变形假单胞菌精氨酸脱亚胺酶基因序列分析及其表达载体构建

通过分子克隆手段获得了变形假单胞菌(Pseudomonas plecoglossicida CGMCC2039)精氨酸脱亚胺酶(arginine deirninasa,简称ADI)基因序列,并将扩增的ADI基因片段插入表达载体pET28a中,构建了ADI的重组表达载体.核苷酸序列分析显示该基因开放阅读框为1254 bp,编码417个氨基酸.Blast分析显示它与其他假单胞茵属菌种具有很高的同源性.SDS-PAGE结果显示出分子量大小为48.5 kDa的明显的蛋白质特异性条带,并具有酶活.该载体的构建为该基因在大肠杆菌中的表达、纯化和抗肿瘤活性研究奠定了基础.     

精氨酸脱亚胺酶发酵过程特性研究

精氨酸脱亚胺酶有较好的体内体外肿瘤生长抑制作用。通过对粪肠球菌（Enterococcus faecalis）NJ402菌株产精氨酸脱亚胺酶的发酵特性的研究,建立起代谢物的过程变化与精氨酸脱亚胺酶产生机理的内在联系。NJ402菌株生长过程中碳源物质代谢产生乳酸导致发酵体系pH的下降,而培养基中L-精氨酸的脱亚胺作用有利于发酵体系pH的稳定和菌体生长。进一步的研究表明,低pH生长环境有利于NJ402菌株产精氨酸脱亚胺酶,且精氨酸脱亚胺酶的产生与能量代谢无关。NJ402菌株产精氨酸脱亚胺酶受底物L-精氨酸的诱导,但该诱导作用受菌体生长体系pH的调控,即精氨酸脱亚胺酶的产生是低pH生长环境与L－精氨酸共同作用的结果。     

精氨酸脱亚胺酶活性以及瓜氨酸转化研究

目前,L-瓜氨酸的主要生产方法为化学法水解L-精氨酸.利用精氨酸脱亚胺酶可以直接转化L-精氨酸获得L-瓜氨酸,条件温和、效率高、环境友好,因而在工业化生产中具有很好的应用前景.本研究将优化后的单增李斯特菌(Listeriamonocytogenes)精氨酸脱亚胺酶(ADI)基因序列分别克隆到相应的载体pET-21a、pWB980及pAO815中,并分别转化大肠杆菌BL21(DE3)、枯草芽胞杆菌WB600及毕赤酵母GS115中构建表达菌株.发现大肠杆菌能高效表达ADI.经过5L发酵罐验证,发酵后酶活力单位可达200 000～270 000 U·L-1.经过验证,该酶可以很好地应用于L-瓜氨酸生产.在7 920～17 600 U· L-1的ADI存在条件下,5.5h内,可使95％的浓度为94～258 g·L-1的精氨酸转化为瓜氨酸.该方法具备良好的工业化应用前景.     

粪肠球菌精氨酸脱亚胺酶酶学性质研究

经硫酸铵分级沉淀、Q-Sepharose Fast Flow阴离子交换层析、SephadexG-75凝胶柱层析从NJ402自溶细胞超声破碎液中提纯得到精氨酸脱亚胺酶(ADI), 纯化倍数为34.5, 活力回收率为31.4％, 经SDS-PAGE以及Native-PAGE测定结果表明, ADI亚基分子量约为46 kD, 该酶非变性情况下的分子量约为190 kD左右, 该酶为同四聚体结构。酶学性质研究结果表明：ADI催化最适温度和最适pH分别为50℃和6.5, 在45℃以下和pH 5~8之间有很好的稳定性。ADI是L-型脱亚胺酶, 具有严格的光学选择性, 适当浓度的Mn2+、Mg2+、Co2+对ADI催化活力的促进作用较大, 高浓度的Zn2+和Co2+对酶有一定程度的抑制作用, L-瓜氨酸对酶无抑制作用而L-鸟氨酸却表现出较强的抑制作用。ADI在最佳催化条件下作用于L-精氨酸的米氏常数为3.2686 mmol/L, 最大反应速度为2.44 μmol/min。     

