柏小爪螨实验种群生命表的组建与分析

组建并分析了柏小爪螨实验种群生命表。在25℃恒温条件下,种群的内禀增长力rm为0．1274,周限增长率λ为1．1358／d,净增殖率Ro为12．8746代,平均世代周期T为20．0586d,种群增长一倍需要的时间t为5．4407d。     

侧多食跗线螨实验种群繁殖特征生命表

研究了侧多食跗线螨Polyphagotarsonemuslatus (Banks)在 2 5℃ ,相对湿度 85 %～ 90 % ,取食辣椒条件下的种群繁殖特征生命表。结果表明 :该螨的内禀增长力为 0 2 94 8,周限增长率为 1 34 2 9,净增殖率为 2 5 4 94 4,种群世代平均周期为 1 3 85 0 9d ,种群加倍时间为 2 35 1 2d ,在理论年龄组配中 ,未成熟期(卵、幼螨、若螨 )占 70 1 781 % ,成螨占 2 9 82 1 9%。     

具振动内禀增长率的单种群增长模型的振动性

研究离散的单种群增长模型x_(n+1)=x_nexp(rn (1-x_(n-k))/(1-cx_(n-k))),n=0,1,2,…,(*)的解的振动性,其中{r_n)_(n=1)~∞是任意实序列,k是正整数,0<相似文献   

白纹伊蚊实验种群动态的研究

在实验室条件下观察白纹伊蚊种群发育、存活和繁殖的动态,得出年龄特征存活率、繁殖率等数据,编制成生命表,计算出有关种群各项参数,包括内禀增长能力(r_m=0.1333),净增殖率(R₀=45.3017),增殖有限速率(λ=1.1426),平均世代周期长(T=33.3299天),瞬时出生率和死亡率(b=0.5562,d=0.4229),稳定年龄组配,成虫前期占90.66%,成虫期占9.34%。该蚊种群大约每隔5.2天增加一倍。根据结果对该蚊种群传播登革热的关系和防制加以讨论。     

昆虫抗药性种群相对适合度指标的改进

相对适合度(Relative fitness)是衡量害虫抗药性种群生物学变化的重要指标,用于测度昆虫对杀虫剂的适应性,由抗药性种群和敏感种群净增殖率(R0)相除获得。本文在对多种昆虫抗药性种群相对适合度研究实例分析中发现抗药性昆虫除了后代数量发生变化外,发育时间(如世代历期)也可能会发生变化。因此,提出了基于净增殖率-世代历期(T)、内禀增长率(rm)的2个相对适合度指标模型Rf=R0R/TR/ROS/TS、Rf=rmR/rm S。应用该方法对多个研究实例进行计算,基于净增殖率-世代历期的模型获得的相对适合度值与原模型值相比无显著差异,基于内禀增长率的模型计算出的相对适合度值一般高于原模型值;三个指标之间均极显著相关。改进后的适合度指标包含了抗药性种群发育时间、后代数量或者增殖潜力参数,因此,其结果更具科学性。     

一种模拟昆虫种群动态的改进的变维矩阵模型

提出了一种模拟昆虫种群动态的改进的变维矩阵模型,该模型以发有历期为维数,采用分解与合成的方法变维,并考虑了个体间的发育差异。经模拟检验,模型模拟结果略优于徐汝梅等（1981）变维矩阵模型的结果。     

稻纵卷叶螟地理种群的比较研究

本文应用实验种群生命表技术,比较了三个地区不同世代(南宁五代、衡阳四代、南京三代,三地各相距4—6个纬度)和同是第二世代稻纵卷叶螟(Cnaphalocrocis medinalis Guenee)种群的发育、存活、繁殖、内禀增长力等参数的差异.结果表明,三个地区不同世代的种群,除个别温度外,南京种群的存活率、平均产卵量、内禀增长力、繁殖价大于衡阳种群;衡阳种群大于南宁种群,形成明显的纬度梯度.而同是第二世代,则三个地区种群这些参数差异不显著.对发育历期进行裂区试验的方差分析,种群间均无显著差异.可以用一个公共的发育速率模型.文中分析和讨论了形成种群间这些差异的原因,可能是种群的同型交配效应或迁飞的自然选择效应.     

不同温湿度条件下飞虱虫疠霉对桃蚜生殖力和内禀增长力的影响

对7日龄桃蚜 Myzus persicae用高剂量飞虱虫疠霉Pandora delphacis接种后;饲养于不同温(10～30℃)、湿(74%～100%RH)度组合条件下观察其生殖力及内禀增长力(r_m) 的变化。结果表明;被接种个体生殖力比对照显著降低;且下降幅度受温度、湿度及温湿互作的影响。在各处理组合中;尤其以20～30℃和95%～100%RH的条件下下降更为明显。各处理r_m在不同温度间差异显著;均随温度呈抛物线形变化;25℃下达最高;但不同湿度间差异不显著。与对照相比;被接种蚜的r_m>除10℃与各湿度组合间无显著差异外;其余温湿组合下均显著低于对照。上述分析表明;飞虱虫疠霉的侵染能显著影响桃蚜生殖力及r_m;尤其是在桃蚜繁殖的最适温度范围内效果最为明显。     

