科技英语的文体特征及翻译策略——以分子生物学英语为例

随着现代科学技术的发展,科技英语已成为一种重要的英语文体,而阅读和翻译科技英文文献也成为科研工作者一项基本素质。以一篇分子生物学文章为例,从词汇、词法、句法、修辞和篇章结构5方面对科技英语的文体特征和翻译策略进行探析。     

从编辑角度分析如何提高科技论文的质量

科技论文是科研成果交流和延续的载体,其质量是衡量个人、科研单位乃至国家学术水平的重要指标。文章根据科技论文的特点,结合多年从事科技期刊编辑工作的经验,从如何确保论文学术水平、选题方向和写作思路、杜绝学术不端、保护知识产权等方面进行了阐述,并就科技论文撰写过程中应该注意的几个问题：科技论文的层次结构、语言表达和写作水平、确保数据真实有效和可重复性、表格插图的规范使用、规范参考文献的著录格式,从编辑角度分析了如何提高科技论文的质量,以期为科技论文的撰写提供参考。     

对写作植物学科研论文的一些看法

论述了植物学研究论文写作中的选题,结构布局及其各部分写作中常见的错误,指明植物学研究论文的基本特征及其提高写作水平的方法。     

植物学综述论文的写作及遴选

结合自己的工作实践,阐述了综述论文写作的特点类型和要求,从编者的角度对综述报道内容的侧重点、作者群、对参考文献的要求、写作格式、遴选、审编要求等方面进行了论述,提出了一看选题,二看作者,三看参考文献的选稿技巧,以及在平衡比较中遴选,在达到总体评审要求的稿件中遴选的方法。     

Experiments with Light

This article describes an unlikely collaboration between a high school chemistry teacher and a high school English teacher who attempted to teach scientific concepts through poetry. Inspired by poet John Updike's (1960) "Cosmic Gall," these two teachers crafted writing tasks aimed at teaching science content through literary devices. The result was an inspiring account and unlikely marriage of academic disciplines.     

New automatic quantification method of immunofluorescence and histochemistry in whole histological sections

Immunofluorescent staining is a widespread tool in basic science to understand organ morphology and (patho-) physiology. The analysis of imaging data is often performed manually, limiting throughput and introducing human bias. Quantitative analysis is particularly challenging for organs with complex structure such as the kidney. In this study we present an approach for automatic quantification of fluorescent markers and histochemical stainings in whole organ sections using open source software. We validate our novel method in multiple typical challenges of basic kidney research and demonstrate its general relevance and applicability to other complex solid organs for a variety of different markers and stainings. Our newly developed software tool “AQUISTO”, applied as a standard in primary data analysis, facilitates efficient large scale evaluation of cellular populations in various types of histological samples. Thereby it contributes to the characterization and understanding of (patho-) physiological processes.     

Writing scientific papers,with special reference to <Emphasis Type="Italic">Evolutionary Ecology</Emphasis>

The advancement of science, as well as scientific careers, depends upon good and clear scientific writing. Science is the most democratic of human endeavours because, in principle, anyone can replicate a scientific discovery. In order for this to continue, writing must be clear enough to be understood well enough to allow replication, either in principle or in fact. In this paper I will present data on the publication process in Evolutionary Ecology, use it to illustrate some of the problems in scientific papers, make some general remarks about writing scientific papers, summarise two new paper categories in the journal which will fill gaps that appear to be expanding in the literature, and summarise new journal policies to help mitigate existing problems. Most of the suggestions about writing would apply to any scientific journal.     

