Seed coat structure and development in Solanum L. section Solanum (Solanaceae)

Seed coat structure in Solanum L. section Solanum (Solanaceae). Seed coat structure in Solanum L. section Solanum was examined using SEM. The seed coat patterns observed were fairly uniform throughout the section, and thus of little diagnostic use. Moreover, all species are characterized by their seeds being covered by hairlike structures, which are bands of lignified thickening in the lateral (and basal) walls of the outer epidermal cells of the testa, and which only become obvious when the seeds are wetted. The development of the seed coat and its characteristic thickening was followed from the unfertilized ovule to the mature seed in vouchered material of Solanum nigrum L. since this species is the generic type, using sections of freshly fixed material.     

Epidermal hair morphology in Solanum L. section Solanum

Scanning electron microscopy was used to examine stem, leaf, staminal and stylar hairs on species belonging to Solanum L. section Solanum. The surface morphology of these hairs is illustrated. Simple, uniseriate hairs characterize the section Solanum, and these may have eglandular or glandular heads; they are usually multicellular, but in some species the stylar hairs appear to be unicellular. In addition, stalked glands, described here as spherical, four-celled glands, are universally present in species belonging to the section Solanum.     

Solanum L. section Solanum—a name change in S. villosum Miller

The discovery of an earlier epithet for the eglandular-haired subspecies of the Eurasian tetraploid Solarium villosum Miller has necessitated a name change and a new combination. The taxon previously called S. villosum Miller subsp. puniceum (Kirschl.) Edmonds now becomes S. villosum subsp. miniatum (Bernh. ex Willd.) Edmonds. Additional synonyms of this subspecies are given, together with the reasons for the selection of the epithet 'miniatum' rather than 'humile' which was published at the same time.     

Epidermal hair morphology in Solatium L. section Solatium

Scanning electron microscopy was used to examine stem, leaf, staminal and stylar hairs on species belonging to Solanum L. section Solanum. The surface morphology of these hairs is illustrated. Simple, uniseriate hairs characterize the section Solanum , and these may have eglandular or glandular heads; they are usually multicellular, but in some species the stylar hairs appear to be unicellular. In addition, stalked glands, described here as spherical, four-celled glands, are universally present in species belonging to the section Solanum.     

Pollen morphology of Astragalus section Hymenostegis (Fabaceae) and evaluation of its systematic implications

Astragalus is with nearly 3000 described species the largest genus of flowering plants. So far analyses of pollen characters have only been conducted for a few species of the groups within the genus. Here we analyse pollen grains of 22 species representative for Astragalus section Hymenostegis using scanning electron microscopy. We found the basic shape of the pollen grains to be oblate-spheroidal and apertures to be tricolpate as for other eudicots. The sculpturing pattern of the exine is micro-reticulate. Pollen grains show low morphological variation among different species of this section, but differences occur between sections of the genus. We conclude that the vast morphological differentiation that occurred during the rapid radiation of section Hymenostegis was not accompanied by comparable differentiation in pollen morphology.     

Pollen Morphology of Chinese Datura and Its Taxonomic Significance

The pollen grains of 11 taxa of Chinese Datura were examined under light microscope and scanning electron microscope. All of them are 3(-4)-colporate. The exine ornamentation is so distinct as to allow the identification of individual sections and species, and may be divided into three types. The division is consistent with the taxonomy based on gross morphology i.e. rugulato-reticulate (Sect. Stramonium); striate or striato-reticulate, with some granules on the surface of the lirae, or scabrous (Sect. Dutra); striate with some rings on the surface of the lirae, looking like silkworm (Sect. Brugmansia). The varieties or cultivated forms are not sufficiently distinct from each other in the pollen grains as observed in this investigation.     

Investigation on Pollen Morphology of Aconitum L.

Pollen morphology of 62 species in Aconitum L. was investigated with light and scanning electron microscopies. The pollen grains in this genus are 3-colpate and exhibit spinulate surface pattern in all the species. According to the shape of pollen grains in equatorial view Aconiturn L. may be divided into three types. Type Ⅰ pollen grains are wide elliptic; Type Ⅱ are narrow-elliptic and type Ⅲ are rectangular or close to square in shape. The pollen characteristics among species are very similar. The morphological information of the pollen grains shows that species of Aconiturn L. are a natural taxon.     

