上海大莲湖湖滨带湿地的生态修复

采用改变土地利用模式、水系改造和植被配置等技术开展了上海青浦大莲湖湿地修复示范工程。本文从2008年8月到2010年3月跟踪调查了土地利用方式、鸟类群落、两栖爬行类、水质等多类指标来对示范工程进行评估。结果表明,实验区生态系统的生境结构和生物多样性组成都发生了明显的变化。实验区内土地利用由主要以人工养殖鱼塘和林地为主的人工湿地(人工鱼塘占50%,林地占25%),转变为以开放性水域和乔灌草相结合的半自然状态下的自然湿地(明水面面积占30%,各类植被群落占50%,人工鱼塘完全消失),植被从只有片段化林地转变为乔木、灌木丛、草本植物及各类水生植物相结合的格局;工程后鸟类种类和数量均高于工程前(新纪录到11种鸟类),鸟类多样性指数和均匀性指数也有明显增加,其中目标鸟类——雁鸭类新增6种,种类和数量都呈显著增加;两栖爬行类种类变化不大,共记录到6科12种,但整体数量比工程前增长了59.1%;水质指标的变化也很突出,与工程前人工鱼塘相比,实验区内水体中总氮(TN)、硝态氮(NO3-N)、总磷(TP)、叶绿素a(Chla)、高锰酸钾指数(CODMn)等主要指标均有显著下降(P<0.05),水质改善显著。由此说明,修复工程改善了大莲湖湖滨带湿地的生态环境,生物多样性得到较好的恢复,呈现出良好的湿地修复效果。     

东苕溪中下游河岸类型对鱼类多样性的影响

河流修复工程被美国《科学》杂志列入2000年最具发展潜力的六大领域之一,河流修复工程对水生生态系统的影响也成为各国科学家的研究热点。本文以东苕溪中下游河段为对象,研究4种不同河岸类型（自然河岸 水生植物（A）、自然河岸 无水生植物（B）、人工河岸 水生植物（C）、人工河岸 无水生植物（D））对鱼类生物多样性的影响。本次调查共采集鱼类标本499尾,经鉴定为32种,隶属于7目10科24属。鱼类生物多样性结果显示A、B的物种丰度和Shannon-Wiener指数与D存在显著差异（P<0.05）; A的优势度指数与D存在显著性差异（P<0.05）; A、C的均匀度与D存在显著性差异。鱼类群落NMDS排序与相似性分析（ANOSIM）显示D与A、B、C能完全分开,且D与A、C存在显著性差异（P<0.05）,其中A与C存在显著性差异。因此,河流修复工程中水生植被的恢复对于水生生物多样性的维持至关重要,且恢复水生植被的河流修复工程会减少该工程对鱼类群落结构和生物多样的负面影响。     

Ecological restoration in eutrophic Lake Wuli: A large enclosure experiment

A large-scale enclosure experiment for lake restoration was carried out in Lake Wuli, a northern bay of shallow and eutrophic Lake Taihu in China. The large enclosure with an area of 10 ha was set up in the littoral zone and was bordered by waterproof fabric which did not cover the sediments. Multiple approaches were used and included fish removal, piscivorous fish stocking, shoreline reconstruction, aquatic macrophyte planting, benthic macro-animal stocking, and silver carp cultivation in pens for reduction of cyanobacteria. The results showed that the coverage of aquatic macrophytes increased from 0% to 45.7%. Mean concentrations of TN and TP inside the enclosure from May 2004 to May 2008 were 22.2% and 26.0% of those outside, respectively. Secchi depth was 0.40 m outside the enclosures and 0.75 m inside. However, responses of phytoplankton to the restoration project lagged behind improvement of water quality and reestablishment of aquatic plants. The phytoplankton biomass gradually decreased after the third year of the restoration. Stocking piscivorous fish and planting submerged macrophytes could not increase zooplankton biomass and enhance graze pressure on phytoplankton, most likely due to high omnivorous fish density and lower nutrition inside the enclosure. Higher grazing pressure of zooplankton on phytoplankton was observed in May and October every year. Zooplankton to phytoplankton biomass ratios were significantly negatively correlated with phytoplankton biomass outside (r = −0.440, p < 0.01) and inside the enclosure (r = −0.336, p < 0.05) from February 2004 to March 2007. Therefore, phytoplankton biomass inside and outside the enclosure was lower in May and October. Higher grazing pressure of zooplankton on phytoplankton in spring may result in occurrence of the clear-water phase that facilitated growth of submerged macrophytes in the littoral in Lake Wuli, and a clear-water state and improved water quality would likely be sustained throughout the year after reestablishment of submerged macrophytes.     

