Developmental regulator Le.CDC5 of the mushroom Lentinula edodes: analyses of its amount in each of the stages of fruiting-body formation and its distribution in parts of the fruiting bodies

Immunoblot analysis of Le.CDC5 (842 amino acid residues), the expressed product of the cDNA of Le.cdc5 gene that has been previously reported to be most actively transcribed in primordia and small immature fruiting bodies of the basidiomycete Lentinula edodes, showed that the primordia, immature fruiting bodies and mature fruiting bodies contain similar amounts of Le.CDC5 protein. This indicates that the Le.CDC5 protein molecules synthesized in the beginning and early stage of fruiting-body formation remains in mycelial tissues even after small immature fruiting bodies developed and matured. Immunohistochemical analysis showed that Le.CDC5 is present everywhere in the mycelial tissues of immature fruiting body, but prehymenophore, the border between pileus and stipe, and the bottom of stipe seem likely to contain larger amounts of Le.CDC5. Within the hymenophore of mature fruiting body, the hymenium (in/on which a large number of basidia and basidiospores are formed) contains the Le.CDC5 most exclusively.     

Effect of oxytocin on activation of spontaneous electrical activities registered from uterine corpus and uterine tubes in rats

The effects if different concentrations of oxytocin (10(-2), 10(-1), 1 and 10 microg/kg) on burst duration and spikes frequency of spontaneous electrical activity in various parts of uterine horns and uterine corpus in non-pregnant rats have been shown. The changes in given parameters for ovarian parts of horns had similar characters unlike cervical parts of horns and middle part of uterine corpus under these conditions, so the last mentioned areas could be grouped together by the reason of similar changes in their parameters. Oxytocin in a concentration of 10(-1) microg/kg promoted the longest duration of spike electrical activity genesis in ovarian parts of horns. Morphological experiments showed that ovarian parts of horns had a great amount of atypical cells with strongly expressed functional activities.     

Early Electrophysiological Basis of Experience-Associated Holistic Processing of Chinese Characters

Recent studies have found holistic processing to be a marker of expertise for perception of words in alphabetic (e.g., English) and non-alphabetic (e.g., Chinese) writing systems, consistent with what has been found for faces and other objects of face-like expertise. It is unknown, however, whether holistic processing of words occurs in an early, perceptual stage as it does for faces. We examined how early holistic processing of Chinese characters emerges by recording the event-related potentials (ERPs) in an adaptation paradigm. Participants judged if the top parts of two sequentially presented characters were the same or different while ignoring the bottom part. An early potential (P1) at the posterior channels was smaller when the attended top parts were the same compared with when they are different, indicating an adaptation effect. Critically, for trials with identical top parts, P1 was larger when the irrelevant bottom parts were different, indicating a release of adaptation. This effect was present only when the two character parts were aligned but not misaligned, and only for characters but not for pseudocharacters. The finding of early sensitivity to all parts of a Chinese character suggests that Chinese characters are represented holistically at a perceptual level.     

The importance of belowground mineral element stores in cattails (Typha latifolia L.)

We measured the amount of N, P, K, Ca, Mg, Fe, B, Mn, Na, Sr, Cu and Zn in above- and belowground parts of cattails (Typha latifolia L.) every 2 weeks during the growing season (April–October) in plants growing in a marsh on the shore of Lake Mendota, Wisconsin. Elements differed considerably in their distribution between above- and belowground parts and the amount of apparent exchange between parts. The ratio of the amount of an element in aboveground plant parts to that belowground (A:B) was between 1:1 and 2:1 for most elements, as compared with the 2.2:1 ratio of biomass. The maximum amounts of Fe and Zn belowground exceeded their aboveground maxima, while K, Ca and Mn had A:B ratios greater than 2:1. N, P and K in belowground plant parts decreased considerably during the spring, and belowground decreases were large enough to be potentially important sources of these elements for shoot growth. Belowground stores of Ca, Mg, Mn, Na and Sr decreased little in the spring and do not function as reserves.     

