面向生态效益评估的生态系统生产总值GEP核算研究——以青海省为例

开展生态效益评估,对于推动生态效益纳入经济社会评价体系、推进生态文明建设具有重要意义。生态效益是指自然界的生态系统对人类的生产、生活条件和环境条件产生的有益影响和有利效果。GEP(Gross Ecosystem Product)是生态系统生产总值,指一定区域在一定时间内,生态系统为人类提供最终产品与服务的经济价值总和,是一定区域生态系统为人类福祉贡献的总货币价值,可以反映一个地区的生态效益。本研究提出面向生态效益评估的GEP核算框架,建立核算指标体系和技术方法,基于遥感数据和统计数据以青海省为例开展面向生态效益评估的GEP核算研究,并对相关利益者进行分析。研究结果表明,2015年青海省生态系统生产总值GEP为464.16亿元,对生态资产产生的生态效益进行相关利益者分析,80%以上生态效益的受益者是青海省以外的区域。以可比价计算,自2000年以来青海省GEP增加32.6%。根据现有的数据体系和方法核算的GEP是有现实意义的,可以作为生态效益评估的指标,可以作为GDP的重要补充对政策效益和生态保护成效开展评估,还可以作为市场化、多元化生态补偿机制建立和“绿水青山”向“金山银山”转化的依据和参考,为决策者提供重要的信息。     

基于能值分析和生态用地分类的中国生态系统生产总值核算研究

生态系统生产总值是生态系统为人类提供的产品与服务价值的总和,研究与建立一个独立的核算一个国家或地区的生态系统生产总值的方法与体系,对科学评价与合理利用自然资源、助推生态文明建设等具有重要意义。将生态系统生产总值分为供给价值、文化价值、承载价值与调节价值等四大类,基于能值分析方法和生态用地分类体系,计算得出全国及各地区生态系统生产总值,并将其与国内生产总值进行比较,为自然资源资产负债核算和综合生态系统管理等研究提供理论和方法借鉴。研究结果表明:(1)生态用地分类体系包括湿地、森林、草地和其他生态土地4个一级类型、19个二级类型。其中,湿地、森林、草地可统称为基础性生态用地。2008年,中国生态用地总量为763.95万km2,约占陆域国土面积的80%,其中基础性生态用地约为530.8万km2。(2)2008年,中国国土生态系统生产总值约为19万亿美元,是当年国内生产总值4.71万亿美元的4倍,人均生态系统总值约为1.45万美元/人。从生态系统生产总值来看,广东、山东、河南位居前三,西藏最低;从人均生态系统生产总值来看,西藏和内蒙古居前,甘肃最低。     

Assessing the ecological values of rivers: an application of a multi-criteria approach to rivers of the South Coast Region,Western Australia

There is a growing awareness that in the light of increased threats, Australia’s freshwater ecosystems of highest value need to be protected. This implies that a consistent and comprehensive system for the classification of freshwater systems in terms of their ecological values is required for conservation planning. Despite earlier steps taken to develop appropriate methodologies for prioritising Australian waterways for protection, there is, as yet, no nationally agreed method for prioritising waterways in Australia based on their ecological values. Using the core criteria of naturalness, representativeness, diversity, rarity and special features, this paper describes the development of a framework of criteria, indicators and measures for the identification of high conservation value aquatic ecosystems, and trials this system by undertaking a comparative assessment of the ecological values of river systems in the South Coast region, Western Australia. A total of 33 river systems located in two aquatic bioregions were successfully ranked according to their ecological value, confirming that the development and implementation of a relatively simple system for assessing ecological values of Australian rivers shows promise, and that core criteria identified previously in the literature provide a good starting point for assessing ecological values of Australian aquatic ecosystems.     