生理pH条件下精氨酸脱亚胺酶的分子改造研究

精氨酸脱亚胺酶（arginine deiminase,EC 3.5.3.6,ADI）因其可作为精氨酸营养缺陷型肿瘤细胞的靶向治疗药物而受到广泛关注. 目前,支原体来源的重组ADI处于肝癌和黑素瘤的三期临床研究阶段. 作为药用酶,当前报道的ADI在体内生理条件下普遍存在酶活低、半衰期短、底物亲和性弱等局限性.本研究结合随机突变及基于理性设计的定点突变两种方法,对研究室前期自主筛选得到的变形假单胞菌Pseudomonas plecoglossicida来源的ADI经一轮定向进化后所获优势突变株M314(A128T/H404R/I410L)进行分子改造.通过对随机突变法获得的1480个突变株进行96孔板高通量筛选,得到优良突变株M173(A128T/H404R/I410L/K272R);同时,基于同源序列比对及ADI蛋白三维结构同源建模,采用PyMOL软件理性预测和分析其活性中心及附近保守区域氨基酸位点对蛋白功能的影响,选择了6个位点D78E、L223I、P230I、S245D、A275N、R400M分别在M314的基础上进行定点突变,最终获得优势突变株M04(A128T/H404R/I410L/S245D). 通过对突变株的酶学性质以及动力学参数分析发现：生理pH值下,突变株M173的酶比活（12.32 U/mg）在M314（9.02 U/mg）的基础上提升3659%,Kcat/Km提高5236%;而突变株M04的最适pH由6.5升高至7.0,更接近体内生理pH,其比酶活（14.66 U/mg）较M314提升62.53 %,Kcat/Km提高了37.12%. 综上结果,本研究结合两种分子改造方法成功地对该ADI在生理pH条件下的酶活和酶学性质进行了改良,并为蛋白质的分子改造策略提供了理论基础和实验依据.     

Secretory expression of arginine deiminase in E.coli

将变形假单胞菌的精氨酸脱亚胺酶(ADI)编码基因arcA克隆至具有阿拉伯糖启动子的分泌型表达载体pBAD/gⅢ B中,经鉴定得到重组质粒pBAD-ADI.将重组质粒转化大肠杆菌TOP10F’后进行诱导表达,分别考察了不同诱导物L-arabinose浓度、诱导温度、诱导时间对重组蛋白表达的影响,最适诱导条件为L-arabinose浓度0.002％ (w/v),25℃下诱导5h,全细胞的酶活为68 mU/mL(指单位发酵液体积,下同).采用Osmotic Shock法使ADI从胞周质释放出来,经检测分泌到胞周质的重组蛋白活性为53 mU/mL,细胞内的酶活为34 mU/mL.SDS-PAGE分析显示,重组蛋白大小约为46 kD.     

粪肠球菌精氨酸脱亚胺酶酶学性质研究

经硫酸铵分级沉淀、Q-Sepharose Fast Flow阴离子交换层析、SephadexG-75凝胶柱层析从NJ402自溶细胞超声破碎液中提纯得到精氨酸脱亚胺酶(ADI),纯化倍数为34.5,活力回收率为31.4%,经SDS-PAGE以及Native-PAGE测定结果表明,ADI亚基分子量约为46 kD,该酶非变性情况下的分子量约为190 kD左右,该酶为同四聚体结构.酶学,胜质研究结果表明:ADI催化最适温度和最适pH分别为50℃和6.5,在45℃以下和pH 5～8之间有很好的稳定性.ADI是L-型脱亚胺酶,具有严格的光学选择性,适当浓度的Mn2 、Mg2 、Co2 对ADI催化活力的促进作用较大,高浓度的Zn2 和Co2 对酶有一定程度的抑制作用,L-瓜氨酸对酶无抑制作用而L-鸟氨酸却表现出较强的抑制作用.ADI在最佳催化条件下作用于L-精氨酸的米氏常数为3.2686 mmol/L,最大反应速度为2.44 μmol/min.     

肽基精氨酸脱亚胺酶4(PADI4)对RA的影响

类风湿关节炎(RA)是一种病因和发病机制尚不清楚的自身免疫疾病,一般认为是由多种遗传因素和环境因素共同作用的结果。遗传因素中以组织相容性白细胞抗原HLA最为重要,另外作为非HLA的肽基精氨酸脱亚胺酶4(PADI4)也参与了RA的发病。PADI4是一种翻译后修饰酶,可在钙离子存在的情况下将精氨酸残基转化为瓜氨酸残基,瓜氨酸化后的蛋白质往往改变其分子构象,从而导致其生化活性亦发生改变。在不用种族的人群中,PADI4基因多态性与RA的易感性不尽相同。PADI4在RA患者血清中含量明显升高,在机体内产生自身抗PADI4抗体,并且PADI4瓜氨酸化多种蛋白质引起机体自身的免疫反应参与RA的发生与发展。近些年来的其他研究表明PAID4也参与了肿瘤、溃疡性结肠炎、多发性硬化症的发病。尽管针对PADI4的研究已经取得了很多重大进展,但是仍然存在很多悬而未决的问题等待科研工作者进一步的研究和证实。     

