有蹄类食性研究方法的评价

本文对有蹄类食性的研究方法进行了比较,结果得出粪便和胃分析法同样精确,且前者好于后者,加上取样容易,更适于用来研究我国有蹄类的食性,但限于经济条件尚难在我国应用。而利用法因精确性差,只能作为食物组成的定性描述或其他研究方法的补充。     

虎豹及有蹄类猎物种群数量监测方法概述

虎(Panthera tigris)和豹(P. pardus)及有蹄类猎物的种群数量监测是虎豹保护的核心任务, 也是制定有效管理、保护和恢复措施的基础。近年来, 国内外用于虎豹种群数量监测的方法主要有: 信息网络收集法、基于标志重捕模型的红外相机调查法和非损伤采样粪便DNA分析技术; 有蹄类猎物的监测方法主要有: 样线法、样带法、大样方法、红外相机调查技术和非损伤性遗传标志重捕法。每种监测方法基于的假设前提和生态学原理不同, 监测结果的准确度也不同。由于监测物种的生物学特征、种群分布状况、监测目标和空间尺度或环境因素各异, 每种方法的适用性也不同。本文从野外调查设计、数据收集、处理分析等方面对虎豹及其有蹄类猎物数量监测方法的应用过程和统计原理进行了介绍, 分析了各种监测方法的优缺点, 并针对在虎豹监测中相机布设密度过大可能造成的伪重复抽样, 以及应用虎豹监测设计的自动相机监测替代猎物种群监测数量的评估等不科学的方面进行了探讨和建议。     

贺兰山同域分布岩羊和马鹿的夏季食性

2008年78月贺兰山对同域分布的岩羊和马鹿粪便进行采集,利用粪便显微分析法对二者夏季食性进行了研究。从10个沟系中一共收集了297堆岩羊和305堆马鹿粪便,每堆中捡拾2粒粪粒,组成40个复合样本进行分析。结果表明,夏季在岩羊采食的19科35种(属)植物中,针茅(29.74%)、早熟禾(18.82%)、内蒙古邪蒿(10.30%)、灰榆(7.76%)、冰草(7.47%)是其主要食物,针茅是岩羊夏季的大宗食物;夏季在马鹿取食的11科18种(属)植物中,小红柳(36.26%)、山杨(23.10%)、灰榆(16.84%)等是其主要食物,小红柳为马鹿夏季的大宗食物。夏季岩羊采食植物中,乔木占8.67%,灌木占3.97%,禾本科草本占69.43%,非禾本科草本占17.94%;马鹿采食植物中,乔木占89.61%,灌木占5.38%,禾本科草本占1.03%,非禾本科草本占3.99%。从食物多样性和食物生态位宽度来看,岩羊的Shannon-Wiener指数高于马鹿,而马鹿的Pielou均匀性指数和食物生态位宽度指数高于岩羊,岩羊和马鹿共有9种食物重叠,生态位重叠指数为65.17%。     

啮齿动物食性研究的意义及方法评述

啮齿动物的食性是种群生态学的重要组成部分,也是制定鼠害防治策略的常用参考指标.现在已有多种方便适用的方法对其进行研究,国内外学者已在相关领域取得大量研究成果.本文对啮齿动物食性的各种研究方法进行了总结和整理,同时对近40年来国内外的部分相关研究成果进行了综述,分析该研究领域的前景,旨在为今后的研究提供更多思路.     

有蹄类动物营养状况的测定方法及其评价

营养状况对于动物的生存和繁殖至关重要,是有蹄类动物种群管理的前提条件之一。文章综述了有蹄类动物营养状况的几种主要测定方法,简要介绍了这些方法的理论前提、基本模型、适用范围,并评价了它们的优缺点及如何提高其准确性的方法和途径。     

观察野外鸟,兽食性的方法简介

食物对动物的生殖、生长发育、地理分布、季节迁移和死亡等生命活动起着极其重要的影响。各种动物的食性决定其在生物群落中的地位和作用,是人类决定其益害关系的主要依据。作者以多年的经验,总结如下。     

跳甲的食性及食性分化

跳甲隶属于鞘翅目叶甲科跳甲亚科,是一类具有重要经济意义的植食性昆虫。本文对跳甲食性及食性分化的研究进展进行了综述,诠释了寄主植物的概念,分析了昆虫食性专化发生的原因。跳甲亚科的寄主植物的范围虽广,但有85%的属为专食性属。一般认为,专食性的跳甲亚科和萤叶甲亚科是由食性较广的叶甲亚科进化而来的,食性分化在其中可能起了重要作用。广食性代价推动了食性分化的发生,广食性代价假说受到越来越多的实验支持。有关食性分化方向的观点倾向于寄主植物转向化学物质相似的植物,表现为寄主转移、寄主扩张和形成寄主型等;食性分化推动了同域物种形成。跳甲食性分化的研究对于丰富研究昆虫与植物相互关系的协同进化理论也有重要作用。     

