西鄂尔多斯特有种四合木种群遗传多样性及遗传分化研究

利用垂直板聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳技术,对西鄂尔多斯高原特有种四合木（Tetraena mogolica）4个种群遗传多样性和遗传分化进行了初步研究。电泳结果表明,四合木在种和种群水平维持较高的遗传多样性,1多态位点百分率P＝60％,等位基因平均数A＝1.6,平均期望杂合度He=0.245。4个种群之间遗传分化很小,基因分化系数GST只有0.052,明不同于其它濒危物种。四合木种较高的遗传多样性和极低的种群间分化,说明不同的种群可能有共同的起源,随机遗传漂变和近交衰退不是影响遗传多样性的主要过程。     

Allozyme variability ofoncorhynchus nerka in japan

We examined allozymic variation in 65 protein-coding loci in three samples of sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka) from Hokkaide, and Honshu, Japan, Over-all, six variable loci were seen and each of the three samples was variable at 3–5 loci. Two loci,mAH-1,2 ^* andALAT ^*, were variable at the P_0,95 level. Average heterozygosity ranged from 0.012 to 0.013, representing some of the lowest recorded values for the species. Although frequencies ofALAT ^* alleles differed significantly among the three samples, the overallχ ² for six polymorphic loci was not statistically significant. New data for four Russian samples at 45–64 loci were also obtained. In comparison to the Japanese samples, three samples from the Kamchatka Peninsula had two to three times the level of variation; and a sample from Iturup Island (Kuril Island archipelago) was slightly more variable. Although the anadromous sockeye salmon were originally planted from Iturup Island to Lake Shikotsu, a close genetic affinity was not indicated. These seven samples ofO. nerka were compared with representative samples previously studied in North America using five polymorphic loci. Two large groups of samples were indicated in multilocus analyses: 1) a cluster of the seven Asian samples, one Alaskan sample, and one northern British Columbia sample; and 2) a group that included a southern British Columbia sample (Fraser River), and samples from the Columbia River and Washington. We discuss these findings in light of maintaining viable populations of both forms ofO. nerka.     

三峡库区特有种疏花水柏枝的保护遗传学研究

采用超薄平板微型聚丙烯酰胺等电聚焦电泳方法对三峡库区特有种疏花水柏枝 (Myricarialaxiflora)的 13个自然居群和 1个人工迁地保护居群的等位酶遗传变异进行了初步研究。检测了 5个酶系统 ,得到 13个等位酶位点 ,遗传多样性及其遗传结构分析结果表明 :疏花水柏枝具有较高水平的遗传多样性 ,平均多态位点比率P =78.7% ,每位点平均等位基因数A =1.8,平均预期杂合度He=0 .317,高于中国植物特有种的平均水平 ,且群体中杂合基因型个体偏多 ;其遗传变异主要发生于居群内 ( 84.86 % ) ,居群间又存在一定的遗传分化 (Gst=0 .15 14) ,居群间平均基因流Nm =1.40 1,居群间遗传距离为 0 .0 0 2～ 0 .176 ;UPGMA聚类分析显示疏花水柏枝在三峡湖北境内的白水河—泄滩一带分为上游和下游 2个居群组 ;武汉植物园迁地保护的混合居群基本保育了其遗传多样性总水平。在分析讨论疏花水柏枝遗传多样性与其繁育系统、生境及其起源进化的关系的基础上 ,探讨了疏花水柏枝濒危的主要原因 ,推断其应为第四纪冰期影响后的古孑遗种。最后 ,在评价迁地保护成果的基础上 ,提出了今后进一步保育的策略。     

西藏特有植物砂生槐天然居群遗传多样性研究

采用等位酶淀粉凝胶电泳技术对西藏雅鲁藏布江中游砂生槐 (Sophoramoorcroftiana) 10个天然居群的遗传多样性进行了研究。 13个酶系统 2 4个酶位点 ( 46个等位基因 )的检测结果表明 ,砂生槐具较低的遗传变异水平。居群水平上的遗传多样性指标分别为 :多态位点百分率Pp =2 5 .0 %～ 37.5 % ,等位基因平均数Ap=1.3～ 1.7,平均期望杂合度Hep=0 .112～ 0 .16 9;种水平上的遗传多样性 (Ps=37.5 % ,As=1.9,Hes=0 .171)低于长寿命木本被子植物的平均值 (Ps=5 9.5 % ,As=2 .10 ,Hes=0 .183)。居群遗传结构的分析显示 ,10个居群中随机交配的偏差为FIS=- 0 .0 0 71,表明砂生槐在居群水平上存在轻微的杂合子过量现象 ,偏离了Hardy Weinberg平衡 ;FST=0 .1748,表明砂生槐是居群间分化较大的一类多年生木本植物 ,主要原因是环境恶化和人类活动干扰 (过度砍伐、放牧等 )导致其生境片断化 ,从而影响了居群间基因交流而造成基因流水平较低 (Nm =1.180 2 )。砂生槐高海拔居群H2 (谢通门 )、H31(江当 1)、H32 (江当 2 )、H5 (朗塞岭 )包含着绝大部分等位基因 ,显示了相对较高的遗传多样性水平 ,应加以保护和管理 ,作为砂生槐种质资源就地保存的基地。     

