灰渣场土壤酶活笥与植被和土壤化学性质的关系

通过野外调查和实验分析,研究了芜湖火力发电厂灰渣场土壤蔗糖酶、过氧化氢酶和脲酶活性与土壤污染物及植被的关系。结果表明,灰渣场植被多以单种植物组成的斑块零散布,以草本植物为主,且多为1－2年生。同时,灰渣场3种土壤酶活性和渣场的自然环境条件具有较强的相关性,其中3种酶活性对环境胁迫的敏感性依次为脲酶＞蔗糖酶＞过氧化氢酶,3种酶活性与环境中因子的相关性整体表现为蔗糖酶＞脲酶＞过氧化氢酶。由于对环境胁迫为敏感,而且其活性与植被状况和土壤化学性质具有显著或极显著相关性,建议用脲酶活性作为废弃地复垦的一个指示指标。     

绿洲-荒漠过渡带景观的植被与土壤特征要素的空间异质性分析

采用变异函数的理论和方法,通过空间异质性特征比较,研究了阜康绿洲-荒漠过渡带景观中的植被盖度和土壤环境因子的空间异质性、空间格局及其关系．在此基础上,应用Kriging局部块段插值法,以三维图形显示出各个要素的空间分布格局．结果表明,除土壤全盐量空间相关性较弱外,其他各要素具有中等程度以上的空间相关性,且空间变异主要发生在较小尺度上．其中,植被盖度的空间异质性程度较高,在3km的尺度内具有明显的空间格局．从空间分布格局看,植被盖度、土壤表层含水量和土壤pH值沿样带相邻点差异对比明显,高值区和低值区交错．草本盖度与土壤表层含水量、土壤pH间有相关关系,灌木平均盖度主要依靠深层次地下水维系．灌木和草本盖度的块金值具有明显差异,可能因为二者要求不同的生态条件,因而在同等尺度上具有不同的生态学过程．     

Spatial variation in vegetation structure coupled to plant available water determined by two-dimensional soil resistivity profiling in a Brazilian savanna

Tropical savannas commonly exhibit large spatial heterogeneity in vegetation structure. Fine-scale patterns of soil moisture, particularly in the deeper soil layers, have not been well investigated as factors possibly influencing vegetation patterns in savannas. Here we investigate the role of soil water availability and heterogeneity related to vegetation structure in an area of the Brazilian savanna (Cerrado). Our objective was to determine whether horizontal spatial variations of soil water are coupled with patterns of vegetation structure across tens of meters. We applied a novel methodological approach to convert soil electrical resistivity measurements along three 275-m transects to volumetric water content and then to estimates of plant available water (PAW). Structural attributes of the woody vegetation, including plant position, height, basal circumference, crown dimensions, and leaf area index, were surveyed within twenty-two 100-m² plots along the same transects, where no obvious vegetation gradients had been apparent. Spatial heterogeneity was evaluated through measurements of spatial autocorrelation in both PAW and vegetation structure. Comparisons with null models suggest that plants were randomly distributed over the transect with the greatest mean PAW and lowest PAW heterogeneity, and clustered in the driest and most heterogeneous transect. Plant density was positively related with PAW in the top 4 m of soil. The density-dependent vegetation attributes that are related to plot biomass, such as sum of tree heights per plot, exhibited spatial variation patterns that were remarkably similar to spatial variation of PAW in the top 4 m of soil. For PAW below 4 m depth, mean vegetation attributes, such as mean height, were negatively correlated with PAW, suggesting greater water uptake from the deep soil by plants of larger stature. These results are consistent with PAW heterogeneity being an important structuring factor in the plant distribution at the scale of tens of meters in this ecosystem.     

Quantitative effects of vegetation cover on wind erosion and soil nutrient loss in a desert grassland of southern New Mexico,USA