The teacher writing toolkit: enhancing undergraduate teaching of scientific writing in the biological sciences

ABSTRACT

Teaching scientific writing in biology classes is challenging for both teachers and students. This article offers and reviews several useful ‘toolkit’ items that instructors of science writing can use to improve college student success. The tools in this kit are both conceptual and practical, and include: 1) Understanding the role of student metacognition, cognitive instruction, and strategic teaching, 2) Recognition of different student writing levels, 3) Applying the writing process, 4) Demonstrational classroom revision and editing, 5) Student-teacher sentence editing, 6) Student peer editing and guided student editing, 7) Student copy-editing, 8) Reflective writing, 9) Addressing plagiarism, paraphrasing, and proper in-text citations and referencing, and 10) Using external, on campus and online resources. Additionally, we discuss the new challenges of teaching scientific writing online versus face-to-face. The discussions, approaches, and exercises presented in this paper empower teachers in assisting students in their development of a personal writing style, while simultaneously building student confidence. The tools we present augment our previous presentation of the student writing toolkit, and can improve and enhance the teaching of scientific writing to undergraduate students.     

药学英语学术写作初探

在西方大学,写作常常被作为最重要的学科,每一门课都是一门写作课。但在中国,很多人认为,学术论文写作仅仅是从汉语到英语的翻译。因此,很多作者提交的论文存在很多问题。仅仅有少数专家和研究生在国外知名杂志发表文章。文章审稿者通常让作者把文章全部重写。本文目的旨在为药学专门用途英语写作课程提供设计思路。设计这类课程时,主要问题是分析学习者的特定需求。其他问题包括：目标、语法结构、习得技巧以及评估等。这篇文章在实验过程中采用图示训练法,评估方式采用形成性评估与终结性评估相结合的方式,通过援引药学英语专业写作课,将此课程作为个案研究,将各个问题逐一讨论,为药学英语学术写作课程提出建议。     

The status of online Mendelian inheritance in man (OMIM) medio 1994.

During the last year many changes have been introduced into the system of maintaining OMIM. There are three major components of the reorganization. First, a distributed editorial system was introduced which provides a three-tiered editorial board with senior editors, science writers and subject editors. Second, MIM entries have been restructured to provide separate gene and phenotype information and to organize them into separate catalogs. The restructuring also establishes clearly defined sections for entering new information, converts old entries to the new structure, and establishes a file maintenance and editorial system in SGML format. Third, the entry numbering and naming system has been modified. In addition, the information has been made available through a variety of output media, including books, CD-ROM and online access based on the IRx, WAIS, Gopher and WWW formats.     

医学生科研创新能力培养“3+X”模式的探索与实践

针对长期以来培养医学生的科研创新能力主要依靠零散的课外科研活动、受众面窄、没有系统性课程教学及其相关制度保障、致使对医学生科研创新能力培养明显乏力低效这一共性瓶颈教学问题,自2002年起,汕头大学医学院生物化学与分子生物学教学团队,在“科教相辅相佐”、“以学生为中心”、“以问题为导向”等先进教育理念指导下,倚重汕头大学医学院“医者之心”系列课程与书院育人文化之特色,发挥汕头大学的生物学、基础医学和临床医学一级学科均拥有本/硕/博/博后完整人才培养体系之优势,联合其他相关专业教学团队,在建立充分体现医学生科研创新能力培养内涵,覆盖医学本科5年全过程的核心课程体系的基础之上,历经20载的不懈努力,补充修善,成功构建了“3+X”模式,着力培养医学生的科研创新能力。所谓“3”意指对医学生的“全人培养”、“全程培养”和“全方位培养”。所谓“X”意指针对“3+X”模式运行效能的若干个验证性维度,主要包括组织医学生参加各种形式的全国大学生创新实验研究大赛、国际大学生学术研讨会,由医学本科生作为第一作者撰写发表学术论文等。培养医学生科研创新能力的成效十分显著,为有效解决上述共性瓶颈教学问题提供了一个有重要借鉴价值的范例。     

The Opinion Editorial: teaching physiology outside the box

Improving the public understanding of science is an important challenge for the future professional scientists who are our current undergraduates. In this paper, we present a conceptual model that explores the role of mass media as community gatekeepers of new scientific findings. This model frames the benefits for undergraduate science students to learn about media genres so that they can learn to communicate science more effectively to nonprofessional audiences. Informed by this Media Role model, we then detail a novel writing task for undergraduate physiology students, the Opinion Editorial (Op-Ed), and an accompanying Peer Review. The Op-Ed genre was directly taught to the students by a professional journalist. As an assessment task, students presented a recent, highly technical paper as an Op-Ed. This was assessed by both faculty members and peers using a detailed assessment rubric. Most students were able to replicate the features of Op-Eds and attained high grades on their writing tasks. Survey data from final-year physiology students (n = 230) were collected before and after the implementation of the Op-Ed/Peer Review. These indicated that most students were aware of the importance of scientists to effectively communicate their knowledge to nonprofessional audiences, that the Op-Ed writing task was challenging, and that they believed that their ability to write to nonprofessional audiences was improved after explicit teaching and feedback.     

