转石蒜凝集素基因烟草的抗蚜虫性

利用农杆菌介导法将质粒pBILRA转化烟草(Nicotianatabacum L.),该质粒含有由花椰菜花叶病毒35S启动子(CaMV35S)引导的筛选基因新霉素磷酸转移酶基因(nptⅡ)及石蒜凝集素基因(lra).通过卡那霉素筛选获得了25株独立转基因烟草植株.Western blot分析表明,石蒜凝集素蛋白在不同转基因植株中表达量不同.对转基因T1代植株的遗传分析表明,lra基因在大多数独立转基因植株后代中以孟德尔3:1的分离比方式遗传.抗虫试验表明,表达较高水平石蒜凝集素蛋白的转基因烟草对桃蚜种群的生长具有明显的抑制作用.首次报道了表达石蒜凝集素基因的烟草对蚜虫具有抗性.石蒜凝集素基因可用于植物抗虫基因工程研究及应用.     

春季烟蚜有翅蚜空间分布及迁入量估计的初步研究

本文通过对春季烟田烟蚜有翅蚜的抽样调查,研究有翅蚜的空间分布并进行迁人量估计。采用频次分布方法进行有翅蚜空间分布型测定,拟合结果既符合泊松分布又符合负二项分布;通过计算有翅蚜在不同叶位上的概率分布,结果表明,有翅蚓适入后大部分集中于烟株上部;通过定期调查烟株有翅蚜数量,并采用定积分中的抛物线法近似计算有翅蚜迁入总量,结果表明,有翅蚜迁入量约为４７９头／百株。     

Low parasitism by Diaeretiella rapae (Hym.: Braconidae) of Lipaphis pseudobrassicae (Hemip.: Aphididae): pre- or post-ovipositional host resistance?

While the aphid Lipaphis pseudobrassicae (Davis) (Hemip.: Aphididae: Macrosiphini) is considered one of the preferred hosts of Diaeretiella rapae (McIntosh) (Hym.: Braconidae: Aphidiinae) in several parts of the world, field surveys in Uberlandia (Brazil) found parasitism of this aphid to not exceed 10%. This study sought to determine the cause of this low parasitism, as well as the effects of parasitism on the intrinsic growth rate of the aphid population. We evaluated parasitism, percentage emergence, developmental time, longevity, number of attacks and number of parasitoid larvae in L. pseudobrassicae and compared these to the same characteristics in Brevicoryne brassicae (L.) and Myzus persicae (Sulzer). The lowest percentage of parasitism was found in L. pseudobrassicae, followed by M. persicae and B. brassicae. The ratio between the number of parasitoid larvae and the number of ovipositions in L. pseudobrassicae ranged from 0.02 to 0.03, while, in B. brassicae, it was between 0.41 and 0.44 and, in M. persicae, between 0.62 and 0.80, indicating high mortality rates of early stages of D. rapae in L. pseudobrassicae. Parasitism by D. rapae reduced the r_m of L. pseudobrassicae. The r_m for parasitised aphids was only 63% of that for unparasitised aphids. However, no hosts died before reaching adulthood, and 83% of parasitised aphids were still able to reproduce. As a result, the r_m of the aphid was positive, resulting in population growth of L. pseudobrassicae, even among individuals parasitised during the second instar. Our results indicate the existence of L. pseudobrassicae genotypes that are completely resistant to D. rapae.     

MORPHOLOGICAL STUDIES ON MYZUS PERSICAE IN CHINA

Abstract  Experiments were carried out to study the morphological characters of Myzus persicae (Sulzer) on tobacco, rape and peach from different localities of China. The results showed that the number of accessory hairs on ultimate rostral segment had no difference among all samples in 14 morphological characters used by Blackman in this study. Cluster analysis indicated that the morphological differences between samples from peach and samples from other host plants was the biggest, the next was the samples from Changchun on tobacco. Compared with peach, the aphid from rape was more similar to that from tobacco in morphology. For the samples on tobacco from the central and southern China, they can be clustered into yellowish-green group and reddish-brown group. It shows unlikely to separate successfully the aphids on tobacco from those on non-tobacco host plants only by morphological characters.     

多种植物提取物对桃蚜和萝卜蚜的拒食活性研究

采用改进的蜜露色斑法 ,测试 34种植物乙醇提取物 (0 0 1g干重·mL-1,0 0 1gDW·mL-1)和几种天然源药剂对桃蚜Myzuspersicae(Sulzer)和萝卜蚜Lipaphiserysimi(Kaltenbach)取食的影响。结果表明 ,白蝴蝶Syngonium podophyllumSchott.、苍耳XanthiumsibiricumPrtr.etWidd、白花非洲山毛豆Tephrosiavo gelliHook .的提取物对两种蚜虫的活性均较高 ,2 4h对桃蚜的拒食率分别达 0 6 82、0 6 2 9和 0 80 6 ,对萝卜蚜的拒食率分别为 0 4 0 5、0 370和 0 383,与对照之间差异极显著 ;油茶Camelliaoleifera和花椒Zanthoxylumschinifolium的提取物拒食作用亦较强 ,2 4h对桃蚜的拒食率分别为 0 5 5 2和 0 5 14 ,对萝卜蚜的拒食率分别为 0 5 70和 0 5 18。三种药剂 (0 3%印楝素乳油、鱼藤酮精、机油乳剂 )在所测试的浓度对两种蚜虫的拒食率均达 0 719以上 ,拒食效果显著。     

