Preface to Phloem-Insect Interaction

The review articles presented here were invited from keynotespeakers at the session on Phloem–Insect Interaction atthe Society for Experimental Biology (SEB) Annual Meeting inBarcelona, Spain 2005. The session was generously supportedby the SEB, the Journal of Experimental Botany, and Syngenta. The interaction between sap-feeding herbivores (such as aphids)and plants is unusual since it is dominated by a single plantcell type, the     

Stem Photosynthesis not Pressurized Ventilation is Responsible for Light-enhanced Oxygen Supply to Submerged Roots of Alder (Alnus glutinosa)

Annals of Botany 96: 591–612, 2005 Unfortunately, the legend     

Short Delay in Timing of Emergence Determines Establishment Success in Pinus sylvestris across Microhabitats

Annals of Botany 98: 1233–1240, 2006 Unfortunately the final sentence in the Results section     

Total and Component Carbon Fluxes of a Scots Pine Ecosystem from Chamber Measurements and Eddy Covariance

Annals of Botany 99: 345–353, 2007 The authors regret that the     

Use of the Expolinear Growth Model to Analyse the Growth of Faba bean, Peas and Lentils at Three Densities: Predictive Use of the Model

The expolinear equation for crop growth (Goudriaan and Monteith,Annalsof Botany66: 695–701, 1990; Goudriaan, 1994. In: MonteithJL, Scott RK, Unsworth MH, eds.Resource capture by crops.Nottingham:Nottingham University Press, 99–110) has the potentialto predict growth under specified environmental conditions.The choice of suitable parameters is discussed and tested usingdata from field experiments with faba bean, peas and lentils(Ishag and Dennett,Annals of Botany82: 497–505. 1998).It is suggested that suitable parameters for predicting cropgrowth are the fraction of solar radiation intercepted at emergence,the extinction coefficient for solar radiation, the maximumfraction of radiation intercepted, the maximum relative growthrate and the maximum crop growth rate for a crop interceptingall the incident radiation. In the experiments considered, thedifferences in growth patterns were due mainly to differencesin the maximum relative growth rate associated with differencesin temperature.Copyright 1998 Annals of Botany Company Expolinear equation, grain legumes, crop growth rate, crop density, relative growth rate, growth modelling, faba bean,Vicia fabaL., peas,Pisum sativumL., lentils,Lens culinarsMedic.     

Genome-wide Analysis of Transcript Abundance and Translation in Arabidopsis Seedlings Subjected to Oxygen Deprivation

Annals of Botany 96: 647–660, 2005 Unfortunately, there were errors in Figure 5 of this article.The     

Floral Ontogeny in Scirpus, Eriophorum and Dulichium (Cyperaceae), with Special Reference to the Perianth

Annals of Botany 95: 1199–1209, 2005 Unfortunately, Figure 7 of this article was printed as a negative.The correct figure appears overleaf. The publisher apologizes     

BOTANICAL BRIEFING * An Overview of the Biology of the Desiccation-tolerant Resurrection Plant Myrothamnus flabellifolia

Annals of Botany 99: 211–217, 2007 There were problems in the reproduction of some figures in issues1 and 2 of volume 99 and we are happy     

Growth of Lettuce, Onion and Red Beet. 2. Growth Modelling

Data from a field experiment carried out on growth of lettuce,onion, and red beet were used: (a) to fit logistic, Gompertz,expolinear and ‘Scaife and Jones’ (Journal of AgriculturalScience, Cambridge86 : 83–91, 1976) functions using time,day-degrees and effective day-degrees; and (b) to test a mechanistically-basedmodel that combines the effects of potentially limiting variables,such as temperature and light, and allows for plant zone areain light interception (Aikman and Benjamin,Annals of Botany73 : 185–194, 1994). The use of day-degrees and effective day-degrees instead oftime, in general, improved the fit and gave a better estimateof growth parameters. The best fit was obtained by the Gompertzfunction for lettuce, and by the expolinear function for redbeet and for onion. The expolinear function seemed the mostreliable function in estimating the early relative growth ratewhich is the crucial value in all the mechanistic models. Thezone area model showed very good simulations for lettuce andred beet, but it requires a modification for canopy senescencein onion. Lettuce; Lactuca sativa L. var.crispa ; onion; Allium cepa L.; red beet; Beta vulgaris L. var.conditiva ; growth modelling; logistic; expolinear; Gompertz; zone area; time; day-degrees; effective day-degrees     

