Distribution and spread of environmental weeds along New?Zealand roadsides

Most non-native weeds and other naturalised plants are in the early stages of invasion into New Zealand landscapes. For this invasion to be controlled, even partially, it is important to understand the dominant routes, mechanisms, and rates of weed spread across landscapes. With their linear corridors of disturbed habitats, roadsides are thought to play a large role in the spread of some weeds. We used both new surveys and existing data to assess which of the 328 environmental weeds listed by the Department of Conservation are most frequently found and where on roadsides, and whether distribution patterns are consistent with linear dispersal. We also analysed historical survey data for relationships between reserve weediness and proximity to roads. We surveyed 340 plots of 100-m-long stretches of roadside across four regions and found between 2 and 19 environmental weeds per plot; 128 species in total (Chao estimate 148). Especially abundant were agricultural (weeds and cultivated) species, species that have been naturalised for well over 50 years, and species that disperse externally attached to vertebrates. While we purposefully sampled within 10 km of town limits, we found no strong effect of distance from town on roadside weed richness, including richness of just ornamentally sourced weeds. Instead, number of houses within 250?m and presence of an adjacent house or other residential structure were both important, as was presence of woody vegetation on and adjacent to roadsides. Reserves adjacent to roads had significantly higher weed richness than reserves further from roads, although the causal mechanisms are unclear. Our results suggest that while roadsides include suitable habitats for most environmental weeds, distributions are patchy and roads show little sign of acting as linear dispersal corridors, instead they largely reflect neighbouring land uses. As such, roadside weeds should best be managed as part of the wider landscape.     

自然保护区的缓冲区:模式、功能及规划原则

自然保护区是就地保护生物多样性的途径,然而在实践中逐渐暴露出了一些保护区设计方面的问题,其中最严重的是自然保护区与非自然保护区之间的过渡问题。为了解决这个问题,人们提出了在自然保护区内设立缓冲区的想法。现在缓冲区已经成为自然保护区的有机组成部分,具有生态缓冲和社会缓冲两大主要功能。本文归纳了自然保护区缓冲区的定义、模式和类型,回顾了缓冲区的发展,总结了缓冲区的规划原则。最后,我们还对国内保护区缓冲区的现状进行了讨论。     

人类活动对升金湖国家级自然保护区景观格局的影响

自然保护地通常是重要的生态敏感区域,具有十分重要的生态和社会经济价值,因此维持自然状况,避免人为干扰是日常管理的基本要求.借助遥感手段,快速识别人为扰动引起的景观变化,是加强保护地管理的有效手段.以升金湖国家级自然保护区为研究对象,基于RS和GIS空间分析等技术方法,利用人为干扰度模型,并结合特定人类活动干扰类型的变化...     

基于鸟类栖息地季节性变化的自然保护区动态分区管理——以安徽升金湖国家级自然保护区为例

鸟类栖息地会随着季节迁徙而改变,基于此对以珍稀濒危鸟类保护为主要目标的自然保护区进行动态分区管理,能够有效提高土地利用效率,协调生物多样性保护与其他生态系统服务功能利用。通过MaxEnt模型分析预测安徽升金湖国家级自然保护区鸟类繁殖季和越冬季的栖息地范围,并采用空间叠加分析方法得到动态分区方案。结果发现：繁殖季鸟类栖息地适宜性受到人口密度、丰水期土地利用类型、距居民点距离、距道路距离等环境因素的影响;越冬季鸟类受到距道路距离、人口密度、距枯水期水体距离、枯水期土地利用类型等环境因素的影响。运用ArcGIS水文工具分析出升金湖国家级自然保护区汇水单元作为其动态区划单元,根据鸟类栖息地季节性变化的特点结合分析结果叠加分析,将安徽升金湖国家级自然保护区划分为核心栖息地保护区、繁殖季栖息地保护区、越冬季栖息地保护区和一般控制区。核心栖息地保护区要进行全年严格保护,繁殖季栖息地保护区和越冬季栖息地保护区在相应鸟类栖息时段严格管控、非栖息时段可合理利用,一般控制区则全年可允许合理的行为活动。季节性动态分区方案注重解决安徽省升金湖国家级自然保护区生态环境保护和社区发展之间的矛盾问题,便于未来保护区生态保护规划决策的制定和实施,进一步丰富了以季节性栖息物种为主要保护对象的自然保护区的动态功能分区研究理论与方法体系,为制定提高自然保护区空间利用效率的生态管理策略提供了参考依据。综上,建议在升金湖国家级自然保护区生态环境保护和社区发展中,依据保护区季节性动态分区特征,实行分区管制,制定对应的生态环境保护和发展的措施。     

