浅谈对林木食叶害虫科学防治的思考

本文系统阐述林木食叶害虫的防治策略,包括生物防治、物理防治、诱杀、无公害药剂防治、植物检疫等方面,以为食叶害虫的防治提供参考。     

浅谈害虫成虫防治技术

目前害虫防治中的一系列问题如害虫幼虫抗药性上升、害虫天敌被大量杀伤、人畜中毒、环境污染与土壤农药残毒日趋严重 ,使以成虫为目标虫态或防治对象而开展的成虫防治策略被广为接受并广泛应用。本文对目前使用的各种成虫防治技术体系进行了概括 ,并列举了成虫防治技术的特点和优点 ,以及进行成虫防治的许多实例。其中信息化合物防治和遗传防治的飞速发展为成虫防治的应用提供了多种途径。     

桔小实蝇生物学特点及其防治研究概述

桔小实蝇Bactrocera(Bactrocera)dorsalis(Hendel)是危害热带、亚热带水果的重要检疫性害虫之一,本文综述了桔小实蝇主要生物学、生态学特点和防治措施的研究进展,包括桔小实蝇在国内的总体分布情况,对寄主的选择差异,各虫态的形态特征、发育历期和不同因子对其生长发育的影响,生活史以及农业防治、化学农药防治、诱杀防治、生物防治、物理防治等不同防治方法的研究和应用情况,并对今后的研究提出一些建议。     

桔大实蝇生物学、生态学及其防治研究概述

本文综述了桔大实蝇Bactrocera(Tetradacus)minax Endedein主要生物学、生态学特点和防治措施的研究进展,包括桔大实蝇在国内的分布情况,对寄主的选择性,各虫态的形态特征、发育历期和不同因子对其生长发育的影响,生活史,种群动态以及农业防治、化学防治、诱杀防治、生物防治、物理防治等不同防治方法的研究和应用情况.对今后的防治和研究提出了一些建议.     

应用赤眼蜂携带病毒防治棉铃虫的初步研究

利用赤眼蜂携带棉铃虫NPV病毒防治第2、3、4代棉铃虫,以万灵、甲胺磷化学杀虫剂防治作对照.结果显示:赤眼蜂对棉铃虫卵的寄生率平均为33.3%,最高达到37.3%;棉铃虫幼虫病毒感染死亡率为61.3%到70.6%;赤眼蜂带病毒防治田天敌数量、种类明显多于化学杀虫剂防治田,瓢虫、蜘蛛、小花蝽平均百株数量比化学杀虫剂防治田分别高83.6%、100.8%、69.2%,在赤眼蜂带病毒防治田存在的草蛉、猎蝽等捕食性天敌在化学杀虫剂防治田未发现:赤眼蜂带病毒防治田平均虫口减退率为66.19%,化学杀虫剂防治田为70.25%,差异不显著(p=0.05);赤眼蜂带病毒防治田棉花的平均花蕾虫害率为35.97%与化学杀虫剂防治田的34.93%差异也不显著(p=0.05).     

害虫种群经济阈值的概念及其数字模型

害虫种群的经济阈值是害虫管理系统中的一个主要组成成份,因为害虫的控制必须讲求经济效益,决定采取防治措施时,首先需要考虑防治的挽回收益是否大于防治成本,亦就是要求防治后的挽回收益价值一定要大于至少等于防治费用。因此决定某种害虫的防治与否和如何防治,并不单纯取决于虫情,而主要取决于虫害所造成的经济损失、防治效果、防治费用以及最终的产值挽回收益。这样,在采取害虫控制决策措施     

有害生物综合防治的生态经济学效益定量评估方法

【目的】如何客观、定量评估有害生物综合防治的生态经济学效益是有效开展有害生物生态调控的基础。但目前评价有害生物综合防治的效益时,更多的是考虑防治的经济效益,而缺乏有关防治带来的生态学效益的定量评估方法。【方法】本文基于市场价值法,给出了定量评估有害生物综合防治、化学防治的生态经济学效益的方法,并以此方法定量评估了1987-2016年30年中国粮食作物病虫害的损失情况、化学防治及劳动力投入、生态负效益,计算出粮食作物病虫害防治的生态经济学效益。【结果】有害生物综合防治的生态经济学效益主要与防治效益、投入成本及对生态产生的负效益有关。1987-2016年的粮食作物病虫害防治的生态经济学效益为-250.67-180.85亿元,平均生态经济学效益为-3.81亿元。【结论】我国粮食作物病虫害综合防治生态经济学效益较低,防治时需要充分考虑其带来的生态负效益;本文提出的有害生物综合防治的生态经济学效益定量评估方法,可为客观、准确评估病虫害综合防治提供科学依据。     