烟蚜在山东烟田的发生与消长

对山东烟区烟蚜Myzus persicae(Sulzer)的发生消长规律进行7年的系统调查。结果表明:烟蚜的发生为单峰型曲线,发生高峰大致在每年的5月底6月初,大多数年份不能形成第2个蚜量高峰,且烟蚜的发生以无翅蚜为主。并对以无翅蚜为主以及近年来烟蚜田间发生的数量较少的原因进行分析。     

几种病原真菌对二点叶螨、桃蚜的侵染能力研究

从兰州市刘家堡乡自然感病的菜豆蚜尸上,经分离、纯化、筛选得到5种病原真菌,即新接霉属、干尸霉属、虫瘴霉属、虫疠霉属、匍柄霉属。以室内盆栽菜豆上饲养供试桃蚜、二点叶螨为供试生物,测定了几种病原真菌的侵染力。结果表明:匍柄霉属、新接霉属、虫瘴霉属、虫疠霉属对桃蚜有较高的侵染力,接种第7 d后校正死亡率分别为74.0%、70.0%、64.0%、62.0%;对二点叶螨雌成螨的侵染力相对较低,干尸霉属、新接霉属、虫瘴霉属、匍柄霉属接种第7 d后校正死亡率分别为48%、45.9%、42.7%和38.8%。几种病原真菌孢子悬浮液处理二点叶螨螨卵后,可延长螨卵的发育历期,降低螨卵孵化率。     

Myzus persicae (green peach aphid) feeding on Arabidopsis induces the formation of a deterrent indole glucosinolate

Cruciferous plants produce a wide variety of glucosinolates as a protection against herbivores and pathogens. However, very little is known about the importance of individual glucosinolates in plant defense and the regulation of their production in response to herbivory. When Myzus persicae (green peach aphid) feeds on Arabidopsis aliphatic glucosinolates pass through the aphid gut intact, but indole glucosinolates are mostly degraded. Although aphid feeding causes an overall decrease in Arabidopsis glucosinolate content, the production of 4-methoxyindol-3-ylmethylglucosinolate is induced. This altered glucosinolate profile is not a systemic plant response, but is limited to the area in which aphids are feeding. Aphid feeding on detached leaves causes a similar change in the glucosinolate profile, demonstrating that glucosinolate transport is not required for the observed changes. Salicylate-mediated signaling has been implicated in other plant responses to aphid feeding. However, analysis of eds5, pad4, npr1 and NahG transgenic Arabidopsis, which are compromised in this pathway, demonstrated that aphid-induced changes in the indole glucosinolate profile were unaffected. The addition of purified indol-3-ylmethylglucosinolate to the petioles of cyp79B2 cyp79B3 mutant leaves, which do not produce indole glucosinolates, showed that this glucosinolate serves as a precursor for the aphid-induced synthesis of 4-methoxyindol-3-ylmethylglucosinolate. In artificial diets, 4-methoxyindol-3-ylmethylglucosinolate is a significantly greater aphid deterrent in the absence of myrosinase than its metabolic precursor indol-3-ylmethylglucosinolate. Together, these results demonstrate that, in response to aphid feeding, Arabidopsis plants convert one indole glucosinolate to another that provides a greater defensive benefit.     

不同品种烤烟对烟蚜羧酸酯酶和谷胱甘肽转移酶活性的影响

为明确不同烤烟品种对烟蚜Myzus persicae(Sulzer)解毒酶活力的影响,比较了9个品种烤烟上的绿色型烟蚜的解毒酶活力,发现烤烟品种对烟蚜α-乙酸萘酯羧酸酯酶、β-乙酸萘酯羧酸酯酶、谷胱甘肽转移酶活力有显著影响,不同品种烤烟上烟蚜的α-乙酸萘酯羧酸酯酶、β-乙酸萘酯羧酸酯酶、谷胱甘肽转移酶均有差异。烤烟品种V2、云烟87和红大上的烟蚜羧酸酯酶活力较高,云烟317、云烟85和K326居中,K346、K358和G28则较低。9个品种烤烟对烟蚜谷胱甘肽转移酶活力有所影响,但差异不大。     

Duplication of the Rdl GABA receptor subunit gene in an insecticide-resistant aphid, Myzus persicae