粤港澳大湾区水生态修复及展望

水是生态系统物质循环和能量流动的重要纽带,水生态系统修复在区域生态系统修复中起到关键作用。粤港澳大湾区剧烈人类活动对江河湖库生态系统造成破坏和干扰,江河湖库污染严重,水生物减少,导致流域水生态服务功能退化甚至丧失;从生态修复科学内涵出发,判断湾区水生态系统健康状况已处于非生物控制跃迁阈值之下;针对该形势,从工程建设、水环境治理、空间规划和管理机制四个方面,梳理湾区近期开展的与水生态修复相关的水生态文明建设、水污染防治行动计划、水生态空间划定和推进河长制等工作,并对其中用到的技术、指标和制度进行条理;然后以茅洲河流域综合治理和广东万里碧道作为水生态修复的点、面代表,从水生态修复的整体目标、采用的技术措施、效果评价的指标体系和管理制度方法等方面分析当前的工作现状;总结湾区现状水生态修复工作,认为湾区水生态系统的非生物修复阶段基本结束;基于生态系统修复理论结合湾区江河湖库生态系统特点,提出适合湾区的水生态修复框架,讨论水生态系统修复面临的问题和未来工作的展望,为大湾区水生态修复提供直接依据。     

天津市典型湖库湿地生态完整性评价

对湖库湿地进行生态健康评价,可为湖库湿地生态系统修复和管理提供决策依据。本文以天津市为例,选取20个典型的湖库湿地采样点,基于2018年8—9月期间调查获取的物理、化学和生物群落指标(浮游动物、浮游植物、底栖动物、鱼类、水生大型植物、河岸带植物)数据,构建包含物理完整性、化学完整性和生物完整性在内的生态完整性指数(IEI)对采样点生态健康状况进行评价。根据栖息地环境质量(QHEI)、水质状况和人类活动干扰3方面选取参照点,采用标准化方法筛选候选指标,应用层次分析法计算各指标权重,最终得出天津市典型湖库湿地生态完整性评价结果。结果表明: 1)所有样点中,“健康”点位占5.0%,“较好”点位占20.0%,“一般”点位占35.0%,“较差”点位占30.0%,“差”点位占10.0%。天津市典型湖库湿地生态健康状况整体处于一般水平,呈现出西部优于东部的趋势,空间差异显著;2)基于栖息地评分、水质状况与人类活动干扰相结合选取参照点是可行的,依据水质指标可降低选择参照点时的主观性;3)适用性验证结果表明,IEI可较好表征各点位的健康状况,区分效率明显,适用于评价研究区湖库湿地生态健康状况。     

Ecological restoration and factors regulating phytoplankton community in a hypertrophic shallow lake,Lake Taihu,China

A restoration program for the control of cyanobacterial blooms and the re-establishment of submerged macrophytes was conducted in Meiliang Bay of Lake Taihu since 2003. The effect of this ecological projects on plankton community and water quality, and factors regulating phytoplankton community were investigated in 2005. In general, some improvements of water quality occurred in the ecological restoration region, especially in the region of restoring aquatic macrophytes, where we detected significant reduction of nutrients. However, it seems the abundance of phytoplankton cannot be effectively control by the present ecological engineering. The phytoplankton abundance was high in the target restoration zone. Results of CCA and correlation analysis indicate that the phytoplankton community was mainly controlled by physico-chemical factors. Cyanobacteria species were positively related with pH, temperature, TP and TSS, while negatively related with TN, TN/TP and conductivity. The most discriminant variable was TN/TP, which explained 15% of the total variance of phytoplankton. However, TN was more important for the fluctuation of TN/TP than TP. It suggested that TN may be the ultimate factor controlling the phytoplankton community in Lake Taihu. Variation partitioning analysis showed that the pure contribution of crustacean was low for the variation of phytoplankton, suggesting that top-down control by crustacean zooplankton was weak in Lake Taihu. In general, this study suggested the reduction of nutrient load should be more important than top-down control using zooplankton for the ecosystem restoration in Lake Taihu.     