Genetic structure of three populations of the 'living fossil' brachiopod Lingula from Queensland, Australia

An electrophoretic survey of enzyme variation demonstrates that the genomes of three populations of the inarticulate brachiopod Lingula contain a higher level of variability than the average for marine, tropical invertebrates, and for other brachiopods. Genetic distances between populations from localities up to 1200 km apart were very small, indicating that the populations belong to a single species, L. anatina Lamarck. These data suggest that larval dispersal is capable of maintaining a homogeneous gene pool over this range. It is predicted that the dispersal mechanism is sufficiently efficacious to ensure gene-flow throughout most of the Indo-West Pacific distribution of Lingula. Further investigations of genetic distance should support the hypothesis, based on studies of adult and larval morphology, that many presently recognized species should be reassigned to L. anatina.     

缙云山特有植物缙云黄芩的遗传多样性研究

采用聚丙烯酰胺凝胶垂直平板电泳检测了重庆缙云山特有植物缙云黄芩7个居群70个个体的过氧化物酶、细胞色素氧化酶、超氧化物歧化酶、淀粉酶和酯酶5种等位酶,获得20个基因位点的资料,由此分析了其遗传分化水平。结果表明：缙云黄芩遗传多样性水平较高,多态位点比率P为45．7％,平均每个多态位点的等位基因数目A为1．46,平均预期杂合度He为0．205,平均观察杂合度Ho为0．352。缙云黄芩居群间遗传分化水平较高,Gst=0．401,居群间遗传一致度和遗传距离的平均值分别为0．741和0．300。缙云黄芩遗传多样性的40．1％来源于居群之间的基因差异,59．9％属于居群内的遗传分化,因而对缙云黄芩遗传多样性的保护,应保护其较多的居群。     

Is the last glaciation the only relevant event for the present genetic population structure of the meadow brown butterfly Maniola jurtina (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae)?

Phylogeographical studies are available for a considerable number of European species, but few analyses exist for temperate species with very large and fairly continuous populations that are also absent from Northern Europe. Therefore, we studied the butterfly Maniola jurtina as a model for this group. The species has two major genetic lineages (mean genetic distance between lineages: 0.033; F _CT: 0.052), most probably evolving in glacial differentiation centres in the western and eastern Mediterranean. The onset of this differentiation might have been the beginning of the last glacial stage maximum some 40 kyr bp . A hybrid zone between these two lineages exists in western Central Europe. No genetic substructures have been found within the two lineages ( F _SC: 0.017) and average genetic distances are very small. Therefore, it is highly probable that postglacial expansion was of the phalanx type. There is, at most, very limited differentiation at regional and local scales. However, the genetic diversity within populations is high (means: A : 2.68; H _E: 17.2%; P : 78%), as would be predicted for such a common species. Comparison of these results with a published allozyme analysis revealed a similar phylogeographical pattern, but lower genetic diversity in the latter. Morphological patterns of wings and genitalia show similar geographical patterns as allozyme data.   © 2005 The Linnean Society of London, Biological Journal of the Linnean Society , 2005, 85 , 419–431.     

Diploid Male Frequencies in Colombian Populations of Euglossine Bees

Some studies have recently reported high diploid male frequencies in euglossine bees indicating possible population declines. We estimated the genetic variability and frequency of males that are diploid in five Colombian species of euglossine bees using allozyme markers. Expected heterozygosities ranged from 0.10 to 0.23. Diploid males were found in three species with frequencies ranging from 8 to 32 percent. Our results suggest that some species are more susceptible to environmental changes and anthropogenic pressure.     