不同桑树品种上朱砂叶螨实验种群内禀增长率的统计推断

为了正确地评价不同桑树品种上朱砂叶螨为害差异,本文通过使用Jackknife方法(刀切法),采用合适的生殖力生命表构建方法,对朱砂叶螨实验种群在不同的4个桑树品种上生殖力表的内禀增长率进行了统计推断。结果表明,温度为28±1℃、相对湿度75%±10%、光周期16L∶8D的条件下,西农6071 (山桑 Morus bombycis Koidz.,2x)、和田白桑 (白桑 M. alba Linne, 3x)、新一之濑 (白桑 M. alba Linne, 2x)和大石(广东桑 M. atropurpurea Roxb., 3x) 4个桑树品种上朱砂叶螨r_m值大小依次为0.41894（0.41043～0.42746）、0.37065（0.36604～0.37526）、0.36171（0.35778～0.36563）和0.35253（0.34757～0.35748）。通过对“伪值”样本同秩的成对t检验比较,这4个桑树品种对朱砂叶螨内禀增长率的影响有显著差异。结果说明朱砂叶螨对4种桑树的易感性,以西农6071、和田白桑、新一之濑、大石顺序渐弱。     

格氏栲种群优势度增长改进模型的研究

提出有限的空间种群增长的Logistic改进模型探讨格氏栲种群基面积增长规律,即dS/dt=rS(1-S^θ/K）。该模型通过树种的竞争特性因子θ控制,将指数增长、线性制约、下凹增长和上凸增长非线性制约概括一个统一的自适应性的非线性制约通用模型。运用改进单纯形对Logistic改进模型进行优化,拟合结果表明改进模型是格氏栲种群优势度增长动态变化的一个极好机理描述式,其增长速度最大是在141年。     

Comparative biology and life tables of Trichogramma cacoeciae,T. brassicae and T. evanescens (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae) with Ephestia kuehniella and Cadra cautella (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) as hosts at three constant temperatures

Egg parasitoids of the genus Trichogramma (Hym. Trichogrammatidae) have been successfully utilized for biocontrol of several Lepidopteran pests worldwide. Because of their low host specificity Trichogramma can be mass reared more easily in large numbers and on different natural and factitious hosts. Life table parameters were assessed for Trichogramma cacoeciae Marchall, T. evanescens Westwood and T. brassicae Bezdenko on Ephestia kuehniella Zeller and Cadra cautella Walker at three temperatures (20, 25 and 30°C) as the potential factitious hosts for mass rearing. Female longevity ranged between 9.77 and 2.56 days in our experiments. Fecundity ranged from 73 to 91 parasitized eggs in C. cautella and 76–109 parasitized eggs in E. kuehniella. T. brassicae exhibit similar values of the intrinsic rate of increase ratio (r _m) 0.5407 and 0.5478; the finite rates of increase (λ) were 1.717 and 1.7295 and the doubling times 1.28 and 1.26 at 25 and 30°C, respectively, in C. cautella. The mean duration of one generation (T) varied between 8.25 and 13.37 days for T. cacoeciae, 8.14 and 13.47 days for T. brassicae and 8.23 and 13.18 days for T. evanescens in C. cautella. Generation times for T. cacoeciae varied between 8.23 and 14.68 days, 8.28 and 14.37 days for T. brassicae, and 7.74 and 14.58 days for T. evanescens in E. kuehniella eggs. Both species (T. cacoeciae, T. brassicae) had the same intrinsic rate of increase (r _m; 0.5700 and 0.5704), finite rate of increase (λ; 1.7682, 1.7691) and doubling time (Dt, 1.21) at 30°C in E. kuehniella, respectively.     

3种微生态制剂对大型溞存活、生殖和种群增长的影响

研究了3种微生态制剂(复合微生态制剂Ⅰ、复合微生态制剂Ⅱ和芽孢杆菌)对大型溞的急、慢性毒性影响,分析比较了3种微生态制剂的安全使用剂量以及对大型溞生殖和种群增长的影响.试验结果表明,3种微生态制剂对大型溞死亡率影响均显著(P < 0.05),从安全浓度来看,对大型溞的毒性作用依次为:复合微生态制剂Ⅱ>复合微生态制剂Ⅰ>芽孢杆菌;在安全浓度范围内,3种微生态制剂对大型溞亲代(P)的生殖和种群增长均有明显的促进作用,表现在随微生态制剂浓度的升高,P代的净生殖率(R0)和内禀增长率(rm)均显著增加(P < 0.05),其中以复合微生态制剂Ⅰ的效果最好,R0最高值为对照组的7倍,rm最高值为对照组的1.7倍;3种微生态制剂对大型溞子一代(F1)和子二代(F2)的生殖和种群增长均没有促进作用.     

