植物精氨酸及其代谢产物的生理功能

L-精氨酸在植物中除作为一种重要的氮素贮藏营养物供再利用外,还是生成多胺（PA）和-氧化氮（NO）等的前体物质,而PA和NO都是植物中重要的信使分子,参与包括生长发育、抗逆性等在内的几乎所有的生理生化过程。精氨酸脱羧酶（ADC）、精氨酸酶和一氧化氮合酶（NOS）是L-精氨酸分解代谢的关键酶,精氨酸可经ADC或精氨酸酶-鸟氨酸脱羧酶（ODC）途径形成PA,也可经NOS途径形成NO,3个酶活性的相对强弱,决定了精氨酸的代谢方向。根系在越冬期间会积累丰富的精氨酸;精氨酸代谢对于植物感知和适应环境变化有重要意义。     

水培硝态氮浓度对冬小麦幼苗氮代谢的影响

以Hoagland营养液为培养基质,以冬小麦为试材,动态测定高(含NO3--N15mmol·L-1)、中(含NO3--N7.5mmol·L-1)、低(含NO3--N2.5mmol·L-1)三种氮水平处理条件下硝态氮的吸收和累积、硝酸还原酶活性、铵态氮含量、小麦吸氮量及根系活力,分析不同供氮水平对冬小麦硝态氮吸收、还原、转运的影响,探讨不同供氮条件下,植物地上、地下部分硝态氮代谢的变化。结果表明:水培条件下,营养液NO3-的消耗量、pH变化、植株全氮以及根系活力均能较好地反映不同氮水平对植株硝态氮代谢的影响;高氮条件下植物体内NO3-进一步同化较中氮弱,冬小麦植株积累了较多的NO3-,而非过多的吸收营养液中的NO3-。不同氮浓度处理下,NO3-的供应与植株NRA间无相关关系,根系与地上部的变化曲线不同;NO3-供应浓度高时,植物地上部是主要同化部位;低浓度时根部是主要同化部位。虽然NO3-是一种安全的氮源,但供应过高则抑制体内硝态氮进一步同化,而供应过低,植物吸收NO3-量不足、根系活力下降,不利于小麦幼苗氮素营养。     

不同小麦品种氮效率和产量性状的研究

对29个冬小麦品种进行子粒产量和氮效率的研究,结果表明,在氮胁迫条件下,供试小麦品种的子粒产量具有明显差异。缺氮条件下子粒产量的聚类分析结果表明,供试品种可划分为氮高效、中效和低效三类,氮高效品种在其中所占比例较少。在缺氮条件（N-）下,不同氮效率品种成熟期植株全氮含量差异不大,植株氮素积累量、氮效率（NUE）、吸收效率（UPE）和利用效率（UTE）均以氮高效品种最高,中效品种次之,低效品种最低。缺氮条件下较强的氮索吸收和利用能力是氮高效小麦品种氮胁迫条件下高氮效率的主要原因。     

不同烤烟品种衰老叶片的无机氮积累及其生理调控

以不同烤烟品种‘红花大金元’和‘中烟100’为试验对象,研究同一生育期不同部位叶片的无机氮积累及其与氮素代谢和氨挥发的关系。结果表明,烟草植株下部衰老叶片（第5片叶）NO3^-和NH4^＋的含量要高于中部叶（第10和第15片叶）和上部叶（第20片叶）,并且‘红花大金元’下部叶NO3^-和NH4^＋的含量比‘中烟100’显著偏高;‘中烟100’植株各部位叶片的氨气补偿点比‘红花大金元’高。两个品种在第5到第20叶位间的谷氨酰胺合成酶（GS）、硝酸还原酶（NR）和谷氨酸脱氢酶（GDH）活性大小及其变化不一致,是叶片无机氮积累存在品种间差异的生理基础。     