利用定点突变法研究精氨酸脱亚胺酶活性的影响机制

精氨酸脱亚胺酶(ADI)是一种针对精氨酸缺陷型癌症(如:肝癌、黑素瘤)的新药,目前处于临床三期试验。文中通过定点突变技术分析了精氨酸脱亚胺酶的特定氨基酸位点对酶活力的影响机制。针对已报道的关键氨基酸残基A128、H404、I410,采用QuikChange法进行定点突变,获得ADI突变株M1(A128T)、M2(H404R)、M3(I410L)和M4(A128T/H404R)。将突变株在大肠杆菌BL21(DE3)中进行重组表达,并对纯化获得的突变蛋白进行酶学性质研究。结果表明,突变位点A128T和H404R对ADI最适pH的提高,生理中性(pH 7.4)条件下的酶活力和稳定性的提高,以及Km值的降低均具有显著的作用。研究结果为阐明ADI的酶活力影响机制和蛋白质的理性改造提供了一定的依据。     

GL—7—ACA酰化酶在大肠杆菌中的分泌表达

利用来自假单胞菌的ＧＬ－７－ＡＣＡ酰化酶的信号肽和表达元件基因片段构建了ＧＬ－０７－ＡＣＡ酰化酶的分泌型高表达质粒ｐＴｒｃＣＡ１Ｓ和ｐＫＫＣＡ１Ｓ,其中ｐＴｒｃＣＡ１Ｓ为ＩＰＴＧ诱导型质粒,ｐＫＫＣＡ１Ｓ为组成型质粒。ｐＴｒｃＣＡ１Ｓ和ｐＫＫＣＡ１Ｓ转入受体菌ＴＧ１中都可高表达ＧＬ－７－ＡＣＡ酰化酶基因并将表达产物转运到周质空间,完整细胞酰楷酶比活力分别为２３．９单位每克菌体和１８．３单位每克菌体     

精氨酸脱亚氨酶的表达、纯化和活性研究

目的：建立精氨酸脱亚氨酶的高效表达菌种和纯化工艺路线。方法：人工合成编码支原体精氨酸脱亚氨酶（arginine deiminase, ADI）的基因,构建pBV220-ADI原核表达载体,转染大肠杆菌DH5α中并诱导表达目的蛋白,离子交换层析和分子筛层析法纯化目标蛋白。采用体外精氨酸降解试验测定纯化产物活性。结果：成功构建了原核表达载体pBV220-ADI,基因侧序正确。转化大肠杆菌DH5α后筛选到高水平表达目的蛋白的菌株,目标蛋白以包含体形式存在于胞浆内,表达水平超过全菌体蛋白的35%。采用盐酸胍溶解包含体、低温条件下稀释和透析的方法进行复性。顺次采用阳离子交换和凝胶过滤层析对复性液进行纯化,最终获得纯度达到95%的活性产物。活性测定表明,纯化的ADI比活性为80IU/mg。结论：成功构建了ADI的高效表达菌种,建立了目标物质的分离纯化方法。     

猪链球菌国内分离株精氨酸脱亚氨酶的克隆表达及其活性分析

根据GenBank上精氨酸脱亚氨酶(arginine deiminase,AD)序列AF546864,设计并合成一对引物,用PCR检测29株猪链球菌和7株马链球菌兽疫亚种的ad基因,发现29株猪链球菌均能检出此基因,而7株马链球菌兽疫亚种均未检出。扩增出的猪链球菌2型(SS2)强毒株HA9801的ad基因片段,定向克隆至pBAD/Myc-HisC严紧型质粒并转化TOP10。阳性重组菌经L-阿拉伯糖诱导,表达出分子量约47000Da的重组蛋白。经镍柱亲和层析,获得纯化的重组酶。活性分析显示,该酶具有巯基酶和金属酶的特征,其最适反应温度为37℃,最适pH值为6.5。Western blot分析显示,该酶能与SS2-HA9801全菌制备的兔抗血清发生特异性反应,表明其具有一定的免疫原性。检测该酶有助于进一步分析猪链球菌可能的毒力因子。     