Management of Hydrocotyle ranunculoides L.f., an aquatic invasive weed of urban waterways in Western Australia

Hydrocotyle ranunculoides L.f. is a stoloniferous perennial plant with floating and emergent leaves that is native to Europe. It is commonly used as an aquarium plant with little published information on its biology and natural range. In 1983 H. ranunculoides was first observed in the urban drainage network in the Canning River Regional Park, Western Australia. By 1991 the plant had extended throughout the drainage network into the river and adjacent wetlands. H. ranunculoides formed extensive mats, disrupting the ecology and recreational uses of the waterways, and posed a threat to other waterways. It is not known to be invasive in other Australian waterways. A group of state and local government and community members assessed environmental, technical and social interactions and developed an integrated managementstrategy for the weed, using a combination of physical, chemical and ecological techniques. The environmental significance of the affected waterways required the programme to be accompanied by appropriate ecological surveillance. The initial short-term control phase was completed successfully. An assessment of water quality and aquatic invertebrates during the initial phase showed only short-term disruption of river ecology following physical and chemical control. The long-term eradication phase is on-going.     

基于生态系统服务和生态系统健康的生态风险评价——以长株潭城市群为例

基于生态系统服务和生态系统健康的生态风险评估框架为城市群生态风险管理和国土生态修复提供新的视角。以生态风险评估框架为基础,综合运用生态系统服务、生态系统健康评估模型以及相关分析法对长株潭城市群展开生态风险评价,并对风险程度进行分类。结果表明:(1)城市群的城市化水平提升,区域生态风险也随之增加。生态系统服务价值、生态系统组织、生态系统活力、生态系统弹性等生态指数呈现下降趋势。(2)人工表面比率和生态指数之间的Pearson相关系数表明,人工表面比率与生态指数之间存在负相关关系,人工表面比率是生态风险提升的关键因素。(3)城市群人工表面比率要控制在36%以下,以进行生态风险管理和国土生态修复。总的来说,评价框架可以作为区域生态风险的评价终点。     

生态系统生产总值的内涵、核算框架与实施条件——统计视角下的设计与论证

基于已有研究和中国当前实践,对GEP的内涵和核算框架进行理论论证,以期为GEP的后续应用开发提供基本规范。(1)辨析当前GEP已有定义,提出了经过优化的GEP定义:特定时期内一区域生态系统为经济生产和人类其他活动提供的最终产出价值,具体包括生态供应品、生态调节服务和生态文化服务三个组成部分。(2)确定GEP在以下两个方面的应用价值:辅助GDP评价区域发展业绩;为区域生态补偿提供标准。(3)参照国内生产总值(GDP)核算原理,设计出一套生态系统供应品和服务供给表和使用表,在此基础上生成了规范的GEP核算表和核算方法。(4)将框架设计落实到GEP核算实施层面,提出了后续需要考虑的相关分类体系、关键节点、实物和价值核算方法设计等重要问题及解决思路。     

基于生态系统生产总值核算的生态保护成效评估——以赣南地区为例

开展自然生态系统生产总值的评估,对于生态保护政策效益的量化考核,推动生态效益纳入社会经济体系具有重要的意义。赣南地区地处典型的南方丘陵山地带,森林覆盖率高,是赣江、东江上游的重要生态屏障。以赣南为研究区域,基于2000—2018年间3期遥感影像,并运用遥感、地理信息技术的方法,构建了生态系统生产总值的评估指标体系,探讨了将生态系统生产总值(GEP)核算应用于生态保护成效的评估。结果表明：(1)赣南地区2018年生态系统生产总值为10963.26亿元,约为当年GDP的3.9倍;气候调节、水源涵养和洪水调蓄是赣南地区生态系统的核心服务功能,这3项服务价值总和占当年GEP的75.62%;重点生态功能区县的人均GEP高于非重点生态功能区县,而单位面积GEP低于非重点生态功能区县;(2)2000年、2010年和2018年绿金指数(GEP/GDP)分别为5.20、4.19、3.91,呈现出逐年下降的趋势;(3)2000—2018年,赣南地区GEP以可比价计算增幅为21.75%,其中2000—2010年、2010—2018年的年平均增幅分别为1.46%、0.78%,GEP增幅有所减缓,但生态保护成效...     