外源一氧化氮对镉胁迫下黄瓜幼苗生长、活性氧代谢和光合特性的影响

镉是植物生长的非必需元素,它具有很大的生物毒性,与其它重金属相比,更易被植物吸收积累。通过采用营养液水培试验的方法,研究了外源一氧化氮（Nitric oxide,NO）对不同浓度Cd^2＋（100μmol L^-1．300μmol L^-1,500μmol L^-1）胁迫下黄瓜幼苗生长、叶片光合特性以及活性氧代谢的影响。结果表明：300μmol L^-1NO供体硝普钠（Sodium nitrop russide,SNP）能显著缓解镉胁迫时黄瓜植株造成的伤害,对300μmol L^-1 Cd^2＋处理的黄瓜幼苗缓解效果最好,可提高幼苗的生长量,增强幼苗叶片超氧物歧化酶（SOD）、过氧化物酶（POD）活性;提高了叶片叶绿素和脯氨酸（Pro）含量;降低了叶片内二醛（MDA）含量。     

缺硼与低温对黄瓜幼苗的一些生理反应的影响

营养液培养试验表明,缺硼明显降低黄瓜幼苗植物的生长量,植株叶片细胞质膜Ｋ＾＋的渗漏增加,细胞结构受损。此外,叶片中蔗糖和还原糖都明显积累。缺硼的上述反应在低温胁迫（７￣８℃,以２５￣２８℃为对照）时表现更为明显。试验结果表明硼对于细胞膜的完整性具有重要的作用;充分供硼可以减轻低温对细胞膜的伤害。     

一氧化氮参与调节盐胁迫诱导的玉米幼苗脱落酸积累

以三叶一心期的玉米幼苗为实验材料,研究了盐胁迫下玉米幼苗根尖和叶片中一氧化氮（NO）和脱落酸（ABA）积累之间的关系。结果表明,盐胁迫下玉米幼苗NO和ABA的含量均增加,用NO供体硝普钠（Sodium nitroprusside,SNP）处理时,ABA含量亦增加,且累积的时间较盐胁迫下早。用NO合成的抑制剂L-NAME （Nω-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester hydrochloride）和NaN,处理时,可减弱盐胁迫诱导的ABA含量的增加,用NO清除剂cPTIO处理时,这种盐胁迫诱导的ABA增加减少。推测盐胁迫下产生的NO参与调节ABA的积累及逆境下植物的防御反应。     

空气NH3增高情况下不同形式氮源对荫香光合作用和氮利用的影响

 生长在供给NO-3 N、NH+4 N和NH4NO3 N氮源下的荫香（Cinnamomum burmanni）幼树暴露在增高空气NH3浓度下30 d。利用气体交换测定和氮分析研究了植株的光合作用、氮利用和氮在光合过程一些组分中的分配,根据Farquhar-von Caemmerer模式得出相关光合参数。结果表明在增高空气NH3下生长于NO-3 N的植株Rubisco最大羧化速率（Vcmax）和最大光合电子传递速率（Jmax）较正常空气下的高,但生长于NH+4 N和NH4NO3 N的植株则较正常空气下的低。无论生长于何种形式氮下的植株,在空气NH3增高下以单位叶面积为基准的叶氮含量（Na）显著增高（p<0.05）。在增高空气NH3下,生长于NO-3 N下的植株,其类囊体氮量（NT）、Rubisco氮（NR）和结合于光合电子传递链的氮（NE）的含量较正常空气下的增高（p<0.05）;而生长于NH+4 N和NH4NO3 N下的植株则较正常空气下的低。表明在空气NH3增高下生长于NO－3 N的植株能有效地利用氮合成光合过程必要的组份,而生长于NH+4 N和NH4NO－3 N的植株氮在NT、NR和NE的分配受到部分限制。在空气NH3增高下生长于NO－3 N和NH4NO3 N的植株,其以单位干重为基准的有机氮量较正常空气下的高,但生长于NH+4 N的植株则较正常空气下的低,此外在空气NH3增高下生长于NO－3 N的植株的可溶性蛋白氮较正常空气下增高,而生长在NH+4 N的植株亦见降低。结果表明空气NH3增高可能有利于NO－3 N下生长的荫香植株利用空气中的氮,促进叶片光合速率提高,而空气NH3增高能抑制NH+4 N或NH4NO3 N下生长的荫香植株光合作用和氮的利用和再分配。     