牛蛙食性的研究

牛蛙(Rana catesbeiana Shaw)属于脊椎动物门(Vertebrata)、两栖纲(Amphibia)、无尾目(Anura)、蛙科(Ranidae)、蛙亚科(Raniinae)、蛙属(Rana)。牛蛙原产北美洲洛矶山一带沼泽地区,因其鸣叫声远闻似牛叫而得名“牛蛙”。牛蛙的种类较多,如美国牛蛙、春蛙、沼泽牛蛙、非洲牛蛙、非洲大牛蛙等。由于牛蛙生长发育快,体重可达0.5-1.5公斤,肉质鲜美可口、商品性好、食用价值高而先后被加拿大、古巴、墨西哥、南美洲以及日本等国引进饲养。我国八十年代引养的牛蛙属美国牛蛙,又叫“喧蛙”,有的称“食用蛙”。     

白鹇食性研究

白鹇的食性,以往我国学者在分类和区系工作中有过少量零星记述(郑作新等,1964,1978;中国科学院昆明动物研究所鸟类组,1980;谭耀匡等,1981; 广东省昆虫研究所动物室等,1983; 王紫江等,1983;吴至康等,1986),国外记述类似(Delacour,1977)。以定性记录为主,涉及的地区和亚种较广泛。李炳华等(1984)对皖南白鹇作过初步定性定量分析。     

粪便学在有蹄类动物数量调查研究中的应用与展望

随着与分子生物学的结合,传统的粪便学不仅拓宽了在种群生态学、行为生态学及保护遗传学等研究时取样的范围,而且能提供更多的有效信息,使得传统的粪便计数方法得以在新的领域里发展。本文对传统粪便学在有蹄类动物数量研究中的应用加以总结,并结合国内外研究现状对分子粪便学在这一领域内的可靠性、局限性及应用前景做了概述。     

Seasonal change in the food habits of the Iriomote catFelis iriomotensis

The food habits of the Iriomote catFelis iriomotensis were studied by analyzing 177 feces collected monthly from 1987 to 1988. A total of 26 food items were identified. The frequency of lizards and frogs in the feces was higher than those of mammals and birds. The food habits changed greatly seasonally.Eumeces skinks were fed on most frequently, and found in the feces with a similar high frequency occurrence in March–April and July–September, while their proportion to the total number of food items was larger in March–April than in July–September. The cats fed on larg-sized skinks, adultEumeces kishinouyei, more in March–April than in other seasons. The number of skinks sighted in the course of a road census was greater from March to August, and large-sized skinks were sighted more in March–April than in July–August. The cats fed selectively on large-sized skinks in every season. Therefore, changes in the food habits depended on the food availability. Characteristics of food habits in the Iriomote cat are discussed in comparison with the food habits of other felids in temperate and tropical regions.     

Leopard food habits in the Lopé National Park, Gabon, Central Africa

To determine leopard Panthera pardus (Linnaeus) food habits in the Lopé National Park in Gabon, Central Africa, 196 leopard scats were collected and analysed. Prey items were determined using undigested matter isolated from the scats, and a reference collection of hairs and bones from potential prey species. A minimum of 30 different prey species were identified, 27 of which were mammalian. Leopards preyed mainly on ungulates, which made up 59% of the biomass consumed. Diurnal primates (18%) and large rodents (17%) were also heavily preyed upon. The mean prey weight estimated from scats was 29.2 kg. The most important single prey species was found to be red river hog Potamochoerus porcus (Linnaeus), making up 20% of the biomass consumed, followed by forest buffalo Syncerus caffer nanus (Boddaert) and cane rat Thryonomys swinderianus (Temminck), each comprising 13% of biomass consumed.     