水生植物在渔业生态养殖中的开发应用(综述)

阐述水生植物的生态功能特性与生态修复原理,以及近年来水生植物在渔业生态养殖中作为水产动物绿色饲料与病害生态防治环境友好药物的来源、有害有毒藻类控制的化感解毒生物资源、污水生物净化与渔业水域生态修复的开发应用。同时就水生植物在水产生态养殖与渔业水域环境修复开发应用中存在的问题进行探讨,并提出相应的建议。     

Lake eutrophication: Control countermeasures and recycling exploitation

Eutrophication is a world-wide environmental issue. Lake Taihu is a typical large, shallow, eutrophic lake located in delta of River Changjiang (Yangtze River). A large-scale ecological engineering experiment targeted at water quality improvement was implemented in Meiliang Bay, Lake Taihu. In this special issue, there are six papers related to water purification and algal bloom control techniques applied in this experiment. Four papers address the validity and efficiency of water quality improvement of this ecological engineering and one paper presents a similar but small-size ecological engineering. The others focus on macrophyte restoration, aquatic plant management and recycling exploitation. The editorial paper highlights the main results and conclusions from these papers.     

Design and performance of a water quality treatment wetland in a public park in Shanghai,China

A water quality treatment (WQT) wetland system was installed in a public park in Shanghai to achieve a number of complementary objectives: (1) to serve as a demonstration of ecological engineering practices for the improvement of water quality in a degraded urban river (Suzhou Creek), (2) to demonstrate that such systems can provide new, viable aquatic habitat in these settings, and (3) to provide a recreational, aesthetic and educational amenity for the neighbourhood residents. After 2 years of operation, the system was found to have successfully achieved the water quality improvement objectives (in terms of improvements in parameters like solids, organics and nutrients). The aquatic habitat was found to be diverse, abundant and evolving, and ecological risk to this habitat and Suzhou Creek was reduced through the treatment system (as indicated by the results of bioassay toxicity testing). Property values in the neighborhood had increased as an indirect result of the presence of this natural treatment system, and there was broad public acceptance of the system, as well as broad interest in its educational aspects, as part of a natural and sustainable approach to the restoration of degraded aquatic environments.     

上海崇明岛前卫村沟渠生态修复示范工程评价

采用生物护坡技术、氧化塘系统和沸石处理系统,修建了上海崇明前卫村沟渠生态修复示范工程,并通过地表径流模拟实验及坡岸土壤参数、生物多样性、沟渠水体总氮和总磷含量等指标对该示范工程进行了评估.结果表明：与对照相比,使用灌丛垫技术修复后的坡岸土壤剪切力、紧实度和土壤湿度显著提高(P<0.05),坡岸植被延缓径流和去除悬浮物效果显著(P<0.05);使用柴笼技术修复后的坡岸土壤剪切力和悬浮物去除率显著提高(P<0.05),但对土壤湿度、紧实度和雨水径流的延滞作用不太明显.示范工程实施后,沟渠内水质得到明显改善,总氮和总磷含量显著下降(P<0.05),沟渠坡岸的生境质量和景观效果得到改善,生物多样性明显增加.采用土壤生物工程方法和其他生态修复技术集成可以稳定坡岸、改善沟渠的栖息地质量以及修复大城市郊区村镇沟渠的生态环境.     