The use of geostatistics and GIS for evolutionary history studies: the case of the nose‐horned viper (Vipera ammodytes) in the Balkan Peninsula

Geostatistics and geographical information system (GIS) procedures are novel techniques helpful for the identification of environmental correlates sustaining contact zones among subspecies or closely related species. In this paper, we tried to infer evolutionary scenarios for Vipera ammodytes across the European part of its distribution area using geostatistics and ecological niche‐based models, hence trying to solve several biogeographical questions that remained unclear after the application of classical morphological tools and genetic analyses. Eleven morphological traits from 871 vipers were analysed with geostatistics and ecological niche‐based modelling. Interpolation by kriging was used to generate surfaces of morphological variation, which were combined with spatial principal components analysis (SPCA). SPCA maps were used to test putative morphological differentiated groups with discriminant function analysis (DFA). Maximum entropy modelling and seven environmental variables were used to identify factors limiting the distribution of groups and areas for the potential occurrence of such groups. Three patterns of morphological variation were observed: a north‐west/south‐west cline, transition zones with steep clines of variation in a west–east arc, and particular character traits that disturbed the general cline. SPCA identified between three and nine putative population groups, of which three were supported by DFA. Areas of potential occurrence of these groups were coherent with the range of the three subspecies of V. ammodytes currently recognized. The distribution of all subspecies was mostly related to precipitation in the driest month. Areas of probable sympatry between subspecies are generally small and restricted. The main patterns of geographic variation of morphological characters for V. ammodytes were similar to the patterns obtained for Vipera latastei and Vipera monticola; the same environmental factors limit the distribution of differentiated groups of vipers in the Balkans and the Iberian Peninsula. The influence of humidity on the variation of morphological traits in spatially separated viper taxa from the two European peninsulas coincides with their phylogenetic relatedness. Geostatistics and GIS procedures were successful in the identification of environmental correlates sustaining contact zones among V. ammodytes subspecies in the Balkans. The same techniques should be applied for studying other parapatric forms and refugia regions. © 2010 The Linnean Society of London, Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, 2010, 101 , 651–666.     

植物遗传多样性和系统学研究中的等位酶分析*

本文对“等位酶”的概念、等位酶分析方法在植物遗传多样性和系统学研究中应用的范围（包括种上和种下）进行了介绍和讨论,并对其优点和缺点进行了评论。认为等位酶分析是研究生物遗传多样性的重要方法,并为系统学和进化研究进入分子水平开辟了广阔而实用的前景,但使用分子资料并不意味着可以抛弃形态、细胞等其他方面的资料,它们的关系是互相补充,而决不是互相代替。     

植物遗传多样性和系统学研究中的等位酶分析*

本文对“等位酶”概念、等位酶分析方法在植物遗传多样性和系统学研究中应用的范围（包括种上和种下）进行了介绍和讨论,并对其优点和缺点进行了评论。认为等位酶分析是研究生物遗传多样性的重要方法,并为系统学和进化研究进入分子水平开辟了广阔而实用的前景,但使用分子资料并不意味着可以抛弃形态、细胞等其他方面的资料,它们的关系是互相补充,而决不是互相代替。     

Electrophoretic Analysis of Genetic Variation within and between Populations of Quercus cerris,Q. pubescens,Q. petraea and Q. robur (Fagaceae) from Eastern Austria

Allozyme variation at 14 loci was studied electrophoretically in 19 population samples of Quercus cerris, Q. pubescens, Q. petraea, and Q. robur. Genetic variation, measured as mean heterozygosity, was found to be high within populations but low among populations. A significant deficit of heterozygotes was observed in most of the populations of Q. pubescens, Q. petraea, and Q. robur. At the species level, Q. cerris (sect. Cerris) appears to be clearly separated from the rest (sect. Quercus). Q. pubescens, Q. petraea, and Q. robur form a cluster of closely-related species. The degree of genetic differentiation among these species is low, i.e. in the range normally found among con-specific populations. Nevertheless, allozyme data allow the elaboration of a dendrogram which is in reasonable accordance with the taxonomic classification, but also supports the importance of hybridization and introgression. This is also underlined by the fact that the allelic differentiation at the Got-2 locus corresponds with the phenotypic classification (petraea-like, hybrids, and robur-like) in samples from mixed populations.     