dsRNA介导的番木瓜环斑病毒（PRSV）的抗病性研究

以模式植物拟南芥（Arabidopsis thaliana）和烟草（Nicotiana tabacum）及PRSV寄主植物番木瓜（CaricapapayaL.）作为试验材料,开展了番木瓜环斑病毒外壳蛋白基因dsRNA介导的PRSV病原抗性的研究。利用农杆菌介导法将番木瓜环斑病毒外壳蛋白CP基因反向重复表达载体pHellsgate12-CPIR（简称PHG12-CPIR）分别转化到烟草和拟南芥中,获得阳性植株,并利用渗透法和农杆菌介导的瞬时表达体系将pHG12-CPIR载体导入到番木瓜中。对转基因植株进行攻毒试验并分析了其抗病性。在接种3~7d内,在拟南芥和番木瓜上转基因植株的发病情况较轻,而野生型植株叶片与转基因植株相比,均表现出不同程度的黄化、皱缩和枯斑等症状。在接种PRSV后,番木瓜和拟南芥转化植株表现症状的叶片的比例与对照相比,结果显著低于对照,而在烟草植株上症状表现的差异不明显。在3种植物上RT-PCR检测结果显示,在接种番木瓜环斑病毒PRSV后,野生型植株中有高浓度的病毒积累,而转pHG12-CPIR基因植株中几乎没有病毒积累,推测转pHG12-CPIR基因植株中瞬时表达系统已启动RNAi机制抑制了CP基因的表达。     

高等植物调渗蛋白与耐旱耐盐基因工程

高等植物调渗蛋白与耐旱耐盐基因工程艾万东（中国科学院遗传研究所植物生物技术实验室）土壤中盐的积累是一个全球性的问题,了解植物耐盐机制,对于耐盐作物多样性的开发与应用是一个关键因素。植物为了消除由盐胁迫而造成的不平衡,通常在细胞中积累两类性质不同的渗透保护剂（Ｏｓｍｏｐｒｏｔｅｃｔａｎｔ）,一类是小分子的有机化合物,如甜菜碱和脯氨酸,另一类是蛋白质。     

Cyanide-resistant respiration in roots and leaves. Measurements with intact tissues and isolated mitochondria

A comparison was made between the oxygen uptake of roots and leaves and of mitochondria isolated from the same tissues. Ten species were included in this study: three legumes, one C3-monocotyledon, one C4-monocotyledon, the rest non-leguminous C3-dicotyledons. Root and leaf respiration in all species examined displayed substantial resistance to KCN (0.1–1.0 mM) and the cyanide-resistant respiration was completely inhibited by salicylhydroxamic acid (SHAM; 10–20 mM). SHAM alone inhibited oxygen uptake to varying degrees, depending on the species. Mitochondria were isolated from roots and leaves of many of the species examined and also displayed cyanide-resistant oxygen uptake, which was sensitive to both SHAM and tetraethylthiuram disulfide (disulfiram). Concentrations of SHAM greater than 2 mM caused inhibition of the cytochrome path as well as of the alternative path in isolated mitochondria. Respiration rates of intact roots and leaves in the presence of varying concentrations of SHAM alone were plotted against those obtained in the presence of both SHAM and KCN. This plot showed that in vivo the cytochrome pathway was not affected by 10 or 20 mM SHAM in the external solution. We conclude that the activity of the alternative pathway in intact roots and leaves can be reliably estimated by comparing SHAM-sensitivity and cyanide-resistance of respiration.     

低浓度硫酸甲酯吩嗪（PMS）对叶片光合放氧的促进作用

外加低浓度循环光合磷酸化电子递体硫酸甲酯吩嗪(PMS)对菠菜、大豆、水稻和小麦叶片光合放氧有促进作用,与此同时叶片ATP含量也得到增加。PMS对经8 mmol L~(-1)NH_4Cl处理过的菠菜叶片的光合放氧也有促进,最适促进浓度比未经NH_4Gl处理的叶片高,促进的幅度也大。幼龄叶与成长叶相比,幼龄叶的光合磷酸化活性和P/O比值低于成长叶片,其光合放氧速率受PMS促进的幅度大于成长叶片。因此光合磷酸化也可以成为光合作用的一个重要限制因素。     