人类活动对中国国家级自然保护区生态系统的影响

我国已建立了超过2740个自然保护区,面积约占陆地国土面积的14.8%。以我国446个国家级自然保护区作为研究对象,基于遥感信息提取、模型与方程估算、时空趋势分析,揭示2000—2015年不同类型自然保护区、自然保护区不同区域生态系统质量和关键服务的时空变化特征,利用土地覆盖变化量化人类活动并进一步分析人类正面与负面活动对生态系统质量和关键服务的影响。结果表明:(1)国家级自然保护区内土地覆盖变化表明存在不同程度的人类活动,总体表现为保护区外较保护区内剧烈,说明保护区对生态系统具有明显保护作用。(2)农田开垦、居民点修建、工矿建设、能源资源开发等人类活动对保护区生态系统的负面影响表现为草地、湿地开垦导致耕地、水库坑塘面积增加,城镇居民点与工矿建设用地扩张侵占草地。(3)湿地面积净增加而林地、草地面积净减少,反映了湿地保护、退田还湖等措施的积极作用,然而退耕还林、退牧还草局限于部分保护区;(4)气候变化是自然保护区植被覆盖度微弱上升、净初级生产力下降、生态系统水源涵养量微弱增加、土壤保持量明显增加的主要原因,而人类活动仅在局部对生态系统产生影响。为了推动我国自然保护区体系的完善和保护作用的发挥,需要统一保护区建设标准及其规范,完善保护区法律制度,积极开展相关基础科学研究。     

The cost of ad hoc reservation: A case study in western New South Wales

Abstract We reviewed the literature on the practice of reservation in Australia over the past few decades. We found that reserves have generally been dedicated for expedient or opportunistic reasons and that they tend to protect the environments with least potential for commercial land uses. Ad hoc reservation has two main disadvantages: the environments most in need of strict reservation are not effectively protected; and natural diversity is represented inefficiently in terms of features per unit reserve area. We demonstrate the second disadvantage with quantitative comparisons of alternative reservation scenarios in the Western Division of New South Wales. These show that a continuation of ad hoc acquisition of reserves will continue to increase the land area needed to represent all natural environments and so reduce the likelihood of achieving a representative reserve system.     

景感营造在自然保护区生态系统服务提升中的应用研究

自然保护区是生态建设的核心载体之一,是保护自然生态系统、历史遗迹、自然景观和生物多样性的主要方式,为维护国家生态安全,实现可持续发展提供重要的生态支撑。如何更好的保护自然生态系统、提升生态系统服务、促进区域的和谐发展,实现自然保护区及周边区域的景感营造已成为自然保护区研究的重要内容之一。运用景感生态学的理论和景感营造的理念,规范自然保护区管理范畴,以更好的提升自然生态系统的完整性、系统性和可持续性为目标,从更加满足人们的愿景和社会的需求角度出发,以我国北部典型草原区达里诺尔国家级自然保护区为研究对象,通过景感营造的方法,对其景感生态管理模式进行分析。文章明确了自然保护区景感营造原则,探索其景感营造的实践过程,并借助管理这一载体,把人的愿景和社会的需求与自然保护区的最终发展目标融入管理理念中。通过景感营造这一过程来改善、提升和维持自然保护区所能提供的各项生态系统服务,确保自然保护区在满足人类需求的同时,能够最大限度的、可持续的发挥其功效。     