Resistance to cyclodiene insecticides is associated with replacements of a single amino acid (alanine 302) in a γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) receptor subunit encoded by the single-copy gene Resistance to dieldrin (Rdl). Alanine 302 is predicted to reside within the second membrane-spanning region of the Rdl receptor, a region that is thought to line the integral chloride ion channel pore. In all cyclodiene-resistant insects studied to date, this same alanine residue is replaced either by a serine, or, in some resistant strains of Drosophila simulans, a glycine residue. Therefore, individuals can carry only two different Rdl alleles. In contrast, here we report the presence of up to four different Rdl-like alleles in individual clones of the green peach aphid, Myzus persicae. In addition to the wild-type copy of Rdl gene (encoding A302 or allele A), M. persicae carries three other alleles with the following amino acid replacements: A302 → Glycine (allele G), A302 → Serine^TCG (allele S) and A302 → Serine^AGT (allele S′). Evidence from direct nucleotide sequencing and Single Stranded Conformational Polymorphism (SSCP) analysis shows that at least three of these different Rdl alleles (i.e. A, G and S) are commonly present in individual aphids or aphid clones. Southern analysis using allele-specific probes and analysis of sequences downstream of the exon containing the resistance-associated mutation confirm the presence of two independent Rdl-like loci in M. persicae. One locus carries the susceptible alanine (A) and/or resistant glycine (G) allele while the other carries the two serine alleles (S or S′). Whereas resistance levels are correlated with the glycine replacement, the S allele was present in all aphid clones, regardless of their resistance status. These results suggest that target site insensitivity is associated with replacements at the first (A/G) but not the second (S/S′) locus. Phylogenetic analysis of nucleotide sequences indicates that both putative aphid Rdl loci are monophyletic with respect to other insect Rdl genes and may have arisen through a recent gene duplication event. The implications of this duplication with respect to insecticide resistance and insect GABA receptor subunit diversity are discussed. Received: 10 March 1998 / Accepted: 21 July 1998     

Does rearing an aphid parasitoid on one host affect its ability to parasitize another species?

1. Generalist parasitoids are commonly used for the biological control of insect pests; however, they are often reared on a single host species because this is more practical for commercial production. Few studies have investigated the consequences of rearing a generalist parasitoid on a single host species in terms of performance on other target pests.
2. We investigated the impact of rearing the generalist parasitoid Praon unicum Smith (Hymenoptera: Braconidae, Aphidiinae) on an alternative aphid host Myzus persicae Sulzer (Hemiptera: Aphididae) with respect to its ability to perform on Ericaphis fimbriata Richards (Hemiptera: Aphididae), a pest of highbush blueberries.
3. Parasitoids reared on the two aphid hosts did not differ in physical size measurements.
4. Praon unicum reared on M. persicae had a lower oviposition success over 6 days compared with insects reared on E. fimbriata, mainly as a result of differences early in life.
5. There was no difference in parasitoid egg size, lifetime fertility, age‐specific fertility, female offspring ratio, development time or calculated intrinsic rate of increase from the two aphid hosts.
6. We conclude that there were no negative consequences of rearing P. unicum on M. persicae on its ability to parasitize E. fimbriata, although further field studies would need to be performed to investigate whether natal host influences parasitoid preference.

     

不同桃树品种上桃蚜遗传多样性的研究

桃蚜Myzus persicae(Sulzer)寄主广泛,是一种全球性的广食性害虫。为了探明不同桃树品种对桃蚜遗传分化的影响,我们采用微卫星分子标记技术对白油蟠桃,黄油蟠桃等7个桃树品种上的桃蚜进行遗传多样性研究。结果表明,7对微卫星引物在171个样本中检测到118个等位基因,平均每个位点有16.857个等位基因。不同品种桃树上桃蚜的遗传多样性较为丰富,表明种内存在着较大的遗传变异。种群间没有遗传分化或分化不明显,这可能是种群间存在着明显的基因交流而造成的,说明桃树品种间的差异对桃蚜的分化影响较小。     

Efficacy of pymetrozine against Myzus persicae and in reducing potato virus Y transmission on tobacco plants

Forty‐four parthenogenetic lineages of Myzus persicae s.l. (Sulzer) from tobacco crops and peach orchards located in various regions of Greece were examined to determine their response to the insecticide pymetrozine using leaf‐dip bio‐assays. The results show that the aphid has not developed resistance, as all lineages exhibited resistance factors bellow 6.0. In transmission experiments of potato virus Y (PVY) using a lineage of the tobacco‐adapted subspecies M. persicae nicotianae Blackman on tobacco plants, one foliar application with pymetrozine provided adequate protection for 7 days. Pymetrozine significantly reduced both virus acquisition and inoculation compared with the untreated control and the reduction was comparable to a mineral oil application. These results are discussed in terms of the advantage of incorporating pymetrozine as a compound of pest management strategies against M. persicae s.l. and for control of non‐persistent viruses, especially in crops such as tobacco because of the high selection pressure from neonicotinoids resulting in potential of resistance developing in aphid populations.     

寄主植物对烟蚜药剂敏感性及相关酶活性的影响

以甘蓝、烟草和桃树上的饲养的烟蚜Myzus persicae（Sulzer）种群为研究材料,分别测试了其对吡虫啉、丁硫克百威和氰戊菊酯这3种杀虫剂的敏感性。结果表明,桃树上的烟蚜种群敏感性最高,其次为烟草种群,甘蓝种群最低。测试了在3种不同寄主上饲养的烟蚜种群的羧酸酯酶、乙酰胆碱酯酶和谷光甘肽-s-转移酶的比活力,这3种酶均表现为甘蓝种群最高,其次为烟草种群,桃树种群最低。