Towards ecological goals for the heavily modified lakes in the IJsselmeer area,The Netherlands

The European Water Framework Directive (WFD) obliges EU member states to define ecological goals for water bodies and, if necessary, to take measures to achieve these goals by 2015. The goals and measures for the water bodies in the IJsselmeer area of The Netherlands are elaborated in this study, following an approach described by Irmer &; Pollard (2006, Alternative methodology for defining Good Ecological Potential (GEP) for Heavily Modified Water Bodies (HMWB) and Artificial Water Bodies (AWB). ECOSTAT). With the closure of the Afsluitdijk in 1932, the former Southern Sea estuary was transformed into the freshwater Lake IJsselmeer. Subsequently, a string of so-called border lakes and Lake Markermeer were created by land reclamation projects and the construction of dams. These alterations serve safety, provide drinking water supplies and created agricultural land. Owing to the change in category, the lakes are by (WFD) definition heavily modified. A natural lake rather than an estuary will be the starting point for determining ecological potential. However, damming and fixing the water table prevented the development of emergent vegetation and caused steep water-land gradients. The Maximum Ecological Potential includes the effect of these hydromorphological changes after all mitigation measures have been considered. Other pressures on the lakes are high nutrient loads, which cause phytoplankton blooms, the disappearance of aquatic macrophytes and intensive fishery, which overexploites the pikeperch and eel populations and causes indirect negative effects on water quality. Good Ecological Potential for these lakes is derived by estimating the effects of all effective hydromorphological measures that have no significant negative impact on existing functions or the wider environment, and the effects of all other measures. The suggested main measures are: construction of fish passages, adaptation of shore-lines, wind sheltered areas, reduction of nutrient load, reduction of fishery pressure and reduction of the bream stock. The effects of these measures are calculated from multivariate analyses that establish the relationships between (a) nutrients and chlorophyll-a, (b) chlorophyll-a and water transparency, (c) water transparency, depth distribution and vegetation coverage and (d) vegetation coverage and fish community. The proposed goals will be refined using new scientific insights and further discussions with stakeholders, and will finally be reported in the River Basin Management Plan 2009. It is expected that exemptions will be used for a phased achievement of the objectives.     

Ecological assessment of soft bottom benthic communities in northern Spanish estuaries

The implementation of the Water Framework Directive requires the classification of the ecological quality status of benthic macroinvertebrates in costal and transitional waters. The uncertainty and complexity of this task have lead to the creation of specific Geographical Intercalibration Groups (GIGs) for the different ecoregions and types of water bodies established. In this framework, several metrics are under study in the United Kingdom, Spain and Denmark for North East Atlantic coastal waters (NEA-GIG). All of them include in their formulations the AMBI index. Nevertheless, few advances have been made in relation to transitional waters. This paper aims to test the suitability of those methodological procedures for their application in Northern Spanish estuaries. The results show evident divergences in classification of ecological status among methods, although the correlations of corresponding ecological quality ratios (EQRs) are good. Thus, we think that it may be necessary to modify the boundaries between each ecological status category and adjust the reference conditions for the variety of community-types existing in estuarine water bodies. However, some problems arise in the assessment of some naturally stressed communities. In this situation, we found an overall dominance of species tolerant to organic enrichment in all status categories and low range of variation of AMBI index. This aspect introduces some uncertainty in relation to the ability of this index to detect a deleterious effect in these estuarine communities naturally stressed. On the other hand, we found some sites that achieve good status according to the metrics used, even though the number of opportunistic species was high. The use of combined approaches that incorporate physicochemical condition of sediments would be a straightforward approach to reduce the risk of failing in the assignation of ecological status category.     

Ecology,Environmental Impact Statements,and Ecological Risk Assessment: A Brief Historical Perspective

Ecological risk assessment will continue to increase in importance as a conceptual and methodological basis for evaluating environmental impacts as required by the National Environmental Policy Act. Understanding the historical strengths and limitations of more traditional environmental assessments performed in support of the NEPA can facilitate the effective incorporation of ecological risk assessment into the NEPA process. Such integration will also benefit from a knowledge of the historical and continuing development of the ecological risk assessment process, as well as from a recognition of the contri butions from modern quantitative ecology and ecosystem science. Adopting a risk-based approach can improve the NEPA process by providing a framework for consistent and comprehensive ecological assessment and by providing a conceptual and methodological basis for addressing the varied uncertainties attendant to environmental assessments. The primary concern in integrating ecological risk assessment into the NEPA process is that ecological risk assessment not merely become a new name for traditional environmental impact assessments. While the integration of ecological risk assessment into the NEPA process occurs, it is important to begin to outline the next transition in environmental assessment capabilities. Operationally linking ecological risk assessment methods with formal decision models appears as a worthwhile objective in beginning this transition.     