不同地理种群小菜蛾的遗传多样性分析

采用水平切片淀粉凝胶电泳方法,分析了北京、河北、云南和武汉4个不同地理种群的小菜蛾的等位酶,得到了3个酶系统（甘油醛磷酸脱氢酶（GPD）、苹果酸酶（ME）和苹果酸脱氢酶（MDH-1,MDH-2和MDH-3）5个基因位点的资料。用Biosys2.0软件计算了不同地理种群的遗传变异指标（N、A、P、H0和He）,结果表明小菜蛾各种群内的基因多样性大于各种种群间的基因多样性（约15倍）,武汉种群小菜蛾的遗传性最大。并计算了遗传距离D和相似性系数,并由此得出聚类图,分析了小菜蛾不同地理种群间的遗传关系。     

我国特有植物缙云卫矛同功酶变异的数量分析

研究了分布于重庆市的我国特有植物———缙云卫矛 7个居群 91个个体功能叶片的过氧化物酶、细胞色素氧化酶、超氧化物歧化酶、酯酶和淀粉酶同工酶谱带的变异式样 ,用Jaccard结合系数的UPGMA法进行聚类分析和主成分分析 ,结果表明 :1 0 .81 %的同工酶谱带是恒定的 ,89.1 9%的同工酶谱带在个体间表现出或多或少的变异 ;居群有 2 9.73 %的同工酶谱带是恒定的 ,70 .2 7%的同工酶谱带在居群间存在着一定程度的分化。来自同一居群的个体在谱带上表现出极大的相似性 ,而来源于不同居群的个体却表现出明显的趋异性 ,这可能是环境因子作用的结果或者是由于不同地域间基因流阻断所致。     

Biochemical systematics of Japanese fireflies of the subfamily Luciolinae and their flash communication systems

Japanese fireflies of the subfamily Luciolinae are biochemically analyzed using 13 allozymes, and the phylogenetic relationships obtained from this analysis are compared with their flash communication systems. As a result, the Japanese Luciolinae can be divided into three groups.Hotaria parvula andH. tsushimana together withLuciola yayeyamana andL. kuroiwae from the first group, and they use the same communication system.L. lateralis, Curtos okinawana, andC. costipennis make up the second group, and their communication systems are also the same.L. cruciata makes up the last one, and its communication system is different from the other fireflies of Luciolinae. Therefore, their taxonomical arrangement and communication systems are not congruent. However, the genetic similarity deduced by allozymic analysis of the members of the Japanese Luciolinae is highly consistent with their flash communication systems.     

Artificial introductions, evolutionary change and population differentiation in Trinidadian guppies (Poecilia reticulata; Poeciliidae)

The evolutionary consequences of three artificial introductions of the guppy, Poecilia reticulata , in Trinidad were examined by comparing the allozymic structure (observed heterozygosity ( H _o), and mean number of alleles ( N _a) of each corresponding source (S) and transplant (T) population. In 'Haskins' (H) and EndlerY (E) introduction, 200 guppies (half female) were transferred to guppy-free habitats in 1957 and 1976 respectively. 'Kenny's' (K) introduction in 1981 involved the release of a single pregnant female into an isolated ornamental pond. Analysis of allozyme frequencies at 25 enzyme-coding loci revealed reductions in observed heterozygosity at some loci in all three transplant samples, and a marked decline in the mean number of alleles in Kenny's pond sample. Significant genetic differentiation occurred between (S) and (T) samples at some loci in all introductions, but was most marked in H(T) and K(T). Despite previous studies on rapid evolutionary changes in the life histories and morphology of Endler's transplant guppies, there was little support for any major effects of stochastic forces on allozymic diversity arising from the introduction. Selection arising from changes in predation pressure appeared to be the predominant factor causing the remarkably rapid adaptation of guppies to their new environments. Genetic divergence in some marginal or isolated natural populations was similar to, or greater than, Kenny's pond guppies (Reynolds' genetic distance, R = 0.496), indicating that chance colonization and founder effects may have contributed to the observed geographic patterns of genetic differentiation in Trinidad.     

Genetic differentiation between Australian and North American populations of the monarch butterfly Danaus plexippus (L.) (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae): an exploration using allozyme electrophoresis

Allozyme analysis was used to address the question of the source of the Australian populations of the monarch butterfly Danaus plexippus (L.). The study had three major aims: (1) To compare the levels of diversity of Australian and Hawaiian populations with potential source populations. (2) To determine whether eastern and western North American populations were sufficiently divergent for the Australian populations to be aligned to a source population. (3) To compare the differentiation among regions in Australia and North America to test the prediction of greater genetic structure in Australia, as a consequence of reduced migratory behaviour. The reverse was found, with F _ST values an order of magnitude lower in Australia than in North America. Predictably, Australian and Hawaiian populations had lower allelic diversity, but unexpected higher heterozygosity values than North American populations. It was not possible to assign the Australian populations to a definitive source, although the high levels of similarity of Australian populations to each other suggest a single colonization event. The possibility that the Australian populations have not been here long enough to reach equilibrium is discussed. © 2002 The Linnean Society of London, Biological Journal of the Linnean Society , 2002, 75 , 437–452.