增铵营养对小麦光合作用及硝酸还原酶和谷氨酰胺合成酶的影响

采用水培试验研究不同形态氮营养(NH4^+／NO3^-分别为0／100、50／50和100／0)对小麦光合作用及氮代谢关键酶活性的影响．结果表明,增铵营养较单—NO₃^-营养显著提高叶片叶绿素含量、净光合速率及可溶性糖含量,叶、根中可溶性蛋白质含量和叶片硝酸还原酶活性。而对谷铵酰胺合成酶活性影响较小．与单—NO₃^-营养相比。增氨营养下叶片较高的可溶性糖含量与净光合速率的提高相关。而维持较高的叶片和根系可溶性糖／可溶性蛋白质比例有利于氮同化和生长．因此,增铵营养下提高了叶片净光合速率、可溶性糖含量和硝酸还原酶活性。维持较高叶片和根系可溶性糖／蛋白质比例。从而促进小麦生长．     

水分胁迫下小麦幼苗呼吸代谢的改变

水分胁迫下小麦幼苗叶和根的呼吸速率变化模式不同:叶片呼吸在胁迫初期升高,然后随相对含水量进一步递减而急剧下降;根的呼吸速率随相对含水量降低成指数下降。自然干旱和PEG渗透胁迫下得到的结果基本一致。小麦叶片在轻度水分胁迫下呼吸上升与磷酸化解偶联有关。水分胁迫也引起呼吸代谢途径的改变。轻度水分胁迫使叶片呼吸速率升高时,EMP途径运行程度稍有上升;增加的呼吸主要通过TCAC;线粒体呼吸中通过细胞色素主链的电子流量增加,抗氰交替途径的相对运行程度下降。当水分胁迫降低根呼吸速率时,EMP和TCAC的运行程度明显降低;细胞色素途径的运行程度也下降,但仍传递大约一半的呼吸电子流。     

Expression of characteristics of ammonium nutrition as affected by pH of the root medium

To study the effect of root-zone pH on characteristic responses of NH4+ -fed plants, soybeans (Glycine max?L.? Merr. cv. Ransom) were grown in flowing solution culture for 21 d on four sources of N (1.0 mol m-3 NO3-, 0.67 mol m-3 NO3- plus 0.33 mol m-3 NH4+, 0.33 mol m-3 NO3- plus 0.67 mol m-3 NH4+, and 1.0 mol m-3 NH4+) with nutrient solutions maintained at pH 6.0, 5.5, 5.0, and 4.5. Amino acid concentration increased in plants grown with NH4+ as the sole source of N at all pH levels. Total amino acid concentration in the roots of NH4+ -fed plants was 8 to 10 times higher than in NO3(-)-fed plants, with asparagine accounting for more than 70% of the total in the roots of these plants. The concentration of soluble carbohydrates in the leaves of NH4+ -fed plants was greater than that of NO3(-)-fed plants, but was lower in roots of NH4+ -fed plants, regardless of pH. Starch concentration was only slightly affected by N source or root-zone pH. At all levels of pH tested, organic acid concentration in leaves was much lower when NH4+ was the sole N source than when all or part of the N was supplied as NO3-. Plants grown with mixed NO3- plus NH4+ N sources were generally intermediate between NO3(-)- and NH4+ -fed plants. Thus, changes in tissue composition characteristic of NH4+ nutrition when root-zone pH was maintained at 4.5 and growth was reduced, still occurred when pH was maintained at 5.0 or above, where growth was not affected. The changes were slightly greater at pH 4.5 than at higher pH levels.     

C_3植物光合效率的日变化

多种田间C_3植物在晴天的光合效率常有明显的日变化,中午前后光合效率降低。C_3植物大豆叶片光合效率中午降低的主要原因,不是空气CO_2浓度和气孔导度及光呼吸的变化,而可能是光抑制。因为:1.在饱和CO_2中测定仍可观测到这种中午降低;2.光合作用的饱和光强远低于晴天中午的太阳光强;3.用纱布预遮阴可以提高叶片的光合效率;4.阴天时叶片光合效率不发生中午降低。     

Reverse electron transfer from the cytochrome c level in cyanide-resistant mitochondria of the yeast, Candida lipolytica]

The ability of cyanide-resistant mitochondria of yeast Candida lipolytica to perform reverse electron transfer from cytochrome c to alternative oxidase was studied. It was shown that the energy for such a transfer can be provided by high energy intermediates or membrane potential but not by ATP. Reverse electron transfer from cytochrome c is impossible due to energy of NADH and alpha-glycerophosphate oxidation via alternative pathway in the presence of cyanide. These results prove once again that electron transfer via alternative pathway is not connected with the energy accumulation.     