蒜头果不同部位的营养成分分析

为明确喀斯特珍稀植物蒜头果各部位营养价值特点及开发利用方向，该研究以采自广西河池市巴马县交乐天坑的蒜头果成熟的果实、叶、枝皮和树皮为材料，采用我国食品营养成分国家标准的分析方法，测定其不同部位的基本营养物质、氨基酸和矿物质的种类及含量，并对各部位的氨基酸进行营养价值评价。结果表明：(1)在基本营养成分方面，果皮的灰分含量高于其他部位，为5.7 g·(100 g)^-1;种仁中粗脂肪和蛋白质含量高于其他部位，分别为36.0、14.0 g·(100 g)^-1;叶中维生素C的含量高于其他部位，为33.9 mg·(100 g)^-1;枝皮中粗纤维含量高于其他部位，为40.5 g·(100 g)^-1;树皮中碳水化合物含量高于其他部位，为78.6 g·(100 g)^-1;只在种仁和叶中检测出挥发油，分别为0.26、0.15 mL·(100 g)^-1。(2)在蒜头果整体中共检测出16种氨基酸，其中必需氨基酸7种；种仁中氨基酸总量与必需氨基酸总量远高于其他部位，分别为12.7...     

Carbon-cycling changes during regeneration of a decinduous broadleaf forest after clear-cutting II. Aboveground net production

Growth and death rates of aboveground plant parts were measured in a mature forest and four different-aged deciduous broadleaf forests regeneratede after clear-cutting, with special reference to rates for woody parts (stems and branches) of different diameters (ø) in rerms of the pipe model theory (Shinozaki et al., 1964). The total biomass increment of woody parts of trees higher than 1.3 m varied within a range of 2.1-4.6 ton ha^?1 yr^?1, the increase beingdue largely to the growth of canopy trees exposed to direct sunlight. Biomass increments of small (ø<1 cm) and medium (1≤ø<5 cm) woody parts were negligibly small except in the youngest forest, and changes in aboveground woody biomass with forest age after clear-cutting mainly resulted from accumulation of large (5 cm<ø) woody parts of canopy trees. Biomass loss of trees due to death and grazing increased with forest age from 4.0 to 8.3 ton ha^?1 yr^?1. Recovery of leaf and small wood falls was observed at the early stage of regeneration, while large wood falls increased during regeneration. Flower and fruit fall was markedly higher in the mature forest than in the other four forest types. Mortality of woody parts became higher with forest age and was 20, 5.0 and 0.46% yr^?1 for small, medium and large parts, respectively, at the mature stage. Aboveground net production of the forest was in therange 7.6-13.3 ton ha^?1 yr^?1 with the undergrowth vegetation lower than 1.3 m being 0.4-1.4 ton ha^?1 yr^?1. Production recovered rapidly at an early stage of regeneration and was highest in mature forest.     

Role of oxytocin in activation of spontaneous electrical activity of uterine body and uterine tubes in non-pregnant rats

The work studies effects of various doses of oxytocin (0.01, 0.1, 1 and 10 microg/kg) on duration of discharges of spontaneous electrical activity and frequency of spikes in various parts of uterine tubes and of uterine body of non-pregnant rats. Under these conditions, changes in these parameters for ovarian parts of the uterine tubes had similar character unlike those in cervical parts of the tubes and in the middle part of the uterine body, so the latter parts can be grouped together owing to peculiarities of their changes. The longest duration of genesis of electric discharges has been shown for the ovarian part of uterine tubes at a concentration of 10 microg/kg of oxytocin. Morphological experiments revealed that among all studies areas the ovarian parts of uterine tubes were characterized by the highest amount of atypical cells that have the maximally pronounced functional activity.     

A Note on the Staining of the Skeleton of Cleared Specimens with Alizarin Red S

A selective, progressive method for staining the skeleton in cleared specimens, developed with rat material.

Fix in 95% alcohol for at least 48 to 96 hrs. Even longer fixation is desirable. Then place in a 1% solution of KOH until the bones are clearly visible through the surrounding tissues. Transfer directly to a dilute solution of alizarin in KOH, one part alizarin to 10,000 parts of 1% KOH. Allow the stain to act until the desired intensity is attained. Fresh stain may be added if necessary.

Complete the clearing process, (1) in Mall's solution, water 79 parts, glycerine 20 parts and KOH 1 part; (2) in increased concentrations of glycerine. Store in pure glycerine.

The success of the method depends on obtaining the proper degree of clearing before staining. If the specimen is insufficiently cleared, a general staining of all tissues usually occurs.     