中国市域自然保护区时空格局演变特征

市域是自然保护地整合优化的具体实施单元,揭示市域自然保护区的时空格局演变特征和发展趋势对于全面建设中国特色自然保护地体系具有重要的现实意义。基于1975-2020年间隔5 a的10期中国自然保护区名录,通过标准差椭圆、探索性空间数据分析、空间Markov链等方法首次从市域尺度探讨了中国自然保护区的时空动态演变特征和发展趋势,并引入地学信息图谱构建其变化模式。结果表明:①中国市域自然保护区比例呈现先快速增长后逐步稳定的趋势,但整体仍以低值区为主。市域间自然保护区比例差异明显,逐步形成了“西高东低”的空间格局。重心整体表现为“东南-西北-东北”的迁移过程,重心移动距离和速度逐渐缩小。1990年以后,中国市域自然保护区比例始终呈现“东北-西南”向的空间分布格局。②市域自然保护区比例存在显著的空间相关性且相关性总体呈上升之势,但空间集聚水平的变化逐年缩小。局部空间异质性较强,高高和低低集聚区均呈扩张态势。③从变化模式图谱来看,中国市域自然保护区比例等级以“前期变化-低频-逐步提升”(ESC-LQ-T1)的方式进行,主要图谱类型为“空缺区转为低值区”。市域自然保护区比例等级类型转移具有稳定性和显著的时空异质性,后期出现了“俱乐部收敛”现象,且邻域背景在其动态变化过程中发挥着重要作用。未来要加强对空缺区和低值区市域单元的自然资源进行摸底评估,将其最有价值的区域纳入自然保护区,同时推广区域联合保护机制,促进自然保护地体系高质量建设。     

CLUE-S模型在长白山自然保护区外围规划中的应用

受自然保护区旅游业快速发展影响,长白山自然保护区外围土地利用变化加剧。因此,对区域土地利用布局进行科学规划具有十分重要的意义。以长白山自然保护区外围30 km区域为研究对象,探讨了CLUE-S模型在小尺度土地利用规划中的应用。在分析研究区1991—2007年土地利用变化的驱动力基础上,根据区域规划预案,模拟2020土地利用布局。利用模拟结果划定空间管制区和乡镇布局,并与现有规划进行了对比。结果表明,基于CLUE-S模型的土地规划明显抑制了区域景观破碎化进程,减弱了人为活动对景观的影响,该方法可以为长白山区域土地利用规划提供有力的技术手段和科学支撑。     

鄱阳湖自然保护区生态承载力

为了定量分析自然保护区的生态承载力变化情况,促进自然保护区的可持续发展,以鄱阳湖自然保护区为例,利用RS与GIS技术获取1985、1995、2005年3个年份的保护区土地利用变化情况,计算出相应年份的生态承载力,分析其动态变化和空间分异情况,并结合生态盈亏情况和生态协调情况,对保护区可持续发展进行评价。结果表明:鄱阳湖自然保护区成立以来,土地利用类型相对比较稳定,变化主要集中在草地(增加了15.22%)、水域(增加了7.05%)和未利用地(减少了18.19%);人均生态承载力在不断提高,3个年份的人均生态承载力分别为0.8284、0.8568、1.0534hm2。其中,保护区生态承载力较高的吴城镇、铁河乡、昌邑乡处于生态盈余状态,三角乡、沙湖乡处于生态持平,其他乡镇处于生态赤字。整体上,保护区东南面生态承载力较好,西北面生态承载力较弱,整个保护区生态协调度为1.414,处于可持续发展状态。     