First Nuclear DNA C-values for Another 25 Angiosperm Families

Nuclear DNA C-value is an important genomic biodiversity characterwith many uses. An international workshop sponsored by Annalsof Botany and held at the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, UK, in1997 identified major gaps in our knowledge of plant DNA C-valuesand recommended targets for new work. Improved taxonomic coveragewas highlighted as a key need for angiosperms, especially atthe familial level. In 1997 C-values were known for only approx.32% of angiosperm families; a goal of complete familial representationby 2002 was recommended. A review published in 2000 (Bennettet al.;Annals of Botany86: 859–909) noted poor progresstowards this aim: of the 691 first C-values for species only12 (1.7%) were for unrepresented families. We began new workto address this in 1999, reporting first DNA C-values for 25angiosperm families in 2001 (Hanson et al.;Annals of Botany87:251–258). Here we report first DNA C-values for a further25 angiosperm families, increasing familial coverage in angiospermsto approx. 45%. Such targeting remains essential to approachthe goal set by the 1997 workshop of familial coverage for angiospermswithin 5 years. The 4C DNA amounts presented here range from0.76 pg (similar toArabidopsis thaliana ) in Roridula gorgonias(Roridulaceae)to 29.74 pg in Gunnera manicata(Gunneraceae). 1C values were< 3.5 pg in 23 of the 25 families; these data provide furthersupport for the view that ancestral angiosperms almost certainlyhad small genomes (defined as 1C     

AGE, GROWTH AND MATURATION OF THE SQUID ENOPLOTEUTHIS LEPTURA (OEGOPSIDA: ENOPLOTEUTHIDAE) FROM THE CENTRAL-EAST ATLANTIC

Fifty-nine specimens of the tropical epipelagic eno-ploteuthidEnoplotcuthis leptura were collected in the central-east Atlanticbetween 1986–1988. Statoliths were extracted from allspecimens (mantle length (ML) 4.1–92 mm) and processedunder the statolith ageing technique. The characteristic featureof statolith morphology in E. leptura is a sculpture of therostrum, which is covered by numerous tiny spines and knobs.In the ground statolith it was possible to distinguish fourmain growth zones consisting of narrow growth increments likethose in other squids studied. Allometric growth of statolithsversus ML is negative. E. leptura is a short-lived squid witha half-year life span. Growth rates of E. leptura are high atjuvenile stage (instantaneous rate of growth (G) of body weight(BW) 0.04–0.06). An early maturation of males (at age45–60 days) and females (at 80–90 days) causes asharp decrease of somatic growth of E. leptura, and mature squidhave low growth rates (G of BW - 0.OO3-O.0O5). Spawning takesplace between January and September with two peaks: in Januaryand in June-July. (Received 22 November 1992; accepted 15 February 1993)     

Re-interpretation of an Experiment on the Role of Assimilated Transport Resistance in Partitioning in Tomato

The importance of transport resistance (distance between sourceand sink) on assimilate partitioning in tomato is questioned.Slack and Calvert ( Journal of Horticultural Science 52 : 309–315,1977) concluded that, in tomato, excising of fruit trusses showeda direct influence of distance from source on assimilate partitioning.A dry matter distribution model for tomato, based on the hypothesisthat distribution is regulated by the sink strengths of theplant organs and that no influence of transport resistance onpartitioning exists, has been described and validated by Heuvelink( Annals of Botany 77 : 71–80, 1996). Using this model,it is shown that the results of Slack and Calvert (1977) canbe explained more simply on the basis of the succession of trusseswith growth shifted with respect to time. Therefore, their resultsdo not prove that transport resistance plays a role in assimilatepartitioning. Allocation; distance; dry matter distribution; model; assimilate pool; partitioning; simulation; transport resistance; tomato     

Effects of Growth Regulators on Polyamine Content and Peroxidase Activity in Hevea brasiliensis Callus