A fish-based index of estuarine ecological quality incorporating information from both scientific fish survey and experts knowledge

In the Water Framework Directive (European Union) context, a multimetric fish based index is required to assess the ecological status of French estuarine water bodies. A first indicator called ELFI was developed, however similarly to most indicators, the method to combine the core metrics was rather subjective and this indicator does not provide uncertainty assessment. Recently, a Bayesian method to build indicators was developed and appeared relevant to select metrics sensitive to global anthropogenic pressure, to combine them objectively in an index and to provide a measure of uncertainty around the diagnostic. Moreover, the Bayesian framework is especially well adapted to integrate knowledge and information not included in surveys data. In this context, the present study used this Bayesian method to build a multimetric fish based index of ecological quality accounting for experts knowledge. The first step consisted in elaborating a questionnaire to collect assessments from different experts then in building relevant priors to summarize those assessments for each water body. Then, these priors were combined with surveys data in the index to complement the diagnosis of quality. Finally, a comparison between diagnoses using only fish data and using both information sources underlined experts knowledge contribution. Regarding the results, 68% of the diagnosis matched demonstrating that including experts knowledge thanks to the Bayesian framework confirmed or slightly modified the diagnosis provided by survey data but influenced uncertainty around the diagnostic and appeared especially relevant in terms of risk management.     

Ditches and canals in management of fens: opportunity or risk? A case study in the Drömling Natural Park,Germany

Up until the present, canals and ditches in Europe have been used to drain and thus devastate fens (lowland moors). However, in many cases, their function can be changed from drainage to irrigation and re-wetting of previously drained areas. These systems of canals and ditches are characteristic elements of the historically developed cultural landscape. Therefore, management and development plans should be oriented towards their continual maintenance. Despite the density of canals and ditches in many regions of Germany, especially of Eastern Germany, there are only a few studies to evaluate these systems of waterways, and an integrated approach towards their assessment has been totally absent. Existing approaches for typology and assessment of flowing waterbodies have been investigated in the Drömling Natural Park with regard to their applicability to such artificial canals and ditches. Special attention is given to the composition of macroinvertebrate fauna and the assessment of factors that determine it. Surprisingly, most water sectors have a high conservation value. High total numbers of species correlated well with the occurrence of endangered species. p ]Among the macroinvertebrates, limnophil and phytophil species were dominant, but rheophil fauna were also commonly present. This was caused by the intermediate status of canals and ditches, since they are neither completely flowing nor completely stagnant waterbodies. Habitat quality of these waters is determined by a small number of morphological parameters: bank steepness, depth of bottom, substrate diversity, hydraulic structures, and the structure of surroundings. In the framework of management and development measures, they should be maintained and improved for the future. To assess water quality, the Saprobic index and the Chemical index were appropriate, but for indication of trophic status, the Macrophyte-trophic index was adequate. Estimation of ecological integrity by a multimetric index using macroinvertebrates indicates that waterbodies are in a good status according to the demands of the European Water Framework Directive.     

赣州市山水林田湖草修复工程生态保护效益

山水林田湖草生态保护修复工程是国家为了实现自然资源整体保护、系统修复和综合治理,在全国范围内组织实施的重大工程。生态资产和生态系统生产总值(Gross Ecosystem Product, GEP)是评估生态保护效益的两项重要指标,能够客观反映修复工程对区域范围内生态系统状况的改善情况。以江西省赣州市为例,通过核算赣州市、工程区和非工程区的生态资产和GEP,并对比分析其核算结果,以探究山水林田湖草修复工程的生态保护效益,并对影响工程区内外GEP变化的主要因素进行分析,以从不同角度有效保护生态环境,为生态保护修复工程效益的长期发挥提供科学依据。结果如下：(1)生态资产方面,赣州市自然生态系统面积增加,生态系统质量整体趋于好转,生态资产综合指数上升了12.89%。其中,工程区自然生态系统面积增幅最大,为3.23%;非工程区生态系统质量提升最大,生物量和植被覆盖度分别提升了12.93%和2.08%。(2)GEP方面,赣州市GEP呈增长趋势。2015—2019年,赣州市、工程区和非工程区GEP分别增加了142.10、7.58、134.52亿元,增幅分别为1.38%、3.90%、1.33%。(3...     