关于联营保护区的基本概念及其应用——以云南西双版纳勐仑自然保护区为例

现在,全国各省都是一年比一年更加对自然保护区的规划和建设的重视,广西壮族自治区也正在积极地进行这项工作,但据过去的经验.保护区的圈划是容易的,但划下来之后保护得好却不容易,更谈不上得到社会上普遍的承认和赞扬。究其原因,主要一是经费不足,因而措施不力;二是消极保护的综合与周围群众的利益相矛盾,导致了反保护。想来想去,看来根本的问题还是方针、方向的问题还没解决好。如果保护区不讲经济效益,又不与群众相结合,保护区的工作势难成功。自然保护区向何处去?这个问题应该得到解答了。王献溥同志这篇文章恰好是针对这个问题发表议论的,正合时宜。建议政府有关部门和从事保护区工作的同志读读此文,并加思考。     

Biotic integrity of the arthropod communities in the natural forests of Azores

The loss of biotic integrity in ecosystems due to human pressure has been receiving much attention from the scientific community. The primary aim of this study is to understand how the increasing human pressure on natural forests in the Azorean archipelago (North Atlantic) is affecting their epigean arthropod communities and which biological parameters it affects most. An expert team did fieldwork covering most of the natural forests (mainly inside nature reserves) of the archipelago using standardized pitfall trapping. To build a multimetric index we tested a number of taxonomic and ecological parameters that can potentially be influenced by disturbance. Sixteen of these were found to be significantly influenced by disturbance in forests. We retained seven metrics due to both, desirable scalability properties and relatively low correlation between them. These included the percentages of endemic and predator species richness and also predator abundance, which are inversely related to disturbance; and the percentages of native and saprophagous species richness and introduced and herbivore abundance, which are positively related to disturbance. All seven metrics were combined in an Index of Biotic Integrity (IBI) value. We then proceeded to understand which potential disturbance factors are influencing the biotic integrity of communities and how such influence is felt. Five disturbance factors were found to influence the IBI, although in different ways: the size and fragmentation of reserves, the distance of sites to the reserve borders, the invasion by alien plants and the density of human paths at the sites. Given that only percentages of taxonomical or ecological characteristics were chosen as metrics, we tested and found the scalability of the IBI to be possible, allowing the comparison of sites with different collecting effort or even the comparison of reserves with different areas and numbers of collecting sites in each. Finally, we propose a novel graphical representation for multimetric indices like the IBI, one which allows retaining much of the information that is usually lost in multimetric indices.     

基于熵权的珠江三角洲自然保护区综合评价

运用熵权法对珠江三角洲自然保护区进行了综合评价。结果表明:(1)48个样本的保护区中7个为高水平,30个为较高水平,10个为一般,1个较差。从总体水平上看,虽然具有一部分较高水平的保护区,但珠江三角洲的保护区建设水平存在明显的差异,深圳、中山、佛山等地亟待建立新的保护区加以补充;(2)保护区的综合水平与面积具有明显的相关关系,建立了综合水平与面积之间的回归模型,并进一步求出珠江三角洲生态类型自然保护区理论上的最适宜面积;(3)区域保护区综合水平的提高与最大面积指数正相关,区域可以通过建设面积相对较大的优质保护区成为区域生态增长极,通过物种的交流和环境影响拉动其它保护区的发展,但区域范围内保护区之间面积差异不能太大;(4)自然干扰对沿海及岛屿类型的保护区综合水平影响相对较大。     

江西省自然保护区发展布局空缺分析

通过专家咨询、数量标准化、主观赋权等方法,对江西省96个县(市、区)的高等动植物种类、珍稀物种种类、天然林面积和蓄积、天然湿地面积、已建自然保护区面积等进行评分,计算96个县(市、区)的物种多样性、天然林资源、天然湿地等自然资源的综合评分值和自然保护区建设的空缺评分值,并借助GIS技术分析了江西省自然保护区空间布局特点及存在的主要问题,研究提出了自然保护区空间规划布局建议,为江西省自然保护区中远期发展规划提供科学依据。     

Does the Establishment of Sustainable Use Reserves Affect Fire Management in the Humid Tropics?