基于生态安全格局的上海国土空间生态修复关键区域识别与修复策略

新时期国土空间生态修复被赋予维护区域生态安全、提升区域生态系统质量和稳定性、提供优质生态产品的重任。从生态安全角度准确判定国土空间待修复关键区域,是其首要事项,也是科学开展生态修复的关键和难题。本研究基于主流生态安全格局构建理论和方法,以上海市为研究区域,集成运用形态学空间格局分析方法和InVEST模型识别生态源地,利用电路理论提取生态廊道、生态“夹点”和障碍点,综合判定待修复关键区域,并提出针对性修复策略。结果表明: 上海市生态源地主要分布在长江入海口、崇明岛、杭州湾沿岸及淀山湖区域,约占研究区面积的17.9%;源间关键廊道共计103条;待修复关键区域包括12处生态“夹点”和54处生态障碍点,主要分布在生态源地与生态廊道接壤处以及生态廊道与生态廊道的交点或拐点处;根据待修复关键区域典型问题及其土地利用状况,提出生态景观重塑、重要廊道贯通和生态岸线保护修复3类修复策略分区及其可能的工程措施建议。本研究结果可为上海市编制国土空间生态修复规划,以及全国其他地区构建相近尺度生态安全格局、开展系统性生态修复工作提供参考。     

根系分泌物介导的根际效应及在水体生态修复中的应用潜力

文章主要以根系分泌物为核心, 综述了根系分泌物的分类、发生机理及影响因素; 围绕着植物-土壤-微生物三者的关系, 阐述了根系分泌物介导的植物与植物之间的化感作用、植物与根际微生物之间的协同作用以及植物微生物相互作用对土壤物质循环的影响。水生植物以其生境的特殊性和功能的不可替代性, 对沉积物污染物去除和水体生态修复产生显著的影响。在水体生态问题较为严峻的今天, 充分认识水生植物根系分泌物介导的根际过程将为水生植物生态学和水体生态修复领域的发展提供基础, 并为学科应用潜力的开发提供依据。     

玄武湖菹草种群的发生原因及人工收割对水环境的影响

利用以沉水植物为主的水生植物进行水体生态修复是目前研究的热点问题, 为研究南京玄武湖2005-2006年的菹草(Potamogeton crispus)种群发生的原因及人工收割对水体的影响, 对玄武湖不同湖区定期监测其透明度、溶解氧、pH、TN、TP等水质指标, 并进行分析, 结果表明: 对湖泊蓝藻水华的应急处理, 使水体透明度提高179.5%, DO含量增高24.1%, TN、TP分别降低54.1%、74.5%, pH由9.1降至8.7, 水质改善是菹草种群萌发并能大规模生长的主要原因。而菹草生长阶段短期内对菹草进行大规模收割使水体DO含量降低42.1%, 透明度下降51.5%(P0.05), 收割虽从水体中携带走部分氮、磷营养盐, 但差异不显著(P0.05), 且收割后TP出现升高现象。故在对草藻型湖泊生态修复过程中, 可先期通过物理或化学手段改善水体透明度、调节pH、降低营养盐, 使其满足水生植物萌发及幼苗生长的需求, 为水生植物后期存活并生长打下基础, 在后期生态管理过程中, 应逐步收割植株, 缓慢从水体携带营养盐, 以达到改善水质, 恢复及重建水生生态系统的目的。       

离岸消浪堰式湖滨带生态修复工程对水质的影响

离岸消浪堰式湖滨生态修复工程系采用离湖岸线一定距离的桩基消浪堰,在湖堤硬质化、湖滨植被带缺失的湖滨带实现控浪促淤,形成半封闭型的人工湖湾以恢复湖滨植被带的工程措施.修复工程形成了堰内挺水植物区、堰内沉水植物区和堰外开阔水体3个生境梯度带.本文以无锡市太湖贡湖湾离岸消浪堰式生态修复工程为研究对象,于2010年6月至2011年5月对工程区3个生境梯度带的水质状况进行了研究.结果表明:消浪堰内亚硝态氮与硝态氮总体上低于堰外,但铵态氮和总氮总体上高于堰外.秋冬季磷素指标堰内浓度低于堰外,但春夏季多高于堰外.堰内水体亚硝态氮和正磷酸盐浓度的变异系数减小,硝态氮、亚硝态氮和正磷酸盐的年最高浓度值低于堰外;但铵态氮和总氮的变异系数增加,且堰内铵态氮、总氮的年最高浓度值高于堰外.修复工程在生长季末期可在一定程度上加剧铵态氮、总氮等水质指标的恶化.     