Transitional and coastal waters ecological status assessment: advances and challenges resulting from implementing the European Water Framework Directive

The derivation, performance, sensitivity and inherent uncertainty of ecological quality indicators have become major topics in developing tools for the management of marine, transitional and coastal waters. In reviewing the advances in these waters, related to an ecological status assessment, we show the future challenges to be addressed within the European Water Framework Directive (WFD). Using new analyses carried out under the research project ‘Water Bodies in Europe: Integrative Systems to Assess Ecological status and Recovery’, we provide a complete set of assessments for the biological quality elements (BQEs) (phytoplankton, macroalgae-seagrasses, macroinvertebrates and fish) to be assessed, as well as the validation of existing indicators and multimetric indices and, in some cases, the development of new assessment indices. We show that these indices respond differently to different human pressures and they each have challenges in defining reference conditions against which future changes are judged. In investigating good ecological potential, as the response to heavily modified water bodies, we show that there are flaws in the Directive, not least in its definitions. Our analyses have also focussed on uncertainty in using the indices and we emphasise the problems of defining ecological class boundaries based on indices which themselves may be combined indices (multimetrics). The analysis shows that some of those multimetrics are redundant and/or are inter-correlated and thus may reduce the sensitivity in defining ecological class boundaries. If this is related to the drivers-pressures-state change-impacts-response approach then there are lessons for management measures aimed at achieving good ecological status and even the potential for legal challenges to decisions based on uncertain indices under the WFD. Hence, we conclude the continued need for advances in assessing pressures and gradients, and defining reference conditions for state change, index development, impact assessment and the validation of indices for each BQE.     

城市景观生态风险评估框架与实践——以北京天坛地区为例

当前,城市景观生态风险研究缺少科学合理、方便实用的评估框架。作者基于景观生态风险评估基本范式,明确了城市景观生态服务价值的测算方法,分析了引起生态损害的自然因素和人类活动因素,形成了城市景观生态风险评估的技术框架和参数体系;继而以北京天坛地区为研究区,开展了典型城市景观生态风险的定量评估。结果表明：（1）天坛地区景观生态价值总量约为2.41亿元。区域的历史文化价值最高,教育和美学景观价值紧随其后。（2）城市景观生态受损概率呈现"北高南低"的空间分布格局。生态受损概率的高值区面积占整个区域总面积的22.2%,主要分布在珠市口、磁器口和崇文门附近区域。（3）城市景观生态风险呈现"北低南高"的空间分布格局。高风险区主要分布在天坛公园内的文物建筑周边。本研究提供了一个可参考的城市景观生态风险评估应用框架,对生态风险评估中的不确定性进行了讨论,研究针对天坛案例区的具体结论有助于城市管理者避免潜在的风险。     

福州市生态系统生产总值核算

开展生态系统生产总值(GEP)核算是推进生态文明制度建设的必要措施,也是将生态效益纳入经济社会发展评价体系的重要举措。本研究以福州市为研究对象,通过构建具有“山、海、城”特色的生态系统价值核算体系,对2015和2018年福州市GEP进行核算,从时空变化角度对福州市GEP进行对比。结果表明: 2015、2018年福州市GEP分别为9205.92、10472.42亿元,人均GEP分别为13.02、14.39万元,生态产品供给服务价值分别为941.81、1102.61亿元,生态调节服务价值分别为6364.20、5988.51亿元,生态文化服务价值分别为1899.91、3381.3亿元。与2015年相比,2018年福州市GEP增加1266.50亿元,增幅为13.8%,主要得益于生态产品供给服务价值和生态文化服务价值的增加。然而,生态调节服务价值减少375.69亿元,降幅为5.9%,主要源于气候调节、水流动调节和水质净化服务价值的减少。福州率先探索建立一套具有山、海、城特色的核算体系,可以为福建省其他城市及我国其他地区的核算工作提供“福州样板”,同时助推建立生态价值实现的长效机制。     

