598．08、46598．08U／mL提高至68596．57、68879．56U／mL,分别提高了47．21％、47．82％。连续8次传代经发酵测酶活力表明高产突变株EIM6-U11、EIM6-N5具有较高的遗传稳定性。