水生态保护目标制定的理论与应用

我国目前处于生态环境管理的转型期，尚未形成统领水生生物、生物栖息地、水质与水量等要素的水生态保护体系。在总结相关水生态研究成果的基础上，梳理形成了基于水生态系统时空尺度和状态梯度效应理论的水生态保护目标制定构想与方法，分析了淡水生物完整性对自然地理要素、水环境压力、栖息地质量的响应机制，提出以水生态“功能分区-状态评价-问题诊断-目标预设-可达性评估-目标确定”为主线的水生态保护目标制定技术体系，研发了生物完整性评价、水生态保护目标预设和可达性分析等技术方法。以江苏省常州市为典型水生态功能区应用案例，验证了技术体系的适用性与可行性，取得良好的应用效果。水生态保护目标制定理论和方法方面的研究探索可为全国相关工作提供参考依据。     

太湖五里湖生态修复示范区水质改善效果分析

鱼类清除和沉水植被恢复常是富营养化浅水湖泊生态系统修复的重要手段。为探讨这种生态系统修复方式对亚热带富营养化浅水湖泊太湖五里湖水质的改善效果,论文研究了五里湖生态修复区与未进行任何修复的对照湖区为期6个月(2010年7～12月)的水质监测数据。数据分析结果表明,生态修复区总氮(TN)、总磷(TP)、叶绿素-a(Chl-a)以及悬浮质(TSS)浓度显著降低,分别比对照区低43.4%、48.3%、65.5%和78.9%,透明度则明显升高,约为对照区的3倍。本研究表明以鱼类清除和沉水植被恢复为主要手段的生态系统修复措施能够有效改善亚热带富营养化浅水湖泊水体的水质。     

太湖五里湖仔稚鱼时空分布特征

为探究五里湖仔稚鱼群落结构及分布特征，于2016年4—10月对五里湖仔稚鱼进行系统调查。期间共采集仔稚鱼70678尾，共鉴定出鱼类20种(属)，隶属于7目8科18属。五里湖仔稚鱼密度均值为3825尾/100 m3，主要优势种为?属(Hemiculter sp.)，其数量占比为68.76%。五里湖仔稚鱼主要采集于4—8月，密度高峰期为6月，各物种密度高峰期存在差异，最早的为鲤(Cyprinus carpio)、鲫(Carassius auratus，4月)，最晚的为短吻银鱼属(Salangichthys sp.，8—9月)。五里湖仔稚鱼分布具有显著的空间差异，沿岸带仔稚鱼密度显著高于(P<0.05)敞水区，密度分别为5650和310尾/100 m3。西五里湖仔稚鱼的密度高于东五里湖，密度分别为4482和3600尾/100 m3。典范对应分析结果显示，水温、溶解氧、浮游植物和浮游动物密度是与仔稚鱼分布显著相关的环境因子(P<0.05)。研究结果显示，五里湖鱼类主要繁殖期为4—8月，主要产卵和育幼水域为沿岸带，其中西五里湖的育幼功能优于东五里湖，因此进一步维持对西五里湖的生境保护，加强东五里湖沿岸带植被恢复及入湖支流水质监控，控制外源污染物，对促进五里湖生境优化及鱼类资源自然增殖具有积极意义。     

