哈尔滨地区大猿叶虫发育历期与生物学特性

在哈尔滨对白菜上的大猿叶虫Colaphellus bowringi Baly的生活史和生物学习性进行观察研究。结果表明,大猿叶虫在哈尔滨地区绝大多数个体1年发生1代,少部分个体1年发生2代。主要以成虫入土在2～27cm土层中滞育越冬。越冬成虫翌年4月下旬开始出土活动。第1代发生在5上旬至7月上旬,第2代发生于6月中旬至7月中旬。所有成虫在7月下旬以后均滞育越冬。在25℃条件下,雌虫产卵期为6～55d,平均为30.95d,单雌平均产卵量为454.9粒。在25℃各虫态的发育历期为:卵(4.46±0.33)d,幼虫(8.22±0.26)d,蛹(4.17±0.22)d。各虫态发育起点温度卵为10.80℃,幼虫为10.95℃,蛹为9.79℃;有效积温卵为64.82日.度,幼虫为117.37日.度,蛹为64.36日.度。     

大猿叶虫生活史的研究

大猿叶虫Colaphellus bowringi是江西山区十字花科蔬菜上的重要食叶害虫,以成虫在土中越夏和越冬。由于成虫滞育期的差异,该虫的化性显示了明显的种内变异。有些个体隔年繁殖;有些个体是一化性的,仅在春季或秋季繁殖1代;有些个体是二化性的,春季和秋季各繁殖1代;有些个体是多化性的,春季1代,秋季2～3代。因此,大猿叶虫在田间一年可发生4代。在春季,滞育成虫于2月底至4月初陆续出土繁殖;在秋季,滞育成虫于8月中旬至10月初陆续出土繁殖。春季羽化的成虫于4月底至6月上旬陆续入土越夏,秋季羽化的成虫于9月中旬至12月底陆续入土越冬。大猿叶虫一生能交配多次,大多数雌虫的产卵期超过1个月,最长达67天。平均每雌产卵量：春季世代为644粒,秋季世代为963粒,最高达1.950粒。各虫态的发育历期：在15～30℃间,卵为13.78～3.14天,幼虫为22.83～6.95天,蛹为12.10～3.18天。发育阈值温度：卵为10.7℃,幼虫为8.8℃,蛹为9.6℃。非滞育成虫的寿命约为1～2个月,滞育成虫的寿命为5～38个月。滞育成虫均入土蛰伏,在土中的蛰伏深度为9～31 cm 。     

大猿叶虫哈尔滨种群的滞育诱导研究

本文研究了光周期、温度和食料对大猿叶虫Colaphellus bowringi Baly哈尔滨种群滞育诱导的影响。结果表明,在恒温20～30℃范围内,大猿叶虫哈尔滨种群滞育率为91.8%～100%,未见明显的光周期诱导反应,但温度对其滞育诱导具有一定的作用,高温可使少部分大猿叶虫继续发育而不滞育。在平均25℃的温周期与光周期L12∶D12条件下,其滞育诱导差异不显著。大猿叶虫取食白菜、油菜、雪里蕻、萝卜和独荇菜5种食料,在25℃滞育率为89.5%～100%;在28℃滞育率为76.9%～100%,食料种类对大猿叶虫哈尔滨种群滞育诱导差异显著,其中,取食独荇菜滞育率最低,取食萝卜滞育率最高。     

光周期和温度对大猿叶虫滞育后成虫生物学特性的影响

大猿叶虫Colaphellus bowringiBaly是我国十字花科蔬菜上的一种重要害虫,以成虫在土壤中越冬和越夏,滞育发生主要受温度和光周期调节。本文就光周期和温度对滞育后成虫生物学特性的影响进行了研究。结果表明,在25℃下,光周期（L14∶D10和L12∶D12）对成虫滞育后的存活率、寿命、日平均产卵量、总产卵量均无显著影响。在长光照（L14∶D10）下,温度18℃、22℃和25℃）对滞育后成虫的生物学特性具有明显的影响;随温度的降低,总产卵量呈下降趋势,平均产卵量显著降低,雌虫滞育后寿命显著延长,18℃下少数个体能被诱导再次滞育。     

斜纹夜蛾的生物学特性

通过室内饲养及田间调查,揭示了斜纹夜蛾生活史、各虫态发育历期及存活率;测定了各龄幼虫的取食量、成虫性比及产卯量;同时揭示了田间成虫种群消长动态。     

大猿叶虫四地理种群遗传多样性的RAPD分析

以大猿叶虫Colaphellus bowringi Baly 4个地理种群的基因组DNA为材料, 进行RAPD分析。从80条引物中筛选出11条稳定性好、多态性高的引物进行扩增, 共得到65个扩增位点, 53个多态位点, Nei氏遗传多样性指数为0.1049~0.2061, Shannon多样性指数为0.1641~0.3167。结果表明所分析的大猿叶虫遗传变异很高, 其中江西龙南种群遗传变异最小, 山东泰安种群遗传变异最高。种群间的遗传距离范围为0.0636~0.3200, 其中江西龙南种群和江西修水种群间的遗传距离最小, 哈尔滨种群与江西龙南种群间的遗传距离最大, 种群遗传距离的大小与其相对地理距离的远近吻合。结果提示种群遗传距离的大小与它们生物学上的相似性有关联。     