Wind is a key abiotic factor that influences the dynamics of arid and semiarid systems. We investigated two basic relationships on vegetation manipulation (grass cover reduction) plots at the Jornada Experimental Range in southern New Mexico: (1) wind erosion rates (horizontal mass flux and dust emission) versus vegetative cover, and (2) nutrient loss versus vegetative cover. The results indicate that wind erosion rates and nutrient loss by dust emission are strongly affected by plant cover; however, the importance of shrubs and grasses in reducing dust flux may not be equal. The dramatic increase of wind erosion between 75% grass cover reduction and 100% grass cover reduction suggests that sparsely distributed mesquites are relatively ineffective at reducing wind erosion and nutrient loss compared to grasses. Comparisons of nutrients between surface soils and wind blown dust indicate that aeolian transport is a major cause for the loss of soil nutrients in susceptible environments. We found that increased aeolian flux over three windy seasons (March 2004–July 2006) removed up to 25% of total organic carbon (TOC) and total nitrogen (TN) from the top 5 cm of soil, and about 60% of TOC and TN loss occurred in the first windy season (March–July 2004). The balance between net loss of nutrients by aeolian processes and the addition of nutrients by biotic processes changed from negative (net loss) to positive (net accumulation) between 50% grass cover reduction and 25% grass cover reduction. The estimated lifetime of surface soil TOC and TN of about 10 years on the plot with 100% grass cover reduction indicates that impacts of wind erosion on soil resources can occur on very short timescales.     

Carbon storage in post-mining forest soil,the role of tree biomass and soil bioturbation

Carbon storage in aboveground tree biomass and soil organic matter (in depth of A layer development i.e., up to 20 cm) was studied in 22–32 year-old post-mining sites in the northwest of the Czech Republic. Four replicated sites afforested with different tree species (spruce, pine, larch, oak, lime or alder) were compared with sites left to natural regeneration which were dominated by aspen, birch and willow. No topsoil was applied at the sites; hence carbon accumulation resulted from in situ soil development on alkaline tertiary clays that were dumped on the heaps. In aboveground tree biomass, carbon storage ranged from 17.0 ± 5.9 (mean ± SEM) to 67.6 ± 5.9 t ha⁻¹ and the rate of C accumulation increased from 0.60 ± 0.09 to 2.31 ± 0.23 t ha⁻¹ year⁻¹ (natural regeneration < pine < spruce < oak < lime < alder < larch). Carbon storage in soil organic matter varied from 4.5 ± 3.7 to 38.0 ± 7.1 t ha⁻¹ and the rate of C accumulation in soil organic matter increased from 0.15 ± 0.05 to 1.28 ± 0.34 t ha⁻¹ year⁻¹ at sites in the order: natural regeneration < spruce < pine, oak < larch < alder < lime. Carbon storage in the soil was positively correlated with aboveground tree biomass. Soil carbon was equivalent to 98.1% of the carbon found in aboveground tree biomass at lime dominated sites, but only 21.8% at sites with natural regeneration. No significant correlation was found between C storage in soil and aboveground litter input. Total soil carbon storage was correlated positively and significantly with earthworm density, and occurrence of earthworm cast in topsoil, which indicated that bioturbation could play an important role in soil carbon storage. Hence, not only restoring of wood production, but also restoring of soil community is critical for C storage in soil and whole ecosystem.     

Leaf litter fall and soil acidity during half a century of secondary succession in a temperate deciduous forest

Vegetation, leaf litter fall and soil pH were sampled repeatedly within semipermanent plots in a South-Swedish deciduous forest, 1935–1983. Leaf litter fall was summarized in a litter quality index. Vegetation types were differentiated along similar gradients in soil pH and leaf litter quality. The greatest shifts in dominance among field layer species were found in those plots where the quality of the leaf litter had improved. These plots also showed a halt in the general tendency towards a decreasing pH in the top soil.     

Selecting indicators of soil, microbial, and plant conditions to understand ecological changes in Georgia pine forests

Characterizing how resource use and management activities affect ecological conditions is necessary to document and understand anthropogenic changes in ecological systems. Resource managers on military installations have the delicate task of balancing the training needs of soldiers effectively with the need to maintain a high quality of ecological conditions. This study considers ways that ecological indicators can provide information on impacts that training has on environmental characteristics that occur at different scales and in different sectors of the environment. The characteristics examined include soil chemistry, soil microbes, and vegetation. A discriminant function analysis was conducted to determine whether ecological indicators could differentiate among different levels of military use. A combination of 10 indicators explained 90% of the variation among plots from five different military use levels. Results indicated that an appropriate suite of ecological indicators for military resource managers includes soil, microbial, and vegetation characteristics. Since many of these indicators are related, managers at this location potentially have freedom to choose indicators that are relatively easy to measure, without sacrificing information.     