Nomenclatural notes on some species of Solanum L. found in Europe

The nomenclatural changes which have become necessary for several species belonging to Solanum section Solanum since they were revised during the preparation of Flora Europaea are given and discussed. S. villosum is now recognized as the correct name for S. luteum , and this has necessitated a new combination for the eglandular subspecies of this taxon, namely, S. villosum Miller subsp. puniceum (Kirschleger) Edmonds. The two species were described simultaneously by Miller, and the precedence of the epithet villosum over the epithet luteum is fully discussed, together with the reasons for the selection of puniceum as the second subspecific name. The species previously referred to as S. melanocerasum is now known to be synonymous with S. scabrum , while S. chenopodioides becomes the correct name for S. sublobatum. Complete lists of synonyms are given for these three species, together with extensive notes on the more controversial and difficult synonymy. Finally, reasons are given to justify the spelling of S. sarrachoides with two r's.     

中国冰岛蓼属植物花粉形态的研究

采用光学显微镜和扫描电镜对国产冰岛蓼属Koenigia L. 9种植物的花粉形态进行了观察。结果表明：花粉均为球形;直径为17.0-32.5 μm（包括刺长）;萌发孔有7(-8)赤道环沟、散沟、散孔;外壁纹饰均为刺状。根据萌发孔类型和外壁纹饰,将该属花粉划分为3种类型,即细冰岛蓼型（Delicatulum-type）、大连线冰岛蓼型（Forrestii-type）及冰岛蓼型（Koenigia-type）。细冰岛蓼型花粉的主要特征是具7(-8)赤道环沟,覆盖层无穿孔,外壁纹饰为显著的长刺状,此种类型的植物有细冰岛蓼K. delicatula （Meisn.） Hara。大连线冰岛蓼型花粉的主要特征是具12散沟,覆盖层无穿孔,外壁纹饰为显著的长刺状,此种类型的植物有大连线冰岛蓼K. forrestii (Diels) Měsíek & Soják 及连线冰岛蓼K. nummularifolia (Meisn.) Měsíek & Soják。冰岛蓼型花粉的主要特征是具15,20(-30)散孔,覆盖层无穿孔,外壁纹饰为显著的长刺状,此种类型的植物有冰岛蓼K. islandica L.、蓝蕊冰岛蓼K. cyanandra (Diels) Měsíek & Soják、线茎冰岛蓼K. nepalensis D. Don、柔毛蓼K. pilosa Maxim.、陕甘蓼K. hubertii (Lingelsh.) Měsíek & Soják及青藏蓼K. fertilis Maxim.。结果表明冰岛蓼属的花粉形态具有重要的分类学意义,研究结果支持Koenigia的属的地位,大铜钱叶蓼Polygonum forrestii Diels和铜钱叶蓼P. nummularifolium Meisn.应从蓼属分叉蓼组Polygonum L. sect. Aconogonon Meisn.中移入冰岛蓼属中,细冰岛蓼、蓝蕊冰岛蓼、青藏蓼、陕甘蓼、线茎冰岛蓼和柔毛蓼应从蓼属头状蓼组Polygonum L. sect. Cephalophilon Meisn.中移入冰岛蓼属中。     

Pollen morphology of Justicia L. (Acanthaceae) from Thailand and its taxonomic value

The acetolysed pollen of 33 species of the genus Justicia in Thailand is investigated using both light and scanning electron microscopy. The pollen of the genus is characterised as being isopolar, bilaterally or radially symmetrical, with mostly prolate or prolate spheroidal shape. Based on characters with high factor loading in the cluster analysis and principal components analysis, the studied species are divided into two major groups; one with 3-colporate with six pseudocolpi and the other with 2-porate or 2–3-colporate with aperture areas. The pollen morphology of each group is described and illustrated. Pollen characters are useful for taxonomic delimitation and relationships among Thai species.     

Pollen morphology of the genus Salvia L. (Lamiaceae) in Turkey

Pollen grains of 30 taxa of the genus Salvia, belonging to sections Salvia, Horminum, Drymosphace, Plethiosphace and Hemisphace from Turkey were examined by light (LM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Detailed pollen morphological characteristics are provided for these taxa. Among the studied taxa, S. verticillata subsp. verticillata from sect. Hemisphace has the smallest pollen grains, and S. pachystachys from sect. Salvia possesses the largest ones. The basic shape of the pollen grains in most taxa is suboblate, oblate-spheroidal or prolate-spheroidal. However subprolate pollen grains are recorded for S. macrochlamys from sect. Salvia. The grains are hexacolpate in all taxa, but in S. recognita from sect. Salvia also octacolpate pollen was found. Three distinct exine sculpturing types exist, reticulate-perforate (the common type), reticulate-granulate and bireticulate. The reticulate-perforate and bireticulate sculpturing patterns can be divided into subtypes based on the number of perforations and the number of secondary lumina in each primary lumen. Pollen morphological characteristics of the taxa studied are compared and discussed on the basis of taxonomical concepts. In some cases, these characters are useful in distinguishing the sections. For instance, the presence of 1-2 large central secondary lumina per primary lumen is a significant character of sect. Horminum separating it from the other sections. As well, the presence of holes on colpus membrane ornamentation can be used as a diagnostic taxonomic character for sectional division between sect. Hemisphace and others. S. ballsiana from sect. Salvia is clearly distinct from the other taxa examined by its unique pollen morphology. Further, for several macromorphologically similar taxa pollen structures provide additional evidence to delimite them from each other.     