大猿叶虫交配行为的观察

大猿叶虫Colaphellus bowringi Baly是十字花科上的重要害虫,一生能多次交配。本试验在25℃,光周期L∶D=12∶12条件下观察了大猿叶虫成虫连续7d的交配行为。结果表明:(1)每日平均交配(5.67±0.26)次,最高可达11次,不同日龄间的交配次数存在显著差异。(2)平均每日用于交配的时间为(238±10)min,占总时间的33.5%,最长可达493min,占总时间的68.5%,不同日龄间的交配时间有极显著差异。(3)交配持续时间最短8min,最长达289min,平均为(48±2)min;同一日内,随着交配次数增加,交配持续时间逐渐缩短;不同日龄间的交配持续时间存在显著差异。(4)相邻两次交配之间的间隔时间最短5min,最长300min,平均交配间隔(75±3)min;交配间隔时间随日龄的增加而明显延长。     

温度对大猿叶虫Colaphellus bowringi Baly交配行为的影响

为了探明温度对大猿叶虫Colaphellus bowringi Baly的交配行为的影响,在光周期LD 12:12,温度22℃,25℃和28℃下,观察了该虫的交配节律、日交配频率、交配持续时间和每日总交配时间.结果表明,该虫的交配节律受温度的影响,22℃下的交配高峰(上午9:00)较25℃和28℃下的交配高峰(上午8:00)推迟了1 h.温度对日交配频率和交配持续时间也有明显影响,22℃下日交配频率显著低于25℃和28℃,而交配持续时间则显著长于25℃和28℃.该虫每日总交配时间在这3种温度下变化不明显,而在较低温度下日交配频率的下降可能是由于交配持续时间延长所致.     

土大蚊的生物学特性观察

土大蚊Nephrotomasp·是鲁西北地区首先发现的一种地下害虫,主要危害粮食作物等。自1981年始,先后在聊城地区高唐县、冠县和聊城市相继发现,其危害日趋严重。我所于1985～1992年对其进行了室内饲养和野外调查,现将结果整理如下。1形态特征成虫：体黄褐色。体长：雌虫19～22mm,雄虫14～18mm。头小,复眼发达黑色,额前上方有1个菱形黑褐斑。上唇基基短,中部有1黑褐色突起,上生鬃毛,下唇发达,呈两瓣状。下额须4节,第4节长,相当前3节之和。触角丝状,互5节。胸部发达,背面隆起,有川1”字形黑斑,中胸背板的盾前为呈“V”形。翅狭…     

一株白僵菌菌株的分离鉴定及对大猿叶虫的生物活性测定

从田间土壤中自然感染死亡的大猿叶虫Colaphellus bowringi Baly僵尸上分离出一株白僵菌,经分离纯化培养鉴定为一株卵孢白僵菌Beauveria brongniartii。通过简易培养基的筛选试验,获得对该菌株具有较好培养效果和廉价的甜菜大豆培养基,并进行该菌株对大猿叶虫的活性测定。生物测定结果表明,该菌株对大猿叶虫幼虫感染率很低,但对其成虫具有很高的杀虫活性,以1×108孢子/mL的菌液处理土壤表面后15d,成虫平均校正僵死率达81.7%,田间土壤处理后1个月,成虫校正死亡率达85.2%。表明该菌株适用于大猿叶虫的田间生物防治。     

温度对大猿叶虫发育、存活和繁殖的影响

在光周期14L:10D、75%RH的条件下研究不同温度对大猿叶虫Colaphellus bowringi Baly生长发育、存活率和繁殖的影响。结果表明,卵、幼虫和蛹的发育起点温度分别为11·86,11·17和10·15℃,有效积温分别为61·6,110·8和65·3日·度;22℃时卵的孵化率和蛹的羽化率最高,分别达96·04%和94·26%;滞育后成虫寿命雌虫普遍长于雄虫,25℃下的产卵期11～34d,每雌产卵量平均861粒,最高达1527粒。     

Effects of thermoperiods on diapause induction in the cabbage beetle, Colaphellus bowringi (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae)