益阳地区黄桃主要病虫害及其综合防治措施

黄桃是益阳市重要的种植果树,近年来桃树病虫害发生严重.本文总结了益阳地区黄桃的主要虫害和病害,主要虫害包括红蜘蛛、梨冠网蝽、梨小食心虫、蚜虫类、桃蛀螟等;主要病害包括疮痂病、褐腐病、流胶病、煤污病、细菌性穿孔病等.本研究贯彻预防为主、综合防治的方针,进一步针对不同虫害和病害,提出了农业防治、物理防治、生物防治为主,辅以化学农药防治的具体综合防治措施,从而有效地防治桃树病虫害,提高桃果的产量和品质.     

田间不同防治方法对麦蚜种群动态的影响

【目的】从保护生态环境兼顾防治害虫的角度出发,研究不同防治方法对麦蚜种群动态的影响,为麦蚜的田间防治提供理论依据。【方法】本试验分别设置不同的麦蚜防治田(空白对照田、黄板田、糖醋液田、诱芯田、诱虫灯田、综合防治田),在小麦生长期观察不同的防治田内麦蚜的种群动态的变化。【结果】诱虫灯对有翅蚜的防治效果要好于黄板和糖醋液,但对禾谷缢管蚜Rhopalosiphum padi(Linnaeus)有翅蚜的诱捕效果不明显,黄板和糖醋液对有翅蚜和无翅蚜均有防治效果,多种防治方法共同利用对麦蚜种群数量有一定的防治效果。【结论】多种防治方法共同使用的防治效果优于单一防治方法,诱虫灯、糖醋液、黄板、诱芯对不同种类麦蚜的防治效果不同。在田间使用时应注意不同时期采用不同的防治方法。     

中国农业害虫防治科技70年的成就与展望

新中国成立70年以来,随着农业生产方式的不断变革和科技进步,农业害虫的防治策略从20世纪50年代的农业防治发展到80年代的综合防治和现阶段的绿色防控,害虫防治越来越高效、科学和环保。中国农业昆虫学家先后研究明确了水稻、小麦、玉米、棉花、蔬菜和果树等作物主要害虫发生规律,创新了一系列监测预警、生物防治、物理防治、化学生态调控、抗药性治理和抗虫育种技术,构建了以重要作物生产过程和重大致灾害虫为对象的综合防治技术体系。研发的以农业防治为主的蝗虫防控技术体系、以异地测报治理为主的粘虫Mythimnaseparata防控技术体系、以化学农药应急防治为主的稻飞虱防控技术体系、以生物防治为主的玉米螟Ostriniafurnacalis防控技术体系和以转基因技术为主的棉铃虫Helicoverpaarmigera防控技术体系等害虫治理模式,已成为国际农业害虫防治的经典案例。展望未来,信息技术和人工智能技术、基因组技术、农业生物技术等高新技术发展正推动害虫智能化精准识别与监测预警、智能化精准对靶施药、基因诊断与快速检测、害虫种群遗传调控、区域性生态调控和转基因防治技术的不断创新与广泛应用。     

竹笋禾夜蛾生物学特性及其防治

竹笋禾夜蛾是福建省竹林的主要害虫,该虫在福建一年发生1代,以卵越冬,翌年2月中旬开始孵化,幼虫6龄,幼虫期51—80天,蛹期17—29天。每雌一生产卵84—467粒．成虫寿命6—17天。该虫的综合防治应以林业防治为主,9月份开始林地除草灭虫;3月初以化学农药喷杂革治虫,4月初出笋后对笋喷药2次;成虫羽化盛期点灯诱蛾等坊治措施,可以有效地控制虫害。     

Phylogenetic studies on the Thamnocalamus group and its allies (Gramineae: Bambusoideae) based on its sequence data.