A Method for Making Aceto-Carmin Smears Permanent

Anthers are collected and placed in a solution of 1 part acetic acid to 3 parts of absolute alcohol. The contents of the anther are squeezed out on a slide in a drop of Belling's iron-aceto-carmin solution and a cover glass placed over the drop. Care should be taken to remove all anther walls and flower parts. Heat the slide over an alcohol flame for a second, repeating 4 or 5 times. Place the slide in a petri dish filled with a 10% solution of acetic acid. When the cover glass has risen away from the slide gently remove the cover glass and place in a Coplin jar containing equal parts of alcohol and acetic acid. Likewise, place the slide in this solution. Run both cover and slide thru the following solutions: 1 part acetic acid to 3 parts absolute alcohol, 1 part acetic acid to 9 parts absolute alcohol, absolute alcohol and finally equal parts of absolute alcohol and xylol. Recombine the cover and slide in xylol-balsam directly from this solution.     

A Method for Making Aceto-Carmin Smears Permanent

Anthers are collected and placed in a solution of 1 part acetic acid to 3 parts of absolute alcohol. The contents of the anther are squeezed out on a slide in a drop of Belling's iron-aceto-carmin solution and a cover glass placed over the drop. Care should be taken to remove all anther walls and flower parts. Heat the slide over an alcohol flame for a second, repeating 4 or 5 times. Place the slide in a petri dish filled with a 10% solution of acetic acid. When the cover glass has risen away from the slide gently remove the cover glass and place in a Coplin jar containing equal parts of alcohol and acetic acid. Likewise, place the slide in this solution. Run both cover and slide thru the following solutions: 1 part acetic acid to 3 parts absolute alcohol, 1 part acetic acid to 9 parts absolute alcohol, absolute alcohol and finally equal parts of absolute alcohol and xylol. Recombine the cover and slide in xylol-balsam directly from this solution.     

Sectioning Insects with Sclerotized Cuticle

Adult insects of different orders including beetles were fixed in a mixture of a saturated solution of picric acid in 90% alcohol, 75 parts; formalin, 25 parts; nitric acid (cone), 8 parts, 4-6 days and even up to 10 days depending upon the hardness of the cuticle (addition of 5% mercuric chloride to this mixture is recommended when prolonged immersion is required), or in Carnoy and Lebruns' fluid 24-48 hours and then transferred to a solution of 3-6 parts of nitric acid in 100 parts of 90% alcohol (3-6 days). After dehydration in different grades of alcohol, the insects were double embedded in celloidin and paraffin, either by (1) clove oil for 1 day, then to a saturated solution of celloidin in clove oil matured for at least 2 months for 20-40 days, or (2) the conventional ether-alcohol-celloidin mixture for 7 days; followed by hardening in chloroform. The difficulty in the proper infiltration of paraffin into celloidin hardened by chloroform around the insect is avoided by keeping the block overnight in a mixture of paraffin, 1 part; chloroform, 5 parts. The rest of the technic is essentially the same as that followed in cutting sections after double embedding.     

Association of polyamines to different parts of various plant species

The variation in polyamine content in different plant species and in different parts within a plant can be considerable. To get general information about levels of polyamines in plants and about the association of polyamines to different types of tissue, 30 plants from 13 plant families were examined for their polyamine content before and after germination using high pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis. A marked increase in polyamine content occurs in the cotyledons or endosperms in the seeds on germination, i.e. in the nutrient storing and exporting part of the plant. In the radicle, hypocotyl or coleoptile, i.e. growing parts of the plant, an increase in polyamine content is rarely observed. Additionally, polyamine levels can be very low [below 1 nmol (g fresh weight)^-1] in different parts of various species. Obviously, levels in the pmol (g fresh weight)^-1 range satisfy the needs of many growing plant parts. The high levels of polyamines found especially in cotyledons cannot be explained by their postulated association with increased cell division rates.     

Heidenhain's Hematoxylin Used with the Smear Technic

Heidenhain's hematoxylin, according to the following formula, may be used for studying chromosomes in temporary smears of pollen mother cells: 1 part 0.5% hematoxylin and 4% iron-alum (equal parts of each); 1 part 95% alcohol; and 2 parts glacial acetic acid.     