广东内伶仃岛猕猴食性及食源植物分析

论文对内伶仃岛猕猴(Macaca mulatta)的植物食性进行了全面调查,并测定了食源植物适食部分的比重。研究结果表明:(1)猕猴食源植物约200种,以叶食性、果食性最为丰富;(2)猕猴的活动区域以阔叶林、灌木林等植被类型为主;(3)食源植物以热带亚热带成分为主,与栖息地植被组成特征相适应;(4)内伶仃岛猕猴种群发展的容纳量最适为820～1640只(平均1230只),而以743～1485只(平均1114只)最为合适,其总食量约相当于适食性优质植物资源总蕴藏量的10%～20%。     

Long-term variation in fruiting and the food habits of wild Japanese macaques on Kinkazan Island, northern Japan

We studied the relationship between the food habits of Japanese macaques (Macaca fuscata) and the availability of nuts (Fagus crenata, Zelkova serrata, Carpinus spp., and Torreya nucifera) on Kinkazan Island, northern Japan, from 1997 to 2005 to examine the long-term variations in both food habits and availability. The food habits of the monkeys showed clear seasonal changes: the staple foods were woody leaves and flowers in spring (May and June), woody leaves and seeds or fruits other than nuts in summer (July and August), nuts and seeds or fruits other than nuts in fall (September-November), and herbaceous plants in winter (December-April). The availability of nuts, combinations of masting species, and energy production varied among years. Food habits varied among years, but the magnitude of variability of food habits differed among seasons, with large variability during summer and winter, and small variability in spring. Food availability was poor in summer and winter, but in several years the monkeys were able to consume nuts during those seasons. We emphasize the importance of conducting long-term studies on both food availability and the food habits of animals in the temperate zone.     

三角帆蚌食性及摄食率的初步研究

三角帆蚌( Hyriopsis cumingii) 属滤食性双壳贝类, 通过滤水来摄食水中的浮游生物和有机碎屑等食物, 可使水质得到相应改善。作者在水库已连续多年开展了较大规模的三角帆蚌净水试验研究工作。       

Biogeographic variation of food habits and body size of the America puma

Summary The puma (Felis concolor) has the most extensive range of any terrestrial mammal in the Western Hemisphere, covering over 100° latitude. Food habits of different puma subspecies vary with latitude. Subspecies from temperate habitats generally eat larger prey and specialize on a smaller number of prey taxa, whereas, in tropical habitats, they prey on smaller, more varied prey. In North America, ungulates (primarily deer) represented 68% of the puma's diet by frequency of occurrence. Mean weight of vertebrate prey (MWVP) was positively correlated (r=0.875) with puma body weight and inversely correlated (r=-0.836) with food niche breadth in all America. In general, MWVP was lower in areas closer to the Equator. Patterns of puma prey selection are probably influenced by prey availability and vulnerability, habitat characteristics, and potential competition from the jaguar (Panthera onca).     

黑麂食物组成及其季节变化

2002年12月至2003年11月在浙江省九龙山和古田山自然保护区,分季节采集黑麂 (Muntiacus crinifrons)粪便,采用粪便显微组织学分析方法为主,辅以野外观察,对其食性进行研究。结果表明 :黑麂食物包括29科43种(属)植物。食物中的植物类型包括乔木、灌木、藤本、非禾草类草本和禾草类草本五种类型;灌木是黑麂全年的主要食物,它在食物组成所占的比例为55.4%;三尖杉 (Cephalotaxus fortunei)、光叶菝葜(Smilax glabra)、矩圆叶鼠刺(Itea chinensis var. oblonga)、南五味子(Kadsura longipedunculata)和络石(Trachelospermum jasminoides)为黑麂四季都取食且在食物组成中所占比例较高的植物,分别为 17%、16.5%、9%、8.7%和 4.3%,是黑麂取食的主要食物。方差分析表明 :黑麂的主要食物及其主要种类都存在季节变化。夏秋季节,乔木植物在黑麂食物组成的比例低于冬春季节 ,而藤本植物和草本植物则相反,灌木植物变化较小;黑麂取食的五种主要食物中,其中三尖杉和光叶菝葜季节变化极显著,在冬季,三尖杉和光叶菝葜在食物组成比例中最高,达到 21.7%和 24 .3%;在夏季,它们在食物组成比例中下降到最低点,分别是 11.3%和 11.6%,但相对密度(RD)值仍保持最高序位 ;矩圆叶鼠刺和南五味子变化较平缓 ,基本变化趋势相同:冬春季节比例较高,夏秋季节比例有所下降;络石季节变化不明显;由于黑麂的食物组成中禾草类占的比例很小,说明黑麂更接近嫩食者     

池养大口胭脂鱼鱼种的食性

池养大口胭脂鱼鱼种的食性研究表明 ,大口胭脂鱼鱼种为浮游动物尺寸选择性鱼类 ,其选食行为主要受鱼体及水体中浮游动物的个体大小影响 ,与浮游动物的种类、逃跑能力、运动方式等关系不明显。并初步探讨了 3种浮游生物食性鱼类 (大口胭脂鱼、鲢、鳙 )的食物关系。