Macrophyte‐based assessment of lakes – a contribution to the implementation of the European Water Framework Directive in Germany

The European Water Framework Directive requires ecological status classification and monitoring of surface and ground water bodies using biological indicators. To fulfill the demands of the Directive, a macrophyte‐based assessment system was developed for application on four lake site types in Germany. Biological lake site types were established using differences in characteristic macrophyte communities, reflecting ecoregion, Ca²⁺ content, mixis and morphology. Ecological status classification of lake sites is based on macrophyte abundance along 275 transects in 95 natural German lakes and the calculation of a reference index value, in some cases supplemented by submerged vegetation data. The reference index quantifies the deviation of species composition and abundance from reference conditions and classifies sites to one of the five ecological quality classes specified in the Directive. Based on an example of Lake Chiemsee, Germany, the possibilities for a wholelake assessment are discussed. (© 2005 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)     

Photo-induced toxicity of anthracene in the Antarctic shallow water amphipod, <Emphasis Type="Italic">Gondogeneia antarctica</Emphasis>

The photo-induced toxicity of anthracene was investigated as the mortality in Antarctic shallow water amphipod, Gondogeneia antarctica, at different concentrations of anthracene and different periods of exposure to natural sunlight and artificial UVA and UVB radiations. When exposed to natural sunlight, animals contaminated in the dark and placed in clean water or in anthracene solutions showed different degrees of mortality, dose–time dependent. Effects were even more evident when these animals were exposed to artificial UVA or UVB radiations. Depuration seemed to be a slow process. The effects of UV radiation and anthracene alone and the effects of the interactions of these two stressors implied that solar radiation is an important parameter that deserves consideration in the environmental assessment of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in Antarctic coastal waters. G. antarctica proved to be a good bioindicator for the phototoxicity of anthracene in Antarctic shallow waters.     

县域生态保护成效评估方法——以峨山县为例

县域是我国基本的行政单元,建立县域生态保护成效评估方法是完善我国生态文明制度建设重要任务。生态系统生产总值(GEP)是指一定区域在一定时期内生态系统为人类福祉提供的最终产品与服务及其价值总和,开展县域GEP核算可以客观反映县域的生态系统状况和生态保护的成效。以省级生态文明县——峨山彝族自治县为例,研究了县域GEP的核算指标体系和核算方法,开展了峨山县GEP核算,分析了峨山县GEP构成及其变化趋势。结果表明:(1)峨山县生态系统产品与服务可以分为产品提供、调节服务和文化服务3大类15项;(2)2015年,峨山县GEP为158.42亿元,气候调节功能和水源涵养功能是最主要的服务功能,二者总和占当年GEP的62.02%;(3)2000年以来,峨山县GEP明显提高,剔除价格因素后,共增加了25.04%,其中产品提供和文化服务功能价值提升明显,分别增加了236.25%和3004.06%。调节服务价值稳中有升,增加了1.30%。本研究表明,现有的生态环境监测数据和经济社会统计数据基本上可以支撑县域GEP的核算,同时县域GEP的变化能够体现出生态系统的保护成效,并为完善政府绩效考核制度提供依据。     

周丛藻类及其在水质净化中的应用

周丛藻类广泛存在于自然界水体中,具有生物量大、生态功能强、水质响应灵敏等特征.周丛藻类通过吸收代谢利用、吸附和络合等过程去除水体污染物质,用于水质净化,具有耐污能力强,N、P去除效果好,藻类细胞回收利用价值高等优点,推广应用前景广阔.近年开发的藻丛刷系统、周丛藻类 生物膜系统和周丛藻类水产养殖系统等已经成功用于畜禽水产养殖废水、生活污水处理.而周丛藻类的生存规律、对污染物浓度的生理响应机理和污染物质吸收利用的分子生物学机制仍有待进一步研究.