Abstract. The effects of thermoperiods on diapause induction in continuous darkness or under a 12 : 12 h LD photoperiod were investigated in the cabbage beetle, Colaphellus bowringi Baly, a typical short‐day species. The diapause response curves both at different constant temperatures and at the thermocycle of format CT x: (24 ? x) h (16 : 28 °C) under continuously dark rearing conditions showed that the incidence of diapause depended mainly on whether or not the mean temperature was ≤20 °C or >20 °C. If the mean temperature was ≤20 °C, all individuals entered diapause; if >20 °C, the incidence of diapause declined gradually with increasing mean temperatures. The thermocycle (CT 12 : 12 h) with a series of different cryophases (8–22 °C) and thermophases (24–32 °C) under continuous darkness demonstrated a cryophase response threshold temperature of approximately 19 °C and a thermophase response threshold temperature of approximately 31 °C. Thermoperiodic amplitude (temperature difference between cryophase and thermophase) was shown to have a significant influence on diapause induction at the mean temperatures of 22, 23 and 24 °C, but not at ≥25 °C. Thermoperiodic responses under LD 12 : 12 h clearly showed that the incidence of diapause was influenced strongly by the photophase temperature. The thermoperiod under LD 12 : 12 h induced a much lower incidence of diapause than the thermoperiod with the same temperature in continuous darkness. The ecological significance of thermoperiodic induction of diapause in this species is discussed.     

Sip1Ab gene from a native Bacillus thuringiensis strain QZL38 and its insecticidal activity against Colaphellus bowringi Baly

In this study, we collected 540 soil samples from northeast China and isolated the wild-type strain of Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) by identifying and cloning 9 Bt strains that expressed the secreted insecticidal protein (Sip) gene. We selected the strain QZL38 for further study. The sip gene was identified from the Bt strain QZL38 using polymerase chain reaction (PCR). We sequenced a 1095-base pair fragment of DNA that encodes 364 amino acid residues of a 41.18?kDa pro-toxin and compared it with the registered Sip1Ab protein amino acid residue sequence. The sequence was submitted to GenBank with the accession no. KP231523, and the gene was named sip1Ab. The Sip1Ab protein expressed in Escherichia coli showed insecticidal activity against Colaphellus bowringi Baly, with an LC50 of 1.051?μg?mL^?1. To identify the active fragment of the Sip1Ab toxin, four pairs of primers with different truncation positions were designed, and the recombinant proteins were expressed in E. coli. The truncated Sip protein expressed in E. coli showed insecticidal activity against C. bowringi Baly. The insecticidal activity of the recombinant proteins against C. bowringi Baly from the Sip1Ab signal peptide after removal of 30 amino acid residues showed an LC50 of 1.078?μg?mL^?1. Sip proteins may play an important role in the prevention and control of the C. bowringi Baly.     

Effects of diapause duration on future reproduction in the cabbage beetle,Colaphellus bowringi: positive or negative?

Abstract.  Cabbage beetles, Colaphellus bowringi , undergoing an imaginal summer and winter diapause in the soil, show a great difference in diapause duration (from several months to more than 3 years) under natural conditions. The effects of diapause duration on future reproduction in the beetle are investigated at 25 °C with an LD 14 : 10 h photoperiod and under natural conditions. The fecundity of postdiapause adults with a short diapause of 5 months and nondiapause adults is similar, showing that a short diapause has no affect on reproduction, whereas the longevity of postdiapause adults with a short diapause of 5 months is significantly shorter than nondiapause adults, showing that a short diapause has a negative affect on longevity. The mean total egg production per female and longevities of postdiapause adults with long diapause periods of 16, 22, 29 and 34 months are similar to nondiapause adults, but the mean daily egg production per female is significantly higher than nondiapause adults, showing that extended diapause has a positive effect on postdiapause reproduction. The offspring of postdiapause parents require a relatively shorter time for egg development compared with the offspring of nondiapause parents, showing that diapause has a positive effect on their offspring's performance. However, there are no significant differences among offspring performance in terms of survival, adult longevity, mean egg production per female and mean daily egg production per female.     

Life history responses of the cabbage beetle Colaphellus bowringi to temperature change

Temperature is considered one of the most important mediators of phenotypic plasticity in ectotherms. Here, we investigated life history traits of the cabbage beetle, Colaphellus bowringi Baly (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae), at a wide range of temperatures (16, 19, 22, 24, 26 and 28°C). The larval and pupal times were significantly decreased with increasing rearing temperature and growth rate was positively correlated with temperature. However, the relationship between body size and rearing temperature in C. bowringi did not follow the temperature–size rule; both males and females reached the highest body weight at 19°C. Females were significantly larger than males at all temperatures. Male pupae lost significantly more weight at metamorphosis compared to females. However, diapausing males gained significantly higher weight after feeding compared to diapausing females at higher temperatures of 22, 24, 26 and 28°C. Body weight tended to decrease with increasing rearing temperature, whereas sexual size dimorphism (SSD) tended to increase with increasing rearing temperature; thus, Rensch's rule is upheld. The degree to which SSD changed with temperature varied with different development stages. SSD was lowest in pupae, highest in newly emerged adults and intermediate in diapausing adults.