温湿度对苜蓿盲蝽实验种群的影响

在４种温度、２种相对湿度的不同组合条件下,研究了温湿度对苜蓿盲蝽发育、存活和繁殖的影响。组建了生命表,并对各生命参数进行了比较。在３０℃、８０％ＲＨ条件下,种群的内禀增长率最大（ｒ＿ｍ＝０．０６７１８）,相应的增殖率极限λ＝１．０６９５／ｄ,平均世代周期Ｔ＝３２．０３１３ｄ,净生殖率Ｒ＿０＝８．６０１１。在试验的温度范围内,温度与内禀增长率之间呈抛物线趋势。     

多食性瓢虫捕食5种蚜虫的统计学比较:实验室研究(英文)

通过食蚜瓢虫Propylea dissecta(Mulsant)的捕食统计学参数的比较,尝试回答瓢虫是如何克服食物基础季节性的变动问题。在实验室中饲养五世代的瓢虫从五种蚜虫(Rhopalosiphum maidis(Fitch),Aphis craccivora Kock,Aphis gossypii Glover,Uroleucon compositae(Theobald)和Lipaphis erysimi(Kalt))为食物来源获得营养。相对适合的猎物次序是A.gossypii,A.craccivora,R.maidis,U.compositae和L.erysimi。新生幼虫的死亡率最高,其次是卵。统计表明,净生殖率、内懔增长率和有限增长率为(407.18,0.2274天-1,1.2553天-1)最高的在A.gossypii和最低的(176.02,0.1533天-1,1.1657天-1)在L.erysimi,一个世代时间最短的26.43天是捕食A.gossypii;而最长的33.73天为捕食L.erysimi。本研究为P.dissecta捕食A.gossypii高发生提供一种解释,因为它经历了高内懔增长率和统计参数最佳值。     

Comparison of development and demographic parameters of Diuraphis noxia (Hem., Aphididae) and its parasitoid,Diaeretiella rapae (Hym., Braconidae: Aphidiinae)

Demographic parameters of Diuraphis noxia (Mordvilko) and its parasitoid, Diaeretiella rapae (McIntosh) were investigated under laboratory conditions at temperatures of 20 ± 1°C, 60 ± 5% relative humidity of 60 ± 5% and a photoperiod of 16: 8 (light: dark) hours. The survival rates (l_x ) and the life expectancy (e_x ) at the beginning of adult emergence were 86% and 25.81 days for D. noxia and 100% and 7.36 days for D. rapae, respectively. Based on the Weibull distribution parameters, the survival curves were type I for both D. noxia and D. rapae, which indicates that mortality mostly occurred in older stages. The r _m-values in aphid and parasitoid were obtained as 0.22 ± 0.002 and 0.19 ± 0.003 day^?1, respectively. Mean generation time (T) and doubling time (DT) were 15.93 ± 0.202 and 3.15 ± 0.031 days for the aphid and 15.33 ± 0.071 and 3.67 ± 0.054 days for the parasitoid, respectively. The R₀ -values of D. noxia and D. rapae were evaluated 33.19 ± 0.961 and 18.07 ± 0.761 females/female/generation, respectively. The gross and net fecundity rates were 59.21 ± 1.94 and 32.825 ± 0.972 nymphs/female/day for the aphid and 37.59 ± 1.46, and 33.8 ± 1.51 eggs/female/day for the parasitoid, respectively. The results of this research indicated that D. rapae is an adequate parasitoid for control of Russian wheat aphid.     

Life history of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Eretmocerus mundus</Emphasis>, a parasitoid of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Bemisia tabaci</Emphasis>, on tomato and sweet pepper

Eretmocerus mundus is native to the Mediterranean region where it is often observed to enter greenhouses to parasitize B. tabaci on fruiting vegetables and other host crops. Fecundity on tomato and pepper was evaluated by placing newly emerged pairs (n = 15) of E. mundus on leaf discs infested with second instar B. tabaci, the preferred stage, maintained at 25 °C and changed daily until death of the female. All whitefly nymphs were observed for host feeding and inverted to count parasitoid eggs. Adult longevity was estimated at 7.3±0.8 d on tomato and 10.1±1.0 d on sweet pepper. Fecundity (number of hosts parasitized) was estimated 147.8±12.6 per female on tomato and 171.1±21.5 on pepper. Incidence of host feeding (number of hosts killed) was significantly greater on sweet pepper than on tomato, 15.6±1.9 vs. 10.4±1.3 nymphs per female, respectively. No significant differences were detected in the duration of life stages between sweet pepper and tomato. Preimaginal survivorship in clip cages was estimated at 69.5±11.9% on tomato and 76.6±10.5% on sweet pepper, with no statistical differences. Net reproductive rate (R _o) was estimated at 63.8±8.2 and 51.0±4.4 on tomato and sweet pepper respectively. Generation time (T) was significantly greater on sweet pepper (19.3±0.5) than on tomato (17.9±0.4), but the estimate of intrinsic rate of increase (r _m) was not statistically different at 0.216±0.005 and 0.219±0.004 respectively. These values are well above those reported for B. tabaci on any crop, indicating the potential of E. mundus to control this pest on solanaceous crops in the greenhouse.