Tropical forests are experiencing a growing fire problem driven by climatic change, agricultural expansion and forest degradation. Protected areas are an important feature of forest protection strategies, and sustainable use reserves (SURs) may be reducing fire prevalence since they promote sustainable livelihoods and resource management. However, the use of fire in swidden agriculture, and other forms of land management, may be undermining the effectiveness of SURs in meeting their conservation and sustainable development goals. We analyse MODIS derived hot pixels, TRMM rainfall data, Terra-Class land cover data, socio-ecological data from the Brazilian agro-census and the spatial extent of rivers and roads to evaluate whether the designation of SURs reduces fire occurrence in the Brazilian Amazon. Specifically, we ask (1) a. Is SUR location (i.e., de facto) or (1) b. designation (i.e. de jure) the driving factor affecting performance in terms of the spatial density of fires?, and (2), Does SUR creation affect fire management (i.e., the timing of fires in relation to previous rainfall)? We demonstrate that pre-protection baselines are crucial for understanding reserve performance. We show that reserve creation had no discernible impact on fire density, and that fires were less prevalent in SURs due to their characteristics of sparser human settlement and remoteness, rather than their status de jure. In addition, the timing of fires in relation to rainfall, indicative of local fire management and adherence to environmental law, did not improve following SUR creation. These results challenge the notion that SURs promote environmentally sensitive fire-management, and suggest that SURs in Amazonia will require special attention if they are to curtail future accidental wildfires, particularly as plans to expand the road infrastructure throughout the region are realised. Greater investment to support improved fire management by farmers living in reserves, in addition to other fire users, will be necessary to help ameliorate these threats.     

Flexibility, efficiency, and accountability: adapting reserve selection algorithms to more complex conservation problems

Flexibility, efficiency and accountability are considered key attributes of good reserve selection methods. Flexibility, the ability to incorporate all the diversity of considerations, concerns and information that typically impinge on real conservation problems, is fundamental if the particulars of any given situation are to be addressed and land use conflicts are to be effectively resolved. High efficiency, the representation of the maximum diversity of the relevant features (e.g. species) at the minimum cost, is important because reserves will commonly be in direct competition with other forms of land use. Accountability means that the solutions are obtained in a transparent way. allowing others to understand why and how the result was arrived at. Because of the robustness of the general integer linear model, a remarkably rich variety of problems concerning the management and efficient use of scarce resources can be represented as problems of this type. This study starts by analysing a simple representation problem and then develops more general problems that can be applied to a variety of conservation planning exercises. It is illustrated how high flexibility can be attained, while simultaneously addressing efficiency and accountability, by modelling reserve selection questions as integer linear problems.     

近30年来黄河三角洲植被净初级生产力时空特征及主要影响因素

我国拥有丰富的海岸带蓝色碳汇,准确把握海岸带蓝碳生态系统净初级生产力(NPP)状况,辨识不同人为干扰下蓝碳生态系统NPP的时空分布特征具有重要意义。以黄河三角洲为研究区,以近30a(1987年、1995年、2005年、2016—2017年)为时间尺度,通过遥感手段和现场调查,对黄河三角洲NPP时空变化特征及其主要影响因素进行研究。结果显示:(1)近30年来研究区NPP均值和总量呈现先下降又略微增长的特征,2016—2017年度NPP平均值为294.38g C m~(-2)a~(-1),总量为710.05Gg C/a,表现出显著的季节差异。(2)研究区NPP在各行政区、保护区和地表覆盖类型中均表现出了明显的空间分异性;2016—2017年度NPP分区结果显示,不同分区面积由大到小依次为中生产力区(49.5%)、低生产力区(38.3%)和高生产力区(12.1%)。(3)研究区NPP的时空分异性是地表覆盖类型和植被生长状况共同影响的结果,海陆交互作用、开发利用活动和近年来的生态建设是NPP时空变化的主要影响因素。(4)湿地植被和农田是研究区碳汇的主要贡献者,20世纪90年代以来二者NPP均值逐渐上升,在2016—2016年度分别达570.28g C m~(-2)a~(-1)和335.92g C m~(-2)a~(-1);近30年来,湿地植被NPP总量逐渐减少,农田NPP总量则逐渐增加。湿地植被是海岸带蓝碳的典型载体,农田作为位于滨海地区、由湿地植被转化而来、本身具有较高固碳能力和潜力的碳汇类型,可作为海岸带蓝碳的重要补充。     