Phylogenetic analyses, using the parsimony method and the neighbor-joining method, of 31 species of the Thamnocalamus group and its allies based on internal transcribed spacer (ITS) sequences in nuclear ribosomal DNA are presented. Two species from Arundinaria and Acidosasa were used as outgroups. The ITS phylogeny strongly supports the monophyly of the Thamnocalamus group and its allies, which have pachymorph rhizomes and semelauctant synflorescences with three stamens. Within this clade, Chimonocalamus pallens was resolved in the basal position. The Thamnocalamus group, including species placed in Thamnocalamus, Fargesia (Sinarundinaria, Borinda), and Yushania, may be polyphyletic/paraphyletic according to the ITS phylogeny, but internal support was relatively low. All three sampled species of Ampelocalamus were resolved as a monophyletic group and may be related to Drepanostachyum hookerianum. Two taxa of Thamnocalamus and the species Gaoligongshania megalothyrsa were resolved as monophyletic despite their different morphological characters, but again with a low bootstrap support. Within the Fargesia yunnanensis subclade, the sister relationship of Fargesia fungosa and Fargesia edulis was supported. Another subclade, the Fargesia communis clade, was also weakly supported as monophyletic. However, further resolution within the Thamnocalamus group has not been provided by this sequence data. The results indicate that reevaluation of relationships within this group is necessary.     

On the identity of the genus Metasasa W. T. Lin

In this paper, Metasasa W. T. Lin was treated as a new synonym of the genus Acidosasa C. D. Chu et C. S. Chao ex Keng f. A new combination, Acidosasa nanunica (McCl.) C. S. Chao et G. Y. Yang, was given. Metasasa carinata W. T. Lin and Metasasa albo-farinosa W.T. Lin were reduced as synonyms of A. nanunica.     

异枝竹属的名实问题

将异枝竹属Metasasa W．T. Lin作为酸竹属Acidosasa C．D．Chu et C．S．Chao ex Keng f．的异名处 理。异枝竹Metasasa carinata W．T. Lin和白环异枝竹 Metasasa albo-farinosa W．T．Lin作为新组合名Aci-dosasa nanunica(McCl．)C．S．Chao et G．Y．Yang,comb．nov．的异名。     

发酵蓝靛果汁抑菌作用实验研究

目的：观察发酵蓝靛果汁对各种不同细菌的抑菌作用。方法：以药敏试验管碟法检测三种不同浓度发酵蓝靛果汁（蓝靛果原汁,75%蓝靛果汁,50%蓝靛果汁）对10种细菌的抑菌效果。结果：三种不同浓度的发酵蓝靛果汁对10种细菌均有明显的抑制作用。结论：发酵蓝靛果汁具有广谱抗菌作用。     

竹亚科的两个新组合

本文作者查阅了大节竹属Indososa McClure的标本, 发现灵川大节竹I.lingchuanensis C.D.Chu et C.S.Chao和橄榄竹I.gegantea(Wen)Wen 均属一次发生的总状花序, 应重新组合到酸竹属Acidosasa中。     

毛竹及其变种细根化学计量特征

以安徽太平竹类植物种质资源保存库毛竹及其变种(花毛竹、黄槽毛竹、厚壁毛竹、金丝毛竹)为研究对象,分析比较毛竹及其变种3个年龄阶段(1、3、5年生)细根化学计量特征,探究毛竹及其变种细根养分策略.结果 表明:1)毛竹及其变种细根化学计量特征主要受竹种的影响,年龄对毛竹及其变种细根化学计量特征的影响较小;2)毛竹及其变种细...     

竹子扩张对阔叶林物种多样性的影响:两竹种的叠加效应

研究了不同扩张强度下毛竹和肿节少穗竹对江西武夷山常绿阔叶林群落结构和物种多样性的影响.结果表明: 毛竹、肿节少穗竹扩张都会不同程度地改变阔叶林群落结构与物种组成,两者同时高强度扩张时(毛竹30～50 ind·100 m^-2,肿节少穗竹300～500 ind·100 m^-2),群落的乔∶灌(密度比)由2∶8变成1∶9,竹∶木(密度比)由0∶10变成9∶1.毛竹、肿节少穗竹扩张对阔叶林物种多样性影响的主效应显著,毛竹主要影响乔木层,肿节少穗竹主要影响灌木层,但两种竹子的交互作用不显著.两种竹子同时扩张对群落生物多样性的影响存在叠加效应,尤其是高强度扩张使群落Shannon指数下降91.3%.毛竹与肿节少穗竹同时低强度扩张时,两者相互影响不大,但当达到一定密度后两者会相互竞争排斥.这表明,当常绿阔叶林同时遭受毛竹、肿节少穗竹扩张时,虽然二者交互作用不明显,但会通过叠加效应影响木本植物,导致阔叶林群落简单化.     