滇西北高原入湖河口退化湿地生态修复效益分析

选取滇西北高原典型退化湿地剑湖,对入湖河流永丰河入湖河口退化湿地进行的生态修复措施及其效益进行研究,评估其恢复效果,为高原退化湿地的修复和污染湖泊的治理提供依据。研究地修复2a后,入湖河口湿地景观格局得到较大改善,空间结构得到优化配置;水质状况明显改善,水体透明度提高101%,水体中总氮(TN)、氨氮(NH+4-N)、硝氮(NO-3-N)、总磷(TP)、化学需氧量(COD)的含量较恢复前明显下降,去除率分别达到62.5%、89.3%、62.5%、91.7%、68.0%,这一水质降解结果表明:基底修复促进了入湖河口水文状况的改善,而依据植物对不同浓度污水的适应状况进行多生活型、多种类的植物配置,并适当增加沉水植物比例,有效发挥了植物的净化作用,但不同湿地植物群落之间净化效果存在差异,显示了植物对氮磷的喜好程度和植物间的互作关系,而相同植物群落在不同浓度污水条件下的表现同样存在差异。因此,污染水体的治理必须选择性利用适合不同污水浓度的水生植物进行合理的群落配置,同时,根据水质变化及时对植物进行适应性调整,有利于植物的生长和湿地生态系统的稳定,以及湿地生态系统结构和功能的恢复。该退化湿地修复后,每年可产生以净化功能效益为主的生态系统服务功能价值185万元,以水源涵养和生物多样性保育、生态旅游等的生态系统服务功能价值32.7万元,以及以生态农业系统为主的市场价值270万元,呈现了较好的经济、社会效益和生态效益价值。     

Design of the dike-pond system in the littoral zone of a tributary in the Three Gorges Reservoir, China

The Three Gorges Dam is the greatest water control project in the world with the largest fresh water littoral zone. Emergence of the littoral zone during the growing season provides some plants with the opportunity to complete their growth cycle, but the fluctuating water level also brings about some environmental problems, such as soil erosion, water pollution, and biodiversity reduction. A series of cascading terraced ponds located in the littoral zone of a secondary branch of the Yangtze River at Laotudi Bay was designed to be a dike-pond system for resolving the environmental problems of this special littoral zone while also making use of resources in an eco-friendly manner. The design of the dike-pond system is described in detail in this article, and some monitoring protocols are recommended for evaluating the environmental benefits of the system. The economic value of the dike-ponds was estimated to be about ¥125,986. Due to the ecological management mode adopted, 14 species of wild aquatic plants and 6 species of wading birds were found in the dike-pond system, in contrast to 9 species of wild aquatic plants and 3 species of wading birds in a comparable conventional farming area. It is hoped that dike-pond ecological engineering will be instrumental in reducing water pollution and increasing biodiversity in the littoral zone of the Three Gorges Reservoir.     

Structure and spatial patterns of macrobenthic community in Tai Lake,a large shallow lake,China

Tai Lake (Chinese: Taihu), the third-largest freshwater lake in China, suffers from harmful cyanobacteria blooms that are caused by economic development and population growth near the lake. Several studies have focused on phytoplankton in Tai Lake after a drinking water crisis in 2007; however, these studies primarily focused on microcystin bioaccumulation and toxicity to individual species without examining the effects of microcystin on macrobenthic community diversity. In this study, we conducted a survey of the lake to examine the effects of microcystine and other pollutants on marcobenthic community diversity. A totally of forty-nine species of macroinvertebrates were found in Tai Lake. Limnodrilus hoffmeisteri and Corbicula fluminea were the most abundant species. Cluster-analysis and one-way analysis of similarity (ANOSIM) identified three significantly different macrobenthic communities among the sample sites. More specifically, sites in the eastern bays, where aquatic macrophytes were abundant, had the highest diversity of macrobenthic communities, which were dominated by Bellamya aeruginosa, Bellamya purificata, L. hoffmeisteri, and Alocinma longicornis. Sites in Zhushan Bay contained relatively diverse communities, mainly composed of L. hoffmeisteri, C. fluminea, L. claparederanus, R. sinicus, and Cythura sp. Sites in the western region, Meiliang Bay and Wuli Bay had the lowest diversity, mainly composed of L. hoffmeisteri, C. fluminea, Branchiura sowerbyi, and Rhyacodrilus sinicus. In addition, the relationships between macrobenthic metrics (Shannon–Wiener, Margalef, and Pielou) and environmental variables showed that community structure and spatial patterns of macrobenthos in Tai Lake were significantly influenced by chemical oxygen demand (COD_Cr), biochemical oxygen demand (BOD₅), lead (Pb), and microcystin-LR (L for leucine and R for arginine). Our findings provide critical information that could help managers and policymakers assess and modify ecological restoration practices.