山丹不同居群花粉形态研究

为掌握山丹居群在孢粉学方面的遗传多样性,在扫描电子显微镜下对25个居群的山丹花粉进行了形态观察,结果表明:山丹花粉粒形态为单花粉粒,极面观为椭圆体,具单萌发沟。不同居群的花粉粒在大小、网眼直径、萌发沟宽、P/E值和外壁纹饰等方面存在不同程度的差异,且居群间花粉性状的变异大于居群内的变异,最大变异系数达25.52%。     

中国蓼属叉分蓼组植物花粉形态的研究

采用光学显微镜和扫描电镜对中国蓼属叉分蓼组20种3变种的花粉形态进行了观察和研究。结果表明其花粉形态大多数为近球形至近长球形,少数为扁球形或长球形;花粉大小为20.4～44.0µm×17.0～34.0µm：从萌发孔看,有3沟、3 孔沟、多沟、散沟;外壁纹饰为微刺—穴状、刺状、粗网状、皱块状。据此,该组花粉可划分为5种类型,即叉分蓼型(Aconogonon-type)、钟花蓼型(Campanulatum-type)、大连线冰岛蓼型(Forrestii-type)、西伯利亚蓼(Sibiricum-type)及多穗蓼型(Polystachyum-type),编制了这些花粉类型检索表。叉分蓼型花粉的主要特征是具3沟,外壁纹饰为微刺-穴状,此种类型的植物有14种2变种。钟花蓼型花粉的主要特征是具6散沟,外壁纹饰为微刺-穴状,此种类型的植物有钟花蓼和绒毛钟花蓼。西伯利亚蓼型花粉的主要特征是具3孔沟,外壁纹饰为皱块状,此种类型的植物有西伯利亚蓼。多穗蓼型花粉的主要特征是具6(~8)多沟,外壁纹饰为粗网状,此种类型的植物有松林蓼及多穗蓼。大连线冰岛蓼型花粉的主要特征是具散沟,外壁纹饰为显著的长刺状,此种类型的植物有大铜钱叶蓼及铜钱叶蓼,结果表明叉分蓼组的花粉形态具有重要的分类学意义,研究结果支持将叉分蓼组上升为属的等级,也支持Knorringia的属的地位,大铜钱叶蓼和铜钱叶蓼应移入Koenigia属中,而松林蓼和多穗蓼仍保留在蓼属中。     

Pollen morphology of the genus Orobanche L. (Orobanchaceae)

A comparative palynological study of 25 taxa of the genus Orobanche L. belonging to section Trionychon Wallr. and section Orobanche L. was carried out. A clear difference between the pollen grains of section Trionychon and section Orobanche was observed. The grains of section Trionychon are typically tricolpate, radially symmetrical, more or less oblate spheroidal, with a microreticulate, or scabrate-perforate sculpture. Section Orobanche on the other hand, had spheroidal, more or less inaperturate pollen grains, although some were tricolpate, but without any clear symmetry. The basic surface sculpture of the pollen in section Orobanche was scabrate to rugulate-perforate. Palynoiogicaliy, six groups can be recognized amongst the species of the genus Orobanche , lor which a key is provided.     

杜鹃花属映山红亚属的花粉形态及其系统学意义

Eighty-four pollen samples were obtained for 80 taxa, of which, 13 species and one variety are from sect. Brachycalyx Sweet, 58 species and two varieties from sect. Tsutsusi Sweet, and six species from subgen. Pentanthera （G. Don） Pojarkova, respectively. Pollen morphology of all samples was observed using LM and SEM. Pollen grains are revealed to be spheroidal and tetrahedral with tricolporate apertures. Pollen sizes of subgen. Tsutsusi （Sweet） Pojarkova range from 37.67 μm to 61.06μm, and the exine sculptures are more or less compactly granulated. Pollen sizes are significantly different between sect. Brachycalyx and sect. Tsutsusi of subgen. Tsutsusi. Rhododendron tashiroi Maxim. of sect. Tsusiopsis Sleumer shows a close affinity to sect. Brachycalyx. Pollen size and exine are consistent with general morphology in differentiating species in sect. Tsutsusi. Rhododendron huadingense B. Y. Ding ＆ Y. Y. Fang, once placed as a member of sect. Brachycalyx, should be considered as a species in subgen. Pentanthera.     