3, 4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (3,4-D) and benzylaminopurine(BAP) at 9 µM (control medium) was compared with 4.5,2.25, and 0.45 µM for ability to induce callogenesis andembryogenesis from seed explants of Hevea brasiliensis. Supplyingthese growth regulators at 4.5 µM for 20 d improved embryogenicpotential compared with the control medium (El Hadrami, Carronand d'Auzac, 1991, Annals of Botany 67, 511–515), sustainedputrescine, spermidine and spermine at a higher level throughoutof much of the culture period (40–70 d), and maintainedlow levels of peroxidase activity. In the control medium, poorcallus embryogenesis is considered a consequence of rapid ageingof tissues characterized by (i) acceleration of an early buttransient production of polyamines, which promoted embryogeniccapacity, and (ii) an early peak in peroxidase activity thatwas positively correlated with callus browning, one of the factorslimiting embryogenesis. Somatic embryogenesis, polyamines, peroxidase, Hevea brasiliensis, rubber-tree     

A study of feeding in predacious ciliates using prey ciliates labeled with fluorescent microspheres

Feeding in predacious estuarine ciliates was investigated ina series of laboratory experiments using a new method of preylabeling which facilitates microscopic indentification of ingestedprey items. Ingestion rates of Mesodinium pulex, Euplotes vannusand E.woodruffi were estimated using the appearance, insidethe predator, of bacteriovorous ciliates (Metanophrys sp., Cyclidiumsp.and Pleuronema sp ) labeled with fluorescent microspheres. Preyremain motile and have presumably unaltered surface characteristics.Ingestion rates of log-growth phase predators increased withprey density. Mesodinium pulex ingested 0 15–0.32 cellsh^–1 over a prey concentration of 60–2300 ml^–1.Maximum ingestion rates of E. woodruffi and E. vannus were 4.5and 3.4 cells h^–1 respectively, estimated at prey abundancesof 75 and 172 cells ml^–1 respectively. Comparisons offeeding rates on prey of different sizes, and the effects ofstarvation, indicated that ingestion is likely limited by differentfactors in ‘raptorial’ (M pulex) and ‘filterfeeding’ (Euplotes spp.) predators.     

First Nuclear DNA C-values for 25 Angiosperm Families

DNA amount is a widely used biodiversity character. As knownDNA C-values represent the global angiosperm flora poorly, bettercoverage of taxonomic groups is needed, including at the familiallevel. A workshop, sponsored byAnnals of Botany , was held atthe Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew in 1997. Its key aim was to identifymajor gaps in our knowledge of plant DNA C-values and recommendtargets for new work to fill them by international collaboration.In 1997 C-values were known for approx. 150 families, meaningthere was no estimate for most angiosperm families (approx 68%).The workshop recommended a goal of complete familial representationby 2002, as a main target for angiosperms. Bennett et al. (Annalsof Botany86: 859–909, 2000) presented a fifth supplementarylist of angiosperm C-values from 70 original sources which includedfirst C-values for 691 species. Only 12 (1.7%) of these werefirst C-values for unrepresented families, so the need to improvefamilial representation was substantially unmet. We began newwork to address this in September 1999, and now report firstDNA C-values for 25 angiosperm families. Such targeting seemsessential to achieve the goal of familial coverage set by the1997 workshop within 5 years. 4C values range from 0.67 pg (similartoArabidopsis thaliana ) in Amoreuxia wrightii(Cochlospermaceae)to 7.49 pg in Deutzia prunifolia(Hydrangeaceae). These datasupport the view that ancestral angiosperms almost certainlyhad small genomes (defined as 1C     