氮素形态对黄檗幼苗生长及氮代谢相关酶类的影响

通过改变水培溶液中NH4^＋-N和NO3^--N的比例,研究了不同氮素形态对黄檗（Phellodendron amurense）幼苗生长及氮代谢相关酶类的影响。结果表明,硝态氮比例较高的营养供给比铵态氮比例较高的营养供给有利于黄檗幼苗的生长,叶片叶绿素含量和可溶性蛋白含量也高。在NH4^＋-N／NO3^--N为25／75时黄檗幼苗具有最大生物量。在铵态氮比例大的营养供给下,黄檗幼苗的谷氨酰胺合成酶（GS）活性增强,而在硝态氮比例大的营养供给下幼苗的硝酸还原酶（NR）活性则较高,叶片中的硝态氮较低。营养液的氮素形态及其组成通过影响GS与NR的活性而调控黄檗幼苗的氮素代谢。     

The effect of nitrogen nutrition on cluster root formation and proton extrusion by Lupinus albus

Nitrogen nutrition can influence cluster root formation in many wild species, but the effect of N form on cluster root formation and root exudation by white lupin is not known. In a solution culture study, we examined the effect of N nutrition (ammonium, nitrate, both or N2 fixation) on cluster root formation and H+ extrusion by white lupin plants under deficient and adequate P supply. The number of cluster roots increased greatly when plants were supplied with I microM P compared with 50 microM P, the increase being 7.8-fold for plants treated with (NH4)2SO4, 3-fold for plants treated with KNO3 and NH4NO3, and 2-4-fold for N2-fixing plants. Under P deficiency. NH4+-N supply resulted in production of a greater number and biomass of cluster roots than other N sources. Dry weight of cluster roots was 30 % higher than that of non-cluster roots in P-deficient plants treated with (NH4)2SO4 and NH4NO3. In plants treated with sufficient P (50 microM), the weight of non-cluster roots was approx. 90 % greater than that of cluster roots. Both total (micromol per plant h(-1)) and specific (micromol g(-1) root d. wt h(-1)) H+ extrusions were greatest from roots of plants supplied with (NH4)2SO4, followed by those supplied with NH4NO3 and N2 fixation, whereas plants receiving KNO3 had negative net H+ extrusion between the third and fifth week of growth (indicating uptake of protons or release of OH- ions). The rate of proton extrusion by NH4+-N-fed plants was similar under P-deficient and P-sufficient conditions. In contrast, proton exudation by N2-fixing plants and KNO3-treated plants was ten-fold greater under P deficiency than under P sufficiency. In comparison with P deficiency, plants treated with 50 microM P had a significantly higher concentration of P in roots, shoots and youngest expanded leaves (YEL). Compared with the N2 fixation and KNO3 treatments, total N concentration was highest in roots, shoots and YEL of plants supplied with (NH4)2SO4 and NH4NO3, regardless of P supply. Under P deficiency, K concentrations in roots decreased at all N supplies, especially in plants treated with (NH4)2SO4 and NH4NO3, which coincided with the greatest H+ extrusion at these P and N supplies. In conclusion, NH4-N nutrition stimulated cluster root formation and H+ extrusion by roots of P-deficient white lupin.     

荞麦与大豆叶片中草酸含量差异及其可能的原因

用1/5浓度Hoagland营养液培养荞麦和大豆幼苗l0 d后,荞麦叶片、根及其分泌物中的草酸含量均明显高于大豆,说明荞麦叶片的草酸形成能力强.荞麦叶片中存在少量的草酸氧化酶活性,而大豆中未检测到该酶活性,表明荞麦具有一定的降解草酸的能力.乙醇酸氧化酶(GO)催化乙醇酸氧化的活性两种植物之间虽差异不明显,但该酶催化乙醛酸氧化的活性荞麦显著高于大豆.荞麦GO对乙醛酸的Km值明显低于大豆GO,同时其乙醛酸含量也较高,因此其叶片中由乙醛酸形成草酸的速率应高于大豆.由此认为,由乙醛酸氧化生成草酸可能是植物草酸合成限速步骤之一,其反应速率高低可能导致不同种类植物叶片中草酸含量的差异.