云南元阳哈尼梯田两个不同时期种植的水稻地方品种表型比较

为揭示中国云南元阳哈尼梯田中所种植的水稻(Oryza sativa)地方品种的表型性状在30年间的变化,我们通过田间实验方法,对元阳哈尼梯田农户在20世纪70年代种植的66个(简称"过去的品种")和近10年间种植的69个(简称"当前的品种")代表性水稻地方品种的农艺性状进行了比较.结果表明,23个农艺性状的多样性指数(H')平均值,过去的品种(1.784)大于当前的品种(1.766);过去品种的变异系数平均值和相似性系数平均值(分别为19.5%和0.2107)均小于当前的品种(分别为21.7%和0.2149).因子特征值大于l的主成分,过去的品种有8个(PCI-8),当前的品种有6个(PCI-6),分别能够解释总变异的83.2%和81.4%.23个表型性状的聚类树形图和前3个主成分分布散点图均能将供试品种分为与籼、粳两个亚种相对应的两类.与过去种植的品种相比,当前种植的品种表现为籼型品种、糯性品种、红米品种,以及落粒性极强和强的品种比例降低;当前种植品种的株高、穗颈长、穗下节长、千粒重和剑叶角度等参数显著下降,相反,单株有效穗、剑叶宽、每穗实粒数和结实率等参数显著增加,其株型更紧凑.总体而言,元阳哈尼梯田农户当前种植的水稻地方品种有单一化和遗传多样性降低的趋势,这可能是由于杂交水稻的推广.以及当地农民对产量性状的选择和传统文化习俗的淡化所致.建议对云南元阳哈尼梯田及时采取水稻地方品种与稻作传统文化并重的保护举措.     

Molecular mechanisms regulating Pi-signaling and Pi homeostasis under OsPHR2, a central Pi-signaling regulator, in rice

Phosphorus (P) is one of the most important major mineral elements for plant growth and metabolism. Plants have evolved adaptive regulatory mechanisms to maintain phosphate (Pi) homeostasis by improving phosphorus uptake, translocation, remobilization and efficiency of use. Here we review recent advances in our understanding of the OsPHR2-mediated phosphate-signaling pathway in rice. OsPHR2 positively regulates the low-affinity Pi transporter OsPT2 through physical interaction and reciprocal regulation of OsPHO2 in roots. OsPT2 is responsible for most of the OsPHR2-mediated accumulation of excess Pi in shoots. OsSPX1 acts as a repressor in the OsPHR2-mediated phosphate-signaling pathway. Some mutants screened from ethyl methanesulfonate (EMS)-mutagenized M2 population of OsPHR2 overexpression transgenic line removed the growth inhibition, indicating that some unknown factors are crucial for Pi utilization or plant growth under the regulation of OsPHR2.     

Ammonium accumulation in relation to growth of rice cell suspension under phosphate deprivation

Suspension-cultured rice cells growth was markedly inhibited and ammonium content increased when rice cells were deprived of phosphate. When rice cells were cultured at increasing concentrations of ammonium chloride, ammonium content increased, however, no significant inhibition of cell growth was observed. Addition of D-arginine, an inhibitor of putrescine biosynthesis, resulted in a complete recovery of growth in rice cells under phosphate deprivation, but did not decrease the content of ammonium. Our results indicate that the growth inhibition induced by phosphate deprivation is not associated with ammonium accumulation. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

低钾胁迫对水稻(Oryza sativa L.)化感潜力变化的影响

研究以国际公认的化感水稻P1312777和非化感水稻Lemont为供体,稗草（Echinochloa cru-galli L.）为受体,采用稻／稗共培体系,研究低钾胁迫对水稻化感潜力变化的影响及其机制。受体稗草的形态指标分析结果表明,低钾胁迫促使化感水稻P1312777对共培稗草的根长、株高和干重的抑制率均升高,增幅远大于非化感水稻Lemont。受体稗草生理生化指标分析结果表明,低钾胁迫下化感与非化感水稻对受体稗草保护酶系（SOD、POD、CAT）及根系活力的抑制作用增强,但化感水稻P1312777比非化感水稻Lemont的抑制程度大,且达极显著差异。实时荧光定量PCR分析结果表明,低钾胁迫下,化感水稻P1312777根部与叶部中酚类代谢的关键酶——苯丙氨酸解氨酶、肉桂酸-4-羟化酶、羟化酶、O-甲基转移酶的基因均上调表达,而非化感水稻根部相应酶均下调表达,叶部除苯丙氨酸解氨酶上调,其余酶也下调表达。而萜类代谢途径关键酶——HMG—CoA还原酶、角鲨烯合酶、单萜烯环化酶、倍半萜烯环化酶、二萜烯环化酶的基因,在两种水稻根部中呈现出相同或相似的表达方式（上调或下调）,即HMG—CoA还原酶上调表达,角鲨烯合酶、单萜烯环化酶、倍半萜烯环化酶、二萜烯环化酶下调表达;而在水稻叶部,非化感水稻Lmont相应酶基因表达方式仍然不变,化感水稻P1312777除了角鲨烯合酶下调表达,其余4个酶均上调表达。水稻根系分泌物中酚类物质的HPLC分析结果表明,低钾胁迫下,化感水稻P1312777根系分泌物中,所检出的酚酸类物质总量是正常营养条件下的2．30倍,而非化感水稻Lemont则是正常营养条件下的0．91倍。综合分析认为低钾胁迫下,化感水稻P1312777抑草能力增强主要是由于酚类代谢途径关键酶基因表达上调,导致酚类代谢途径旺盛,分泌出更多的酚类物质,进而破坏受体稗草保护酶系统,抑制了稗草的正常生长。     