Dual origin of avian lymphatics

The earliest signs of the lymphatic vascular system are the lymph sacs, which develop adjacent to specific embryonic veins. It has been suggested that sprouts from the lymph sacs form the complete lymphatic vascular system. We have studied the origin of the jugular lymph sacs (JLS), the dermal lymphatics and the lymph hearts of avian embryos. In day 6.5 embryos, the JLS is an endothelial-lined sinusoidal structure. The lymphatic endothelial cells (LECs) stain (in the quail) positive for QH1 antibody and soybean agglutinin. As early as day 4, the anlagen of the JLS can be recognized by their Prox1 expression. Prox1 is found in the jugular section of the cardinal veins, and in scattered cells located in the dermatomes along the cranio-caudal axis and in the splanchnopleura. In the quail, such cells are positive for Prox1 and QH1. In the jugular region, the veins co-express the angiopoietin receptor Tie2. Quail-chick-chimera studies show that the peripheral parts of the JLS form by integration of cells from the paraxial mesoderm. Intra-venous application of DiI-conjugated acetylated low-density lipoprotein into day 4 embryos suggests a venous origin of the deep parts of the JLS. Superficial lymphatics are directly derived from the dermatomes, as shown by dermatome grafting. The lymph hearts in the lumbo-sacral region develop from a plexus of Prox1-positive lymphatic capillaries. Both LECs and muscle cells of the lymph hearts are of somitic origin. In sum, avian lymphatics are of dual origin. The deep parts of the lymph sacs are derived from adjacent veins, the superficial parts of the JLS and the dermal lymphatics from local lymphangioblasts.     

Distribution of Potassium, Chloride and Calcium and Capacity of Hydrogen Ion Excretion in Various Parts of the Mimosa Pudica Plant

The contents of K, Cl and Ca were determined in various partsof Mimosa pudica plant, namely in young internode (YI), agedinternode (AI), upper half (UP1), and lower half (LP1) of theprimary pulvinus, secondary pulvinus (P2), petiole (Pt) andleaflet blade (B1). Potassium is found in the following distributionYI = LP1 > P2 > UP1 > Pt > AI > B1 and is thuslocalized in parts showing a great metabolic activity. Chloridefollows the distribution of K except for the petiole and toa lesser extent for the young internode. Calcium content islow in the parts showing a high plasticity (pulvini and younginternode). A relationship is thus suggested between the amountof Ca and the rate of the movements which can be performed.The capacity for spontaneous and fusicoccin-induced H⁺ excretionis greater in the plant parts exhibiting the higher K content.This suggests that larger H⁺ fluxes may be required in tissuesshowing a high metabolic activity. Mimosa pudica, ion content, H⁺ excretion     

九州虫草-半枝莲发酵产物不同极性部位与其抗A549细胞增殖活性的相关性分析

建立九州虫草-半枝莲双向固体发酵产物不同极性部位的HPLC特征图谱,并考察与其抑制肺腺癌A549细胞增殖活性的相关性。采用双向固体发酵技术制备九州虫草-半枝莲发酵产物;溶剂萃取法获得发酵产物的不同极性部位,并运用HPLC法建立不同极性部位的特征图谱;MTT法考察不同极性部位对A549细胞的增殖抑制作用;偏最小二乘回归法分析不同极性部位HPLC色谱峰与其抗增殖作用的相关性。抗增殖试验结果表明,不同极性部位对A549细胞均具有增殖抑制作用并且呈浓度依赖性;标示的9个共有色谱峰与抗增殖活性均呈正相关,其中色谱峰8、4、1、2、9分别为木犀草素、黄芩苷、对香豆酸、野黄芩苷、黄芩素。本研究建立了不同极性部位的HPLC特征图谱,极性部位中以二氯甲烷部位对A549细胞的体外抗增殖作用最佳,并借助谱效相关初步探究了发酵产物抗A549细胞增殖的药效物质基础,为双向固体发酵技术应用于菌种与传统中药提供了参考。     

Content of Gossypol in Plants Belonging to Genera Related to Cotton

Analyses were made of seeds and plant parts of 9 species of Cienfuegosia, 4 species of Thespesia, and 1 species of Kokia for content of gossypol and oil. The seeds of Cienfuegosia were nearly free of gossypol; the other plant parts contained much larger quantities. The desirability of a similar condition in cultivated cottons is discussed.