Insights into the mechanism of streptonigrin-induced protein arginine deiminase inactivation

Protein citrullination is just one of more than 200 known PTMs. This modification, catalyzed by the protein arginine deiminases (PADs 1–4 and PAD6 in humans), converts the positively charged guanidinium group of an arginine residue into a neutral ureido-group. Given the strong links between dysregulated PAD activity and human disease, we initiated a program to develop PAD inhibitors as potential therapeutics for these and other diseases in which the PADs are thought to play a role. Streptonigrin which possesses both anti-tumor and anti-bacterial activity was later identified as a highly potent PAD4 inhibitor. In an effort to understand why streptonigrin is such a potent and selective PAD4 inhibitor, we explored its structure–activity relationships by examining the inhibitory effects of several analogues that mimic the A, B, C, and/or D rings of streptonigrin. We report the identification of the 7-amino-quinoline-5,8-dione core of streptonigrin as a highly potent pharmacophore that acts as a pan-PAD inhibitor.     

RNA interference of argininosuccinate synthetase restores sensitivity to recombinant arginine deiminase (rADI) in resistant cancer cells

Background  

Sensitivity of cancer cells to recombinant arginine deiminase (rADI) depends on expression of argininosuccinate synthetase (AS), a rate-limiting enzyme in synthesis of arginine from citrulline. To understand the efficiency of RNA interfering of AS in sensitizing the resistant cancer cells to rADI, the down regulation of AS transiently and permanently were performed in vitro, respectively.     

Rational surface engineering of an arginine deiminase (an antitumor enzyme) for increased PEGylation efficiency

Arginine deiminase (ADI) is a therapeutic protein for cancer therapy of arginine-auxotrophic tumors. However, its application as anticancer drug is hampered by its poor stability under physiological conditions in the bloodstream. Commonly, random PEGylation is being used for increasing the stability of ADI and in turn the improved half-life. However, the traditional random PEGylation usually leads to poor PEGylation efficiency due to the limited number of Lys on the protein surface. To boost the PEGylation efficiency and enhance the stability of ADI further, surface engineering of PpADI (an ADI from Pseudomonas plecoglossicida) to increase the suitable PEGylation sites was carried out. A new in silico approach for increasing the PEGylation sites was developed. The validation of this approach was performed on previously identified PpADI variant M31 to increase potential PEGylation sites. Four Arg residues on the surface of PpADI M31 were selected through three criteria and subsequently substituted to Lys, aiming for providing primary amines for PEGylation. Two out of the four substitutions (R299K and R382K) enhanced the stability of PEGylated PpADI in human serum. The average numbers of PEGylation sites were increased from ~12 (tetrameric PpADI M31, starting point) to ~20 (tetrameric PpADI M36, final variant). Importantly, the PEGylated PpADI M36 after PEGylation exhibited significantly improved T_m values (M31: 40°C; M36: 40°C; polyethylene glycol [PEG]-M31: 54°C; PEG-M36: 64°C) and half-life in human serum (M31: 1.9 days; M36: 2.0 days; PEG-M31: 3.2 days; PEG-M36: 4.8 days). These proved that surface engineering is an effective approach to increase the PEGylation efficiency which therefore enhances the stability of therapeutic enzymes. Furthermore, the PEGylated PpADI M36 represents a highly attractive candidate for the treatment of arginine-auxotrophic tumors.     

Insights into the structure and inhibition of Giardia intestinalis arginine deiminase: homology modeling,docking, and molecular dynamics studies

Giardia intestinalis arginine deiminase (GiADI) is an important metabolic enzyme involved in the energy production and defense of this protozoan parasite. The lack of this enzyme in the human host makes GiADI an attractive target for drug design against G. intestinalis. One approach in the design of inhibitors of GiADI could be computer-assisted studies of its crystal structure, such as docking; however, the required crystallographic structure of the enzyme still remains unresolved. Because of its relevance, in this work, we present a three-dimensional structure of GiADI obtained from its amino acid sequence using the homology modeling approximation. Furthermore, we present an approximation of the most stable dimeric structure of GiADI identified through molecular dynamics simulation studies. An in silico analysis of druggability using the structure of GiADI was carried out in order to know if it is a good target for design and optimization of selective inhibitors. Potential GiADI inhibitors were identified by docking of a set of 3196 commercial and 19 in-house benzimidazole derivatives, and molecular dynamics simulation studies were used to evaluate the stability of the ligand–enzyme complexes.