Categories of Petal Senescence and Abscission: A Re-evaluation

In a previous paper (Woltering and van Doorn, 1988, Journalof Experimental Botany39: 1605–1616) we identified threetypes of flower life cessation: by petal wilting or withering,which was either ethylene-sensitive or insensitive, and by abscissionof turgid petals, which was ethylene-sensitive. These categoriestended to be consistent within families. Here we re-examinethese relationships by testing a further 200 species, and anumber of other families. As previously, flowering shoots wereexposed to 3 ppm ethylene for 24 h at 20 °C, in darkness.Most monocotyledonous species tested showed ethylene-insensitivepetal wilting, although ethylene-sensitive wilting occurredin the Alismataceae and Commelinaceae. Petals of the dicotyledonousspecies tested were generally sensitive to ethylene, exceptfor a few groups showing wilting (Crassulaceae, Gentianaceaeand Fumariaceae, and one subfamily in both the Ericaceae andSaxifragaceae). Petal abscission was generally ethylene-sensitive,but ethylene insensitivity was found in some Tulipa cultivarsand three Saxifraga species. In most tulip cultivars tested,the petals wilted and then fell. It is concluded that (a) theresponse to ethylene is often consistent within either familiesor subfamilies; and (b) a fourth category, ethylene-insensitivepetal abscission, exists both in monocotyledons and dicotyledons.Copyright 2001 Annals of Botany Company Ethylene sensitivity, flower longevity, petal abscission, petal wilting, petal withering, petal senescence, taxonomic categories     

Utilization of Sediment CO2 by Selected North American Isoetids

The photosynthetic uptake of root-zone CO₂ was determined forEriocaulon septangulare, Gratiola aurea, Isoetes macrospora,Littorella uniflora var. americana and Lobelia dortmanna aspart of a study of the photosynthetic carbon economy of submergedaquatic isoetids. The pH and dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC)of the sediment interstitial water in four Wisconsin lakes reflectedthe water column character, where the DIC increased with depthin the sediment to concentrations five to ten times those ofthe water column. Sediment free CO₂ concentrations were 5–50times those in the water column and were similar at all sites(about 05–1.0mM CO₂ in the root-zone). In ‘pH-drift’studies these plants were unable to take up HCO₂^–. Laboratory determinations of the carbon uptake from the rootand shoot-zones were made for all five species. These experimentsshowed that CO₂ in the root-zone accounted for 65–95 percent of external carbon uptake for the five species. For G.aurea and E. septangulare, root-zone CO₂ was > 85 per centof carbon uptake. Carbon, CO₂, photosynthesis, sediment, isoetid, Eriocaulon septangulare, Gratiola aurea, Isoetes macrospora, Littorella uniflora, Lobelia dortmanna     

Floral Development of Three Maesa Species, with Special Emphasis on the Position of the Genus within Primulales

Floral development of three Maesa Forssk. species, M. argenteaWall., M. japonica(Thunb.) Moritzi ex Zoll. and M. perlarius(Lour.)Merr., was studied with a scanning electron microscope. Thedistinctive floral features of the genus, such as presence oftwo persistent bracteoles, perigynous flowers and many-seededfruits, have been used to discuss the systematic position ofthe genus within Primulales. In addition, the development ofcommon stamen-petal primordia, the number, arrangement and positionof ovules and the shape of the anthers provide evidence in favourof placing Maesa in a separate family, Maesaceae, as suggestedby Anderberg and Ståhl (Canadian Journal of Botany, 73:1699–1730, 1995). Copyright 2000 Annals of Botany Company Primulales, Maesa argentea Wall., Maesa japonica(Thunb.) Moritzi ex Zoll., Maesa perlarius(Lour.) Merr., floral ontogeny, SEM     

Optimal Control of Gas Exchange during Drought: Empirical Evidence

The optimal regulation model by Mäkelä, Berningerand Hari (Annals of Botany 77: 461–467, 1996) was appliedto data for photosynthesis and transpiration of Scots pine duringa 22-d drought period. There was a clear decrease in photosynthesisand transpiration during that period. The agreement betweenmodel and photosynthesis data was good. The residuals of photosynthesiswere not systematic with respect to temperature, irradianceor water vapour deficit. However, the model initially overestimatedtranspiration by 50%, although there was a clear linear relationshipbetween measured and estimated values. The results suggest thatthere was no decrease in photosynthetic capacity during theperiod, but a decrease in stomatal conductance was responsiblefor the changes in photosynthesis and transpiration. The observationsare similar to results in the literature. Transpiration; photosynthesis; stomatal conductance; drought; Pinus sylvestris