黑龙江省蓝靛果忍冬的资源调查

了解蓝靛果忍冬在黑龙江省的分布及其居群所在的主要植物群落类型 ,为黑龙江省蓝靛果忍冬的开发提供资源学依据。方法 :查阅资料和实地调察。结果 :记录所调查的居群中蓝靛果忍冬的生长环境及主要伴生植物。结论 :蓝靛果忍冬在黑龙江省主要存在毛果苔草 小叶樟—丛桦—红松和苔草—柴桦 沼柳—赤杨 兴安落叶松两种群落类型     

A Study on the Genus Acidosasa of Bambusoideae

The genus Acidosasa was published by the present authors in 1979. It only had one species at that time, Acidosasa chinensis C. D. Chu et C. S. Chao. Since then species number of the genus steadily increases. The authors have rather comprehensively studied this genus and its related genera for F1. Reip. Pop. Sin. The present paper deals mainly with morphological characteristics of the genus Acidosasa and the differences from its related genera i. e. Arundinaria, Sasa and Indosasa. The genus Acidosasa is closely related to the genus Arundinaria in the type and origin of inflorescences and the vegetative appearance. But it differs from Arundinaria in the structure of florets. In Acidosasa, each floret is provided with six stamens, while in Arundinaria each floret is of only three stamens. The genus Acidosasa is similar to the genera Indosasa and Sasa in the numbers of stamens, but it is distinguished from lndosasa by its semelauctant (determinate) inflorescence, not iterautant (indeterminate) one, from Sasa by its taller stature and branch complement with three branches. We have carefully examined all the type specimens of Acidosasa and its related genera. A conclusion reached is that there are six species in the genus Acidosasa, most of which are native to S. China, with only one species in Viet Nam. Five specific binomials are reduced and one species is transferred into this genus. Two keys to species, respectively based on the flowering and vegetative characters, are given as follow: Key to species of the genus A cidosasa (1)(based on the flowering state) 1. Lemmas glabrous. 2. Spikelets stout, 3-6mm broad, pedicels 1.5-4cm long; lemmas large, 1.5-2.2cm long, with 15-19 nerves, subcoriaceous, not glaucous, shiny. 3. Lemmas up to 2.2cm long with conspicuously transverse veinlets, tessellate; palea and rhachilla entirely. glabrous, lodicules elliptic-lanceolate, glabrous ... 1. A. chinensis 3. Lemmas 1.5-1.8cm. long, slightly tessellate; palea puberulous at apex of carina, rhachilla puberuous at apex, lodicules obovate, ciliate at apex ............ 2. A. brilletii 2. Spikelets rather slende, 2-4mm broad, pedicels 0.5-1cm long; lemmas small, about 1.3 cm long, with 7-13 nerves, more or less glaucous .......... 3. A. chienouensis 1. Lemmas pubescent. 4. Glumas and lemmas densely pubescent ........................ 4. A. hirtiflora 4. Glumas subglabrous, lemmas sparsely pubescent. 5. Spikelets large, 3-7 cm long, lemmas 1.6-1.7 cm long, pedicels 2-13 mm long ................................................. 5. A. longiligula 5. Spikelets small, 2-3.7 cm long, lemmas about 1.3 cm long, pedicels 1-3 cm long ................................................... 6. A. venusta Key to species of the genus A cidosasa (2) (based on the vegetative state) 1. Ligules of leaf-sheaths strongly elevated, usually 2-8 mm long. 2. Young culms with bristly sheath scars; culm-sheaths without auricles and oral setae, not spotted, sheath-blades erect ................. 4. A. hirtiflora 2. Young culms with glabrous sheath scars; culm-sheaths with small auricles and oral setae, sparsely spotted, sheath-blades reflexed .......... 5. A. longiligula 1. Ligules of leaf-sheaths inconspicuous, less than 2 mm long. 3. Young culms more or less bristly, or sheath-scars bristly: 4. Culm-sheaths without auricles and oral setae, not farinose, without hairs at base. 5. Young culms densely bristly; culm-sheaths attenuate at apex and as wide as sheath-blades, with conspicuously transverse veinlets; leaf-blades large, usually 2.5-3.5 (-6.5) cm broad, conspicuously tessellate ..................................................... 1. A. chinensis 5. Young culms sparsely bristly; culm-sheaths truncate at apex and broader than sheath-blades, without transverse veinlets or inconspicuous; leaf-blades small, 1.5-2.5 cm broad, without visible transverse veinlets .................................................... 6. A. venusta 4. Culm-sheaths with auricles and oral setae, slightly farinose, densely bristle at base; leaf-blades rather narrow, 0.8-1.8 cm broad ............ 3. A. chienouensis 3. Young culms entirely glabrous; leaf-blades rather narrow, 1.2-1.8 cm broad ....................................................................................... 2. A. brilletill