山医群体近交系中国地鼠的G-显带核型和自发畸变率的研究

目的　阐明山医群体近交系中国地鼠G 显带核型和自发畸变率 ,完善中国地鼠的背景资料。方法　采用地鼠骨髓制备和G 显带法。结果　从 14只地鼠的 30个G 显带细胞中 ,7个G 显带细胞被选作模型分析。根据特有带型来识别各号染色体 ,绘制了模式图。此外 ,用常规Giemsa染色分析了 80 0个中期细胞 ,发现染色体断裂为 0 2 5 % ,无着丝粒畸变和不平衡易位均为 0 0 5 % ,自发畸变率很低。结论　山医群体近交系中国地鼠G 显带的识别为结构异常和基因作图提供了科学依据。     

小鼠G显带核型

分析了4个自交系小鼠和1个杂交系小鼠的54个骨髓细胞G显带核型,各系小鼠G显带标本均能观察到显示大带和小带的两种带型细胞。大带细胞带少、清晰、恒定,根据其带型能鉴别各号染色体。各系小鼠大带带型相同。本文还描述了各号染色体大带带型特征,并绘制了小鼠G带核型模式图,提出了带型相似的6,8;1,X;9,13;及17,18等染色体识别要点。     

金丝猴的染色体组型

本研究通过外周血淋巴细胞培养的方法,对二只金丝猴的染色体组型和染色体带型进行了分析。现已确证,金丝猴的2倍体细胞的染色体数目为2n=44。雄性为XY,雌性为XX。在染色体组型分析中,测量和计算了每一染色体的相对长度,臂比和着丝点指数。染色体和染色单体的“自发”畸变率分别为0.67％和2％。从姬姆萨(Giemsa)氏带型分析表明,每一对同源染色体都有自己的特殊带型,因此所有的染色体都能予以识别,并能准确无误的配对。     

玉米染色体G—带带型的研究

本文对3个玉米自交系,及其中两个自交系的杂交F_1有丝分裂早中期染色体的G-带带型进行了比较研究。所有的供试材料G-显带的染色体上都具有两种类型的带纹,我们称A型带和B型带。A型带为沿染色体长轴分布,较细的,密切邻近的多重带纹。不同自交系的A型带带型基本相同,杂交F_1的A型带无明显的异型性。非同源染色体间带型各不相同,某些染色体具有易于识别,特征性较强的A型带标记。B型带一般为深染色的大带,位于染色体的近端区。同一自交系每两个同源染色体的B型带可以配对,不同自交系B型带带型互有不同。杂交F_1某些染色体上的B型带带型异型性明显。具异型性的染色体对中一成员的带型与一个亲本相似,另一成员与另一亲本相似。比较对同一细胞先后作G-和C-显带处理的结果表明,B型带和C-带是相同的。     

IRM-2近交系小鼠的生殖生长特性

目的获取IRM-2近交系小鼠的生殖生长特性的有关资料.方法ICR/JCL为母本,以615小鼠为父本杂交选育的近交系小鼠IRM-2,现已繁育至第38代.经过对其生殖、生长特性的观察和测定来取得相关资料.结果该小鼠出生后45d性成熟;繁殖能力强,平均每窝产仔数为8只以上,最高可达15只;生长发育迅速,出生后60d体重可达28g以上,各脏器重均高于亲代鼠.结论从各项指标来看,IRM-2小鼠是优良的近交品系小鼠.     

水稻染色体G—带的研究

用改良的ASG法首次在籼稻(O.sativa subsp.indica)品种珍汕97和粳稻(O.subsp.iaponica)品种秀岭的有丝分裂染色体上显示了G-带,并作了相应的G-带核型分析。就同一材料来说,随着有丝分裂时期的推进,染色体上带纹数目逐渐减少。籼、粳亚种间相对应的同源染色体上G-带带纹特征彼此相似。讨论了水稻G-带带型与染色体不同区域分化的关系;G-带带型与籼、粳稻分歧的关系;以及G-显带的方法。     

小鼠杂交细胞生物学特征的观察

本文用小鼠NS—1骨髓瘤细胞与小鼠脾淋巴细胞经PEG介导进行融合,通过HAT选择,有成效地获得了同种杂种细胞。在融合后第30、50、70、90天观察了杂种细胞的染色体畸变和间期细胞核损伤,并对亲本和杂种细胞的染色体核型、带型(G带、C带)进行了比较。 结果表明:NS—1细胞系的染色体平均数为64.2条,有一条标记性的亚中着丝粒染色体及一条微小染色体。小鼠脾淋巴细胞染色体为2n=40,全部为端着丝粒染色体。NS—1/小鼠脾淋巴细胞融合后的杂种细胞,染色体平均数随融合后杂种的传代而逐渐减少。到第70天时已稳定,平均为80.7±6.2条。同时,随融合后传代,杂种细胞染色体畸变率和核碎裂也增加。 最后对染色体丢失的机理及意义以及饲养细胞在融合中的作用进行了初步讨论。     