Pollen morphology of Rhododendron subgen. Tsutsusi and its systematic implications

Eighty-four pollen samples were obtained for 80 taxa, of which, 13 species and one variety are from sect. Brachycalyx Sweet, 58 species and two varieties from sect. Tsutsusi Sweet, and six species from subgen. Pentanthera (G. Don) Pojarkova, respectively. Pollen morphology of all samples was observed using LM and SEM. Pollen grains are revealed to be spheroidal and tetrahedral with tricolporate apertures. Pollen sizes of sub-gen. Tsutsusi (Sweet) Pojarkova range from 37.67 μm to 61.06 μm, and the exine sculptures are more or less compactly granulated. Pollen sizes are significantly different between sect. Brachycalyx and sect. Tsutsusi of subgen. Tsutsusi. Rhododendron tashiroi Maxim. of sect. Tsusiopsis Sleumer shows a close affinity to sect. Brachycalyx. Pollen size and exine are consistent with general morphology in differentiating species in sect. Tsutsusi. Rhododendron huadingense B. Y. Ding & Y. Y. Fang, once placed as a member of sect. Brachycalyx, should be considered as a species in subgen. Pentanthera.     

Pollen Morphology of Parnassia L. （Parnassiaceae） and Its Systematic Implications

The pollen morphology of 28 species of Parnassia L. was investigated with light microscopy and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The shape of pollen grains in this genus varies from subspheroidal to prolate in equatorial view and is three-lobed circular in the polar view. Pollen grains are usually radially symmetrical, isopolar, tricolporate or syntricolporate, with reticulate sculpture. The pollen characteristics among species are fairly similar to each other. Morphological information regarding the pollen grains shows that Parnassia is a natural genus. Based on exine ornamentation observed under SEM, three types of pollen grains were recognized: (i) type I, with foveolate-reticulate sculpture; (ii) type II, with a finely reticulate sculpture; and (iii) type III, with a coarsely reticulate sculpture. Most sections of this genus have one type of sculpture of pollen morphology, but Sect. Nectarotrilobos has three types of sculpture and Sect.Saxifragastrum has two types of sculpture. All three types of sculpture can be found in Southwest China,with species with the longest (Parnassia delavayi Franch.) and shortest (Parnassiafaberi Oliv.) colpi,implying that Southwest China is the center of diversification of the genus.     

滇南风吹楠花粉形态观察

采用光镜、扫描电镜和透射电镜对滇南风吹楠的花粉形态进行观察.滇南风吹楠的花粉粒呈单粒存在,远极面观为椭圆形,近极面观大体为三角形,为不等极,两侧对称.花粉粒具一条远极单萌发沟;花粉大小为(15)19.90(21) μm×(20)22.50(25) μm.花粉粒外壁纹饰为网状,网脊平均宽度为0.29 μm;网眼形状不规则...     

Pollen morphology ofPyrola and its taxonomic significance

Pollen from 152 collections representing 16Pyrola species was examined with LM, SEM and TEM. The genusPyrola is stenopalynous in having tetrads and 3-colporoidate grains. However, a continuous and serial variation in the exine sculpture and the tetrad diameter (D) was revealed within the genus. Křísa's system ofPyrola (1971) was re-examined in the light of these palynological characters which may have a taxonomic significance, as well as the external morphology. P. minor (only member of the subgenusAmelia), which is characterized by having small (D=30–35 μm) pollen tetrads with verrucate sculpture must best be placed near sectionPyrola of the subgenusPyrola. P. faurieana must be segregated from sectionChlorantha and together withP. media placed intermediate between the subgenusAmelia and sectionPyrola of the subgenusPyrola based on their larger (D=ca. 40 μm) pollen tetrads with verrucate sculpture. Two series of sectionChlorantha excludingP. faurieana are differentiated in the exine sculpture. Therefore, they are regarded as the distinct taxonomic groups. SectionScotophylla is characterized by having psilate sculptured pollen tetrads, which indicates that its sectional rank is sufficiently asserted. The evolutionary trend in the exine sculpture from verrucate through rugulate to psilate is suggested withinPyrola.     

中国紫金牛属圆齿组花粉形态研究及其分类学意义

利用扫描电子显微镜对紫金牛属圆齿组20种1变种植物的花粉形态进行了研究,并比较分析了腋序组2种及锯齿组1种的花粉。经观察花粉为近球形或近扁球形,具3孔沟,除锯齿组的月月红外,其余种均形成合沟。外壁纹饰可分为四类:穴网状、细网状、皱波状及细颗粒状(带刺突)。结果显示,花粉形态特征可作为属下分组及组下分类处理的依据。