Vegetation and soil properties in restored wetlands near Lake Taihu,China

Riparian wetlands are important components of the lake ecosystem, and they play essential roles in maintaining system health. Remediation of degraded lakeshore wetlands is an essential component of lake restoration. A study was conducted to investigate the restoration of lakeshore wetlands, which were converted to rice fields and then abandoned for 2, 5, 10 and 15 years, near Lake Taihu. Soil samples (0–20 cm and 20–40 cm) were taken and plant species were investigated. The carbon content in the soil had increased significantly, rising from 0.71% to 1.85% between 2 and 15 years. Organic matter accumulation improved soil texture, and water stable aggregate content (>0.25 mm) and soil porosity increased. Total nitrogen in the soil increased from 0.06% to 0.13%, and total Kjeldahl nitrogen increased from 124.4 mg kg⁻¹ to 351.5 mg kg⁻¹. Total phosphorus in the soil increased from 0.045% to 0.071%, and the Olsen-P value increased from 5.13 mg kg⁻¹ to 16.0 mg kg⁻¹. Results showed that phosphorous did not increase as much as nitrogen. In the vegetation restoration process, plant species composition moved towards a natural wetland community, and spatial heterogeneity and landscape diversity increased. The richness of plant biodiversity increased rapidly in the first 2 years, then more slowly in later restoration stages. The wetlands recovery process may be complicated by interactions of biota and soil and hydrological conditions.     

Fire,canopy cover and seedling dynamics in Mediterranean shrubland of northeastern Spain

Abstract. Seedling establishment and survival of the main woody species of early-successional shrubland in northeastern Spain were studied from 1992 to 1995 with emphasis on the importance of vegetation cover (existence of open areas and the situation beneath the plant canopy) and microhabitat (occurrence of stones, litter and bare soil). In the absence of fire, vegetation cover (measured at a scale of 30cm × 30 cm) was not correlated with seedling emergence of most species, nor with growth and survival of seedlings up to one year old. Seedlings older than one year showed a similar pattern: their density was not significantly different in both kinds of habitats. The emergence of seedlings was mainly associated with the presence of mature plants – which can provide seeds – and with the absence of unsuitable microhabitats (large stones, deep litter and bare soil). In April 1994 a wildfire burned the study area. This enabled a study of the pattern of post-fire establishment. After the wildfire, seedling emergence of several species increased and most species produced seedlings with higher survival and growth rates than in the period before the fire. Pre-fire cover, however, did not show significant effects on post-fire seedling dynamics in most cases.     

Termitaria vs. mistletoe: Effects on soil properties and plant structure in a semi-arid savanna

Termite mounds by creating patches of increased resource availability (e.g. water and nutrients) are a major source of spatial heterogeneity in savannas. Likewise, mistletoes via input of nutrient-rich litter alter nutrient and water availability increasing environmental heterogeneity in semi-arid savanna. Despite this recognition, the influence of termitaria and mistletoe on soil properties and plant community have not been investigated together. We established eight 100 m² plots each on termitaria, under mistletoe-infected trees and in the surrounding savanna and examined the soil properties and the structure of Securinega virosa (Euphorbiaceae) and Euclea divinorum (Ebenaceae) in semi-arid savanna, southwest Zimbabwe. Soil properties significantly differed among the sampling sites (p = 0.001) with soils of increasing clay, soil moisture, pH and phosphorus, calcium and ammonium concentrations occurring on termite mounds. Soils under mistletoe-infected trees were associated with silt, organic matter, sodium, potassium, magnesium and nitrate and the surrounding savanna was associated with soils of increasing sand content. Plant structure also differed significantly between sites with greater basal area of both S. virosa and E. divinorum on termitaria relative to mistletoe-infected trees and the surrounding savanna. However, the stem density of S. virosa was greater under mistletoe-infected trees than on termitaria and in the surrounding savanna. Plant structural variables of individuals of the same species were affected by different soil properties across treatments. The major patterns showed that plant structure was influenced positively by soil moisture and nitrate and negatively by phosphorus on termitaria; positively by clay, soil moisture and ammonium and negatively by potassium under mistletoe-infected trees; and by phosphorus and calcium in the surrounding savanna. These findings show that soil properties, plant structure and their relationships differ between termitaria, mistletoe-infected trees and surrounding savanna, and these differences are suggested to increase heterogeneity in soil resources availability and vegetation structure in semi-arid savanna.     

Some effects of changing soil chemistry on decomposition of plant litters and cellulose on a Scottish moor

Summary Nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), calcium (Ca) and soluble carbohydrates (CHO) were each added at three levels to a moorland podzol, and the decomposition of three constrasting untreated substrates (Calluna vulgaris stems,Molinia caerulea leaves, and cotton strips) compared between treated and untreated plots. All soil treatments increased decay rates of all three substrates, except for the highest levels of P and CHO, which appeared to inhibit decomposition of cotton andMolinia. The results generally indicated use by the decomposers of nutrients or energy sources from the soil to aid decomposition of untreated substrates. With all additives (N, P, Ca, CHO) maximum degree of change was inversely related to substrate quality. All responses were nonlinear. Optimal levels of N and Ca were in the same order as substrate quality, i.e. optimum forCalluna<cotton<Molinia, but this was not so with P and CHO. The patterns of change in decomposition rates with soil treatments could not be explained entirely by edaphic and substrate quality effects; it was also necessary to consider selection of decomposer organisms, both by substrate and by treatment. More generally, there were no simple ‘limiting factors’. Rather, decay rates were controlled by the combined ‘availability’ of a number of resources (including availability of suitable decomposer organisms). The consequences of this, especially the importance of indirect and interactive effects, are discussed.     

土壤侵蚀预报模型中的植被覆盖与管理因子研究进展

植被覆盖和土地管理措施是土支离破碎中侵蚀的主要抑制因素之一,通用土壤流失方程（USLE）中的植被覆盖与田间管理因子（C）是评价这种抑制作用的有效指标,并被广泛采用和深入研究。我国在这方面的研究还不能满足土壤侵蚀预报和水土保持规划的要求,在系统回顾该因子的研究历史的基础上,介绍了USLE和RUSLE中C因子估计方法及其不断改进和完善的过程,并概述了中国的覆盖与田间管理因子的研究进展。此外,总结国内在（C）因子估计值以及植被覆盖度,地面覆盖物和植被根系对土壤侵蚀的影响等方面研究成果,分析了目前我国覆盖与田间管理因子研究中存在的3个方面问题,并提出了前景展望。     

Introduced earthworms in agricultural and reclaimed land: their ecology and influences on soil properties, plant production and other soil biota

Accidental and deliberate introductions of earthworms into agricultural and reclaimed land are natural experiments that provide opportunities to understand the attributes of successful invaders and their impacts on local biota and ecosystem processes. We consider various case studies (e.g., earthworm invasions in agricultural soils in Australia and Brazil) and deliberate introductions of earthworms into reclaimed mine sites, landfills and cutaway peat in the U.K. and Ireland. Invasions of exotic earthworms, such as European Lumbricidae in Australia, have been geographically extensive, but remain very patchy at regional and field scales. Their impacts on soil properties, plant production and other biota are therefore also likely to be patchy. Various methods have been developed to deliberately inoculate exotic earthworms into disturbed lands, with varying degrees of success. The factors controlling success are, in general, poorly understood. A broad range of impacts of invasive earthworms on soil properties (e.g., soil structure, nutrient availability, burial of surface materials, incidence of root diseases) and plant yield and quality have been reported. Less is known of the impacts of invasive earthworms on other soil fauna, but they are likely to occur due to alterations in food availability and habitat structure. Influences on other biota are likely to extend to aboveground communities as well as those belowground. Introductions of earthworms to disturbed lands can yield substantial benefits in agricultural productivity and amelioration of soil degradation. However, the potential impact of the promotion or control of such introductions on non-target biota and ecosystem processes in pristine ecosystems nearby should be considered.     

山西太岳山小流域土壤水分空间异质性及其影响因子

以山西太岳山华北落叶松林地为主的小流域作为研究对象,采用地统计学方法结合地理信息系统(GIS)技术手段,研究了接石沟小流域土壤水分(0—60cm)的空间变异特征,以及植被分布和地形因子对其影响规律。结果表明:在时间稳定性的前提下,土壤水分含量和变异系数随土层加深逐渐降低。三层土壤水分半方差函数的最优拟合模型为球状模型,变程范围在1.1—1.4 km,均具有强烈的空间自相关性,其中0—20 cm和20—40 cm层土壤水分的空间异质性程度高于40—60 cm土层,以中间层的结构因素占总变异比例最大。自然结构因素(地形、母质、植被和土壤等)对不同土层土壤水分的总空间变异性起主导作用(81.4%—91.3%),而随机因素(取样误差、人为干扰等)的影响相对较小(8.7%—18.6%)。沿着集水线由西-东方向,从边缘的土壤水分高值斑块区逐渐过渡到明显的低值斑块区,梯度变化明显。研究发现,在植被覆盖异质性小的山地,土壤水分的空间异质性主要由地形因素引起,具体表现为其与坡向指数(TRASP)、坡度、海拔和土壤有机碳、全氮呈极显著相关关系(P0.01),而与植被指数(NDVI)呈弱的负相关关系。叠加分析显示,在阴坡、坡度较缓(15°)及高海拔叠合的区域土壤水分含量较高。研究结果可为山地人工林构建和植被恢复中土壤水资源的利用以及水分管理策略的制定提供理论依据。     

Factors controlling soil macrofauna spatial pattern in a pure beech and a mixed beech-hornbeam forest

The soil macrofauna of a pure beech (PS) and a mixed beech-hornbeam (MS) stand was recorded using a sample design spatially explicit at stand level. Humic epipedon morphological and chemical properties, relative irradiance, soil bulk density, and the specific composition of the litter in MS were also investigated. The taxonomic diversity is nearly similar on both sites, but the average by sample is greater under PS. The main factors controlling soil macrofauna spatial variability were: litter quality under MS and humus form activity under PS. These results suggest a distal control (i.e. external to humic epipedon) of macrofauna spatial variability when the litter quality is variable and a proximal control (i.e. internal to humic epipedon) when it is uniform at the spatial scale of the study.     

茂名北排油页岩废渣场的土壤与植被特性研究

茂名北排油页岩废渣堆放场是一块面积达670hm²的工业生产废弃地,废渣场土壤干旱,养分贫瘠,重金属含量略为偏高,不利植物入侵与定居。这片因人为因素形成的次生裸地经过20多年的自然恢复,入侵定居植物只有24科59属66种,且大多数均为禾本科、莎草科、菊科等科的草本植物种类;草本植物有13科38属44种,占总种数的67%,占总覆盖度的80%以上。群落结构及组成种类简单,处于群落次生演替的前期阶段,表明废渣场次生裸地的植被恢复是非常缓慢的。为尽早达到控制污染、改善环境等目的,必须辅以人工措施,加速植被的恢复进程。最后提出了实现这一目的的生态恢复对策。     

Storage,patterns and environmental controls of soil organic carbon in China

Based on the data from China’s second national soil survey and field observations in northwest China, we estimated soil organic carbon (SOC) storage in China and investigated its spatial and vertical distribution. China’s SOC storage in a depth of 1 meter was estimated as 69.1 Pg (10¹⁵ g), with an average density of 7.8 kg m⁻². About 48% of the storage was concentrated in the top 30 cm. The SOC density decreased from the southeast to the northwest, and increased from arid to semi-humid zone in northern China and from tropical to cold-temperate zone in the eastern part of the country. The vertical distribution of SOC differed in various climatic zones and biomes; SOC distributed deeper in arid climate and water-limited biomes than in humid climate. An analysis of general linear model suggested that climate, vegetation, and soil texture significantly influenced spatial pattern of SOC, explaining 78.2% of the total variance, and that climate and vegetation interpreted 78.9% of the total variance in the vertical SOC distribution.     

Changes in soil properties and vegetation following livestock grazing exclusion in degraded arid environments of South Tunisia

In this study, characteristics of vegetation and soil properties under continued grazing and exclusion of livestock for 6 and 12 years were examined in a degraded Stipa tenacissima steppe in South Tunisia.     

Cover distributions of vascular plants in relation to soil chemistry and soil depth in a granite rock ecosystem

The variability in the cover distribution of vascular plants, accounted for by soil chemical properties and soil depth, on a granite slope with shallow autochtonous soil in southeast Sweden was evaluated using multivariate statistical regression and graphical methods. Soil acidity and soil depth were, to an often high degree, able to account for the variability in the distributions of the ca. 30 most frequent species, including Rumex acetosella, Vincetoxicum hirundinaria, Filipendula vulgaris, Satureja acinos, Geranium columbinum, Silene rupestris, and Arenaria serpyllifolia. The best expression of soil acidity was pH-KCl, though exchangeable Ca and Al were also important measures of the soil-plant relationships. The Ca:Al ratio was inferior in this respect. Also exchangeable or acid soluble phosphate was significantly related to the distribution of several species, whereas soil organic matter content was almost unrelated.