三种小鼠骨髓细胞辐射抗性的比较

目的对IRM-2、ICR及615小鼠骨髓细胞体外照射后细胞损伤进行比较研究,探讨IRM-2小鼠的抗辐射损伤机制。方法用常规法进行外周血白细胞和骨髓有核细胞计数;应用化学发光法检测不同剂量γ射线对小鼠骨髓细胞活力的影响;用PA法（FITC-Annexin V和PI标记法）检测骨髓细胞凋亡。结果IRM-2小鼠骨髓细胞和外周血白细胞计数高于ICR、615小鼠,经统计学处理后差异有显著性（P〈0.01）。经1 Gy、4 Gy照射后6 h,IRM-2、ICR、615小鼠骨髓细胞相对活力分别为86.6%和79.3%,77.5%和70.4%,77.4%和68.7%,IRM-2小鼠与ICR、615小鼠比较,细胞活力有所提高,IRM-2小鼠骨髓造血细胞死亡率及凋亡率低于ICR及615小鼠。结论IRM-2小鼠有较强的免疫及造血功能,骨髓造血细胞凋亡率低于ICR及615小鼠,其抗辐射机制仍需进一步研究。     

小鼠可移植性淋巴细胞性白血病L_(7212)8号染色体三体性研究

近年来,由于应用了染色体显带技术已能识别小鼠肿瘤细胞染色体的形态结构特征。Dofuku等首先报告AKR小鼠自发的淋巴细胞性白血病具有15三体性核型。Chang等和Wiener等分别在放射,放射白血病病毒(radiation leukemia virus)以及化学致癌物等因素诱发的小鼠淋巴性白血病细胞都发现有15三体性。15三体性是否为小鼠淋巴细胞性白血病的特异性染色体改变,尚需更多的资料证实。L_(7212)小鼠白血病是将615系小鼠的一个自发的淋巴瘤移植于同系小鼠而建成的一株可移植性肿瘤,由615小鼠已获得多株移植性肿瘤。研究这些瘤株的核型不仅有助于瘤株的鉴别,并对探讨肿瘤与染色体异常之间的关系,也有一定意义。为此,我们检查了小鼠L_(7212)白血病的核型。发现L_(7212)小鼠白血病细胞具有41条染色体,比正常小鼠多一条染色体。经G、C显带分析,属8三体性,现报道如下。     

金不换群三七液对哺乳动物致突变和致畸安全性评价

研究了金不换鲜三七液特殊毒理学效应的致突变性。以小鼠骨髓细胞染色体畸变试验,小鼠睾丸减数分裂染色体畸变及小鼠致畸试验为指标,研究金不换鲜三七液的安全性。结果：（１）小鼠骨髓细胞染色体畸变试验：低,中,高３个剂量组小鼠肌髓细胞染色体畸变率分别为０．７％,０．２％和０．９％,与对照组相比无显著差异。阳性对照组染色体畸变率大大增高。（２）小鼠睾丸减数分别细胞染色体畸变;在本实验条例上,小鼠睾丸细胞染色体     

The action of N-methyl-N-nitrosourea on non-established human cell lines in vitro. II. Non-random distribution of chromatid aberrations in diploid and Down's cells.

Chromatid gaps, breaks and aberrations involved in interchanges induced by N-methyl-N-nitrosourea (MNU) were found non-randomly distributed on individual chromosomes and chromosome segments (G bands) both in human diploid fibroblasts with trisomy 21 cultured in vitro. Aberration events were located exclusively in pale G bands. Considering cells in the first post-treatment mitosis, the pattern of aberration distribution, as revealed by the position of hot spots, varied with recovery time and was different in diploid and Down's cells. In comparison with diploid cells, the X chromosomes of Down's cells were not involved in aberrations. Despite the higher aberration frequencies of Down's cells, the number of hot spots and the proportion of aberrations located in hot spots were not increased in this cell type. Therefore, the increased chromosomal sensitivity to MNU of Down's cells does not reflect an increased sensitivity of special chromosomes or chromosome sites.     

Evolutionary relationships between rat and mouse chromosomes

Trypsin banded karyotypes of rat and mouse chromosomes were analyzed for banding pattern similarities. Apparently identical banding patterns were found, covering about 40% of the genome of each species. Predictions are made as to what gene loci are located on specific rat chromosomes. The problem of the relationship between the genetic content of a chromosome and its banding pattern is discussed.     