干旱区绿洲城镇景观生态风险时空变化分析——以张掖绿洲乡镇为例

科学评估与分析干旱区绿洲乡镇景观生态风险,对优化绿洲土地资源管控和维护干旱区绿洲生态系统稳定性具有重要现实意义。以张掖市绿洲乡镇为对象,基于土地利用数据和景观格局指数,结合ArcGIS空间分析功能,研究其景观生态风险时空特征及影响因素。结果表明：1987—2018年,耕地和建设用地变化明显,分别增加429.03 km~2和236.26 km~2;整体景观生态风险呈下降趋势,并呈“南北高、中间低”格局特征;各乡镇风险水平在空间上正向聚集,位于绿洲边缘地区的乡镇风险变化明显;人为活动干扰是近年风险水平变化的主要因素。研究成果可为西北干旱区绿洲生态保护与治理提供决策参考。     

赣江中上游地区土地利用变化空间分异与驱动因素

赣江中上游地区是东南丘陵重要的水土保持功能区,分析不同时空尺度下该区域土地利用变化及其驱动力,对维持与优化本地生态功能具有重要意义。本研究基于1 km空间分辨率的土地利用数据,分析1980—2018年赣江中上游地区的土地利用结构与土地利用动态度;并利用主成分分析法(PCA)、普通最小二乘法(OLS)和地理加权回归(GWR)分析土地利用变化的空间分异驱动力。结果表明: 1980—2018年,研究区主要土地利用类型是林地(面积占比69.4%～71%)和耕地(占比20.8%～20.9%);建设用地、未利用地的土地利用动态度较大,研究区综合土地利用动态度逐渐增加,尤其是2010—2018年明显增加。GWR模型对研究区土地利用变化驱动因素分析的拟合效果更好,在98.6%的区域内都比较理想。在土地利用变化空间分异的影响因素中,自然环境因素对研究区土地利用变化空间分异的影响最明显,起制约作用;社会经济因素的影响居次位,主要起促进作用;自然-社会因素综合影响较弱且复杂。     

国家公园原住民对野生动物肇事的认知、意愿及其影响因素——以武夷山国家公园为例

国家公园原住民对野生动物肇事的态度直接影响野生动物保护政策有效实施以及人与野生动物共存机制。迄今,学术界鲜有从原住民认知与意愿角度探讨野生动物肇事的成果,基于自然保护地国家公园的相关研究尚未见报道。根据449份有效调查问卷及深度访谈数据,论文采用有序多分类Logistic回归方法,探讨武夷山国家公园原住民对野生动物肇事的认知、意愿及其影响因素。结果表明：（1）多数原住民经历过野生动物肇事,其农作物及牲畜受到严重损害,野猪（Sus scrofa）为研究区域主要的肇事动物。（2）种群数量增加、食物短缺和生存空间受限是野生动物肇事的主要原因。（3）学历、经历及认可政府应对肇事的方式对原住民防范野生动物肇事意愿的影响显著。在此基础上,提出遵循生态规律、保护栖息地、提升认知与意愿、实行社区共管、建立野生动物致害补偿机制以及引入野生动物致害赔偿保险等对策,希望能够深化对野生动物肇事特征及机理的科学认识,为有效缓解人与野生动物冲突、推进国家公园人与野生动物和谐提供政策参考。