Analysis of collinear regions of Oryza AA and CC genomes

Comparative analyses of genome structure and sequence of closely related species have yielded insights into the evolution and function of plant genomes. A total of 103,844 BAC end sequences delegated -73.8 Mb of O. officinalis that belongs to the CC genome type of the rice genus Oryza were obtained and compared with the genome sequences office cultivar, O. sativa ssp.japonica cv. Nipponbare. We found that more than 45% of O. officinalis genome consists of repeat sequences, which is higher than that of Nipponbare cultivar. To further investigate the evolutionary divergence of AA and CC genomes, two BAC-contigs of O. officinalis were compared with the collinear genomic regions of Nipponbare. Of 57 genes predicted in the AA genome orthologous regions, 39 had orthologs in the regions of the CC genome. Alignment of the orthologous regions indicated that the CC genome has undergone expansion in both genic and intergenic regions through primarily retroelement insertion. Particularly, the density of RNA transposable elements was 17.95% and 1.78% in O. officinalis and O. sativa, respectively. This explains why the orthologous region is about 100 kb longer in the CC genome in comparison to the AA genome.     

Origins and population genetics of weedy red rice in the USA

Weedy red rice (Oryza sativa spontonea) is a persistent and problematic weed of rice culture worldwide. A major hypothesis for the mechanism of production of this weed in South and Southeast Asia is hybridization between cultivated rice (Oryza sativa) and wild rice (Oryza rufipogon). However, weedy red rice can often be found outside the range of O. rufipogon leaving questions on the origin and process behind weedy rice infestations. In the USA, weedy red rice was first documented as early as 1846 and has continued to affect rice production areas. In this study, we attempt to identify the origin and population structure of weedy red rice sampled from the USA using both DNA sequence data from a neutral nuclear locus as well as microsatellite genotype data. Results suggest that two major accessions of weedy rice exist, strawhull and blackhull, and these forms may both hybridize with the cultivated rice of the USA, O. sativa japonica. Using population assignment of multilocus genotype signatures with principal component analysis and structure, an Asian origin is supported for US weedy rice. Additionally, hybridization between strawhull and blackhull varieties was inferred and may present the opportunity for the production of new weedy forms in the future.     

Subspecies-specific intron length polymorphism markers reveal clear genetic differentiation in common wild rice （Oryza rufipogon L.） in relation to the domestication of cultivated rice （O. sativa L.）

It is generally accepted that Oryza rufipogon is the progenitor of Asian cultivated rice （O. sativa）. However, how the two subspecies of O. sativa （indica and japonica） were domesticated has long been debated. To investigate the genetic differentiation in O. rufipogon in relation to the domestication of O. sativa, we developed 57 subspecies-specific intron length polymorphism （SSILP） markers by comparison between 10 indica cultivars and 10 japonica cultivars and defined a standard indica rice and a standard japonica rice based on these SSILP markers. Using these SSILP markers to genotype 73 O. rufipogon accessions, we found that the indica alleles and japonica alleles of the SSILP markers were predominant in the O. rufipogon accessions, suggesting that SSILPs were highly conserved during the evolution of O. sativa. Cluster analysis based on these markers yielded a dendrogram consisting of two distinct groups： one group （Group I） comprises all the O. rufipogon accesions from tropical （South and Southeast） Asia as well as the standard indica rice; the other group （Group II） comprises all the O. rufipogon accessions from Southern China as well as the standard japonica rice. Further analysis showed that the two groups have significantly higher frequencies of indica alleles and japonica alleles, respectively. These results support the hypothesis that indica rice and japonica rice were domesticated from the O. rufipogon of tropical Asia and from that of Southern China, respectively, and suggest that the indica-japonica differentiation should have formed in O. rufipogon long before the beginning of domestication. Furthermore, with an O. glaberrima accession as an outgroup, it is suggested that the indica-japonica differentiation in O. ruffpogon might occur after its speciation from other AA-genome species.