Chromosomal Banding Patterns Produced by Methyl Green-Pyronin Staining After Trypsin Treatment

A method is described for producing banding pattern with methyl green-pyronin (MGP) stain in chromosomes of fibrosarcoma cells. 1) The stain was made by mixing equal volumes of 2% aqueous pyronin G, 2% aqueous methyl green, distilled water, and 0.1 M acetate Mer (pH 5.7). 2) Treatment with colcemide and hypotonic KCI (0.075 M) was performed u usual. 3) Metaphase chromosomes were prepared using the flame-drying technique and treated with 0.25% trypsin at 37 C for 45 to 90 seconda. Before staining, the slides were rid in PBS, in distilled water, and then were dipped in 0.05 M acetate buffer. 4) Chromosomes were stained for more than 20 minuta, rinsed in distilled water, and hot-air dried. satisfactory results were obtained in uncontracted metaphase chromosomes. MCP stain hm the advantage of permitting much longer trypsin treatment and staining time than the trypsin-Giemsa method while providing satisfactory banding pattern.     

Karyotype and chromosomal banding pattern in Heteropeza pygmaea

The chromosomes of somatic and germ line cells of female embryos produced by paedogenesis were studied. The haploid set in somatic cells consists of one long submetacentric chromosome, one large acrocentric, one medium metacentric and two small acrocentrics. The length vs arm index karyogram makes it possible to distinguish all but the two pairs of small acrocentric chromosomes. — Attempts were made to develope a method for banding pattern visualization. The best result was obtained using trypsin which induced banding in the chromosomes of the somatic cells and occasionally also of the germ line cells. The resulting banding patterns were frequently not identical in members of a chromosome pair. There was also a variation between metaphases within an embryo as well as from different embryos. Some tentative explanations for these results are discussed.     

The karyotype of the mouse

A denaturating and renaturating technique, applied to mouse chromosomes, makes visible characteristic banding patterns by which all elements of the karyotype can be individually distinguished. The Y chromosome as a whole appears darkly stained. The X chromosome comprises 6.33% of the homogametic haploid set. The banding pattern of the chromosomes is compared with that obtained by aid of the quinacrine dihydrochloride fluorescence technique. After its use a banding pattern results which is similar to, but less distinct than, that found after the renaturation procedure.     

Algorithms for the evaluation of radiation induced chromosome aberration yields per cell from flow karyotypes

CHO-K1 cells were irradiated in G0/G1-phase with 150 kV X-rays. Single chromosomes isolated from metaphase cells and stained with DNA intercalating dye DAPI were analyzed in the ICP 22 with a modified flow chamber. In order to study dose-dependent changes in the flow karyotypes, they were split into peak- and background-portions by an iterative fit algorithm. As in a first approach, estimates of the frequencies of chromosome lesions were derived from an evaluation of the dose-dependent reduction in peak contents. The number of radiation-induced lesions per chromosome was found to be proportional to its length. As a second approach, the number of fluorescence events in the histogram background was corrected for non-chromosomal debris and evaluated interms of chromosome aberration frequency per cell, which was consistent with the yields of dicentric chromosomes and acentric fragments observed in microscopic investigations. As a third approach, lesion frequencies were calculated from the corrected background light sum in the karyotypes, utilizing a Monte Carlo model to simulate the effect of aberration formation on the flow histogram. The results indicate that the number of chromosome lesions observed by flow cytometry can be quantitatively related to the yield of structural chromosome aberrations detected by microscopic analysis. Dose-effect relations and split-dose kinetics are given as examples demonstrating the usefulness of this technique in radiobiology. Time saving compared to microscopic analysis was of the order of 90%.     

The pattern of restriction enzyme-induced banding in the chromosomes of chimpanzee,gorilla, and orangutan and its evolutionary significance

Summary The pattern of banding induced by five restriction enzymes in the chromosome complement of chimpanzee, gorilla, and orangutan is described and compared with that of humans. The G banding pattern induced by Hae III was the only feature common to the four species. Although hominid species show almost complete chromosomal homology, the restriction enzyme C banding pattern differed among the species studied. Hinf I did not induce banding in chimpanzee chromosomes, and Rsa I did not elicit banding in chimpanzee and orangutan chromosomes. Equivalent amounts of similar satellite DNA fractions located in homologous chromosomes from different species or in nonhomologous chromosomes from the same species showed different banding patterns with identical restriction enzymes. The great variability in frequency of restriction sites observed between homologous chromosome regions may have resulted from the divergence of primordial sequences changing the frequency of restriction sites for each species and for each chromosomal pair. A total of 30 patterns of banding were found informative for analysis of the hominid geneaalogical tree. Using the principle of maximum parsimony, our data support a branching order in which the chimpanzee is more closely related to the gorilla than to the human.