《兽类学报》投稿须知

本刊为兽类学的综合性学术期刊(双月刊),由中国科学院西北高原生物研究所和中国动物学会兽类学分会主办。刊登兽类学各研究领域的原创性研究论文,主要包括生态学、行为学、保护生物学、繁殖与发育、营养和生理学以及哺乳动物的进化等,也发表关于珍惜濒危兽类的饲养、疾病诊断与治疗和害兽的防治、经济兽类的开发利用等应用基础研究领域的研究论文。本刊开辟研究论文、研究简报、综述栏目,另外不定期报道新书评介、会议动态等。本刊兼收中、英文稿件,欢迎英文投稿。英文稿件建议作者请母语为英语的国外同行帮助修改。     

《兽类学报》投稿须知

本刊为兽类学的综合性学术期刊(双月刊),由中国科学院西北高原生物研究所和中国动物学会兽类学分会主办。刊登兽类学各研究领域的原创性研究论文,主要包括生态学、行为学、保护生物学、繁殖与发育、营养和生理学以及哺乳动物的进化等,也发表关于珍惜濒危兽类的饲养、疾病诊断与治疗和害兽的防治、经济兽类的开发利用等应用基础研究领域的研究论文。本刊开辟研究论文、研究简报、综述栏目,另外不定期报道新书评介、会议动态等。本刊兼收中、英文稿件,欢迎英文投稿。英文稿件建议作者请母语为英语的国外同行帮助修改。     

《兽类学报》投稿须知

<正>本刊为兽类学的综合性学术期刊(双月刊),由中国科学院西北高原生物研究所和中国动物学会兽类学分会主办。刊登兽类学各研究领域的原创性研究论文,主要包括生态学、行为学、保护生物学、繁殖与发育、营养和生理学以及哺乳动物的进化等,也发表关于珍惜濒危兽类的饲养、疾病诊断与治疗和害兽的防治、经济兽类的开发利用等应用基础研究领域的研究论文。本刊开辟研究论文、研究简报、综述栏目,另外不定期报道新书评介、会议动态等。本刊兼收中、英文稿件,欢迎英文投稿。英文稿件建议作者请母语为英语的国外同行帮助修改。     

Scientific Theory and Agricultural Practice: Plant Breeding in Germany from the Late 19th to the Early 20th Century

The paper deals with the transformation of plant breeding from an agricultural practice into an applied academic science in the late 19th and early 20th centuries Germany. The aim is to contribute to the ongoing debate about the relationship between science and technology. After a brief discussion of this debate the first part of the paper examines how pioneers of plant breeding developed their breeding methods and commercially successful varieties. The focus here is on the role of scientific concepts and theories in the agricultural innovation process. The second part turns towards the strategies by which agronomists tried to establish plant breeding as an academic discipline and themselves as the new experts for breeding research and varietal development. Again, the focus is on the interplay of scientific theory and agricultural practice. It is argued that in order to better understand the transformation of plant breeding into an applied academic science we have to take different levels into account, i.e. the levels of organizations, individuals and objects, at which science and technology interact.     

Creating Science Picture Books for an Authentic Audience

This article presents an authentic writing opportunity to help ninth-grade students use the writing process in a science classroom to write and illustrate picture books for fourth-grade students to demonstrate and share their understanding of a biology unit on cells. By creating a picture book, students experience the writing process, understand how to share their learning with an authentic audience, and create an artifact that